Influence of Workload and Recovery on Injuries in Elite Male Volleyball Players.

ABSTRACT: Timoteo, TF, Debien, PB, Miloski, B, Werneck, FZ, Gabbett, T, and Filho, MGb. Influence of workload and recovery on injuries in elite male volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 791-796, 2021-The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of workload and recovery on injury rates in elite male volleyball players. Data were collected from 14 male professional volleyball players over a 27-week season. Workloads were monitored daily using the session rating of perceived exertion, and recovery status was appraised using the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale. The players were exposed to 4,573.31 hours (h) of training and games with an overall injury incidence of 13.99 per 1,000 hours. Overuse accounted for 83% (11.58 injuries/1,000 hours) and trauma accounted for 17% (2.40 injuries per 1,000 hours) of all injuries. There was a higher incidence of injuries (p = 0.003), higher weekly workload (p = 0.008), and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) (p < 0.001) in the pre-season compared with the competitive period. Healthy players had lower ACWR (p = 0.002) compared with the injured players. The TQR was higher for the healthy group compared with the injured group (p < 0.001). The greater odds of injury was related to higher ACWR (risk factor) (p = 0.014) and lower TQR values (p = 0.004) (protection factor). Athlete's workloads and the state of recovery may be related to injuries in volleyball. The results presented in this study emphasize the importance of controlling these variables in professional volleyball teams to prevent injuries.

Training Load and Recovery During a Pre-Olympic Season in Professional Rhythmic Gymnasts.

CONTEXT: Rhythmic gymnastics requires a high level of complexity and perfection of technical gestures, associated with well-developed physical and artistic capacities. The training-load and recovery profiles of rhythmic gymnasts across a season are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the training load and recovery of professional rhythmic gymnasts during 1 season. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Brazilian National Training Center of Rhythmic Gymnastics and competition facilities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Eight gymnasts from the Brazilian national senior rhythmic gymnastics group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and total quality recovery (TQR) scores were collected daily for 43 weeks. We obtained the session-RPE after each session and TQR score before the first session of the day. Performances during 5 competitions were also recorded. The season was divided into 8 periods. Total weekly internal training load (wITL), training intensity, frequency, duration, recovery, and acute : chronic workload ratio were calculated for analysis. RESULTS: The season mean wITL was 10 381 ± 4894 arbitrary units, mean session-RPE score was 5.0 ± 1.6, and mean TQR score was 12.8 ± 1.3. The gymnasts trained an average of 8.7 ± 2.9 sessions per week, with a mean duration of 219 ± 36 minutes. Each competitive period showed increased wITL compared with the previous period. Training-load variables (wITL and session-RPE) and recovery were inversely correlated. Gymnasts were poorly recovered (TQR < 13) during 50.9% of the season (n = 167 times), especially during competitive weeks. Spikes in load (acute : chronic workload ratio ≥ 1.5) occurred across 18.1% of the season (n = 55 times). CONCLUSIONS: The training-load variables and recovery changed throughout a professional rhythmic gymnastics group season, mainly during competitive periods. The correct distribution of training load is critical to ensure that gymnasts are entering competitions in a recovered state.

BURNOUT E COPING EM ATLETAS DE VOLEIBOL: UMA ANÁLISE LONGITUDINAL / BURNOUT AND COPING AMONG VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS / AGOTAMIENTO Y AFRONTAMIENTO EN ATLETAS DE VOLEIBOL: UN ANÁLISIS LONGITUDINAL

