RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Mesolimbic dopamine sensitization has been hypothesized to be a mediating factor of childhood adversity (CA) on schizophrenia risk. Activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met increases mesolimbic dopamine signaling and may be further regulated by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T. This study investigates the three-way interaction between CA, COMT, and MTHFR. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study on individuals born after 1981, linking population-based registers to study the three-way interaction. We included 1699 schizophrenia cases and 1681 controls, and used conditional logistic regression to report incidence rate ratios (IRRs). RESULTS: Childhood adversity was robustly associated with schizophrenia. No main genetic effects were observed. MTHFR C677T increased schizophrenia risk in a dose-dependent manner per MTHFR T allele (P = 0.005) consequent upon CA exposure. After inclusion of the significant (P = 0.03) COMT × MTHFR × CA interaction, the risk was further increased per high-activity COMT Val allele. Hence, exposed COMT Val/Val and MTHFR T/T carriers had an IRR of 2.76 (95% CI, 1.66-4.61). Additional adjustments for ancestry and parental history of mental illness attenuated the results with the interaction being only marginally significant. CONCLUSION: MTHFR C677T and COMT Val158Met interact with CA to increase risk of schizophrenia.
Asunto(s)
Adultos Sobrevivientes de Eventos Adversos Infantiles , Catecol O-Metiltransferasa/genética , Maltrato a los Niños , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Reductasa (NADPH2)/genética , Sistema de Registros , Esquizofrenia , Adolescente , Adulto , Adultos Sobrevivientes de Eventos Adversos Infantiles/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Esquizofrenia/etiología , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We hypothesized that subcutaneous administration of immunoglobulins (SCIG) in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is feasible, safe and superior to treatment with saline for the performance of muscle strength. METHODS: Thirty patients with motor involvement in maintenance therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) fulfilling the EFNS/PNS criteria for CIDP, aged 18-80 years, were randomized either to SCIG at a dose corresponding to their pre-study IVIG dose or to subcutaneous saline given twice or thrice weekly for 12 weeks at home. At the start and end of the trial as well as 2 weeks before (-2, 0, 10, 12 weeks), isokinetic strength performance of four predetermined and weakened muscle groups was measured. Also, an Overall Disability Sum Score (ODSS), 40-m-walking test (40-MWT), nine-hole-peg test, Neurological Impairment Score (NIS), Medical Research Council (MRC) score, grip strength, standardized electrophysiological recordings from three nerves, and plasma IgG levels were evaluated. RESULTS: SCIG treatment was well tolerated in all 14 patients. Six patients complained of mild side-effects at the injection site. In