RESUMO Introdução: No contexto esportivo, uma das principais recomendações para o melhor entendimento sobre a síndrome de burnout e o coping é a realização de estudos longitudinais que possam descrever o processo de desenvolvimento da síndrome e as estratégias empregadas para o seu enfrentamento. Objetivos: Analisar as percepções das dimensões de burnout e as estratégias de coping durante uma temporada esportiva, e correlacionar as características temporais de burnout e das estratégias de coping. Métodos: Mediante delineamento longitudinal, foram acompanhados 15 atletas profissionais de voleibol do sexo masculino (média de idade = 24,00 ± 3,55 anos) participantes da Superliga Nacional. Para mensurar as dimensões de burnout e as estratégias de coping foram utilizadas as versões traduzidas do Athlete Burnout Questionnaire e do Athletic Coping Skills Inventory. A coleta de dados foi realizada em quatro momentos de uma temporada esportiva. O comportamento dos indicadores de burnout e coping foi verificado através do teste de Friedman, com post hoc de Wilcoxon, enquanto que o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (rho) foi empregado para verificar as correlações entre os indicadores de burnout e de coping. Resultados: Foi observado aumento significativo da desvalorização esportiva e do índice global de burnout com o transcorrer da temporada, porém não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no emprego das estratégias de coping nos quatro momentos. Foram observadas correlações inversas e significativas entre a dimensão de burnout, senso reduzido de realização esportiva e a estratégia de coping, confiança/motivação, em todos os momentos da temporada. Conclusão: Os achados evidenciaram aumento na percepção de burnout nos atletas a partir do acúmulo de treinamentos e competições, bem como da exigência por ótimo desempenho na competição-chave. O estudo também apontou a relevância do fator motivacional no surgimento do burnout.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the context of sports, one of the main recommendations for a better understanding of burnout syndrome and coping is to carry out longitudinal studies that describe the process of development of the syndrome, and the strategies used for its prevention and control. Objectives: To analyze perceptions of the dimensions of burnout and coping strategies during a sporting season, and to correlate the temporal characteristics of burnout and coping strategies. Methods: Through a longitudinal design, the study included 15 male volleyball professional athletes (aged 24.00 ± 3.55 years) participating in the Superliga Nacional (Brazilian Volleyball Super League). Each participant completed the translated versions of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory. Data were collected in four stages of a sporting season. The behavior of the burnout and coping indicators were verified by the Friedman test, with the Wilcoxon post hoc test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) was used to verify the correlations between the burnout and coping indicators. Results: A significant increase was observed in sport devaluation and overall levels of burnout as the season progressed, but there were no significant differences in the use of coping strategies at all four times. Significant inverse correlations were observed between the dimension burnout, reduced sense of sport accomplishment, and the coping strategy, confidence/motivation at all four times of the season. Conclusion: The results show an increase in the perception of burnout in the athletes with the build-up of training and competition, as well as the requirement for optimal performance in the main competition. The study also showed the importance of the motivational factor in the emergence of burnout.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el contexto deportivo, una de las principales recomendaciones para una mejor comprensión del síndrome de burnout y afrontamiento es realizar estudios longitudinales para describir el proceso de desarrollo del síndrome y las estrategias empleadas para afrontamiento. Objetivos: Analizar la percepción de dimensiones del burnout y estrategias de afrontamiento durante una temporada deportiva, y correlacionar las características temporales de burnout y estrategias de afrontamiento. Métodos: Mediante diseño longitudinal, se siguieron 15 atletas profesionales de voleibol masculino (edad media = 24,00 ± 3,55 años) que participan en la Superliga Nacional Brasileña. Para identificar las dimensiones de burnout y afrontamiento se utilizaron las versiones traducidas del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire y del Athletic Coping Skills Inventory. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en cuatro etapas de una temporada deportiva. El comportamiento de los indicadores de burnout y de afrontamiento se verificó mediante la prueba de Friedman, con post hoc de Wilcoxon, mientras que se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (rho) para verificar las correlaciones entre los indicadores de burnout y afrontamiento. Resultados: Se observó un aumento significativo de la devaluación del deporte y el nivel general del burnout con el transcurso de la temporada, pero no hubo diferencias significativas en el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento en los cuatro momentos. Se observaron correlaciones inversas significativas entre la dimensión del burnout, sensación reducida de logro deportivo y la estrategia de afrontamiento, confianza/motivación, en todos los momentos de la temporada. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran un aumento en la percepción de burnout en deportistas debido a la acumulación de entrenamiento y competiciones, así como el requisito para un rendimiento óptimo en la competición clave. El estudio también señaló la importancia del factor de motivación en la aparición del burnout.

O estresse na arbitragem de ginástica rítmica: uma revisão sistemática / Stress in rhythmic gymnastics refereeing: a systematic review

O estresse em árbitros tem sido objeto de estudo em várias modalidades esportivas, entretanto pouco se sabe sobre as interferências deste constructo na atividade de árbitros de ginástica rítmica (GR). O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma revisão sistemática sobre o estresse na arbitragem de GR. Foi realizada uma busca de artigos publicados entre os anos de 1993 e 2013 nas bases de dados Scopus, SPORTDiscus, SocINDEX e Web of Science. Os resultados apontam para um número reduzido de publicações sobre o estresse em árbitros de ginástica e também em outras modalidades. Foram identificadas particularidades entre os tipos de estresse das ginásticas e de outras modalidades esportivas. Conclui-se que o estresse que afeta as atividades laborais dos árbitros de GR possui características biopsicossociais e que existe necessidade de uma maior produtividade intelectual nesta área, objetivando avançar no entendimento de como estas variáveis interferem no desempenho destes profissionais.

The stress on referees has been a subject of study in several sports, however little is known about the interferences of this construct in the activity of referees of rhythmic gymnastics (RG). The aim of this study was to do a systematic review about the stress on RG's judging. Was held a search for articles published between 1993 and 2013 in the databases Scopus, SPORTDiscus, SocINDEX and Web of Science. The results point to a reduced number of publications about stress in gymnastics' referees and also in other sports. Different characteristics were identified between stress types of gymnastics and other sports. It is concluded that stress that affects the labour activities of RG's referees has biopsychosocial characteristics and there is need for greater intellectual productivity in this area, in order to advance in the understanding of how these variables interfere in the performance of these professionals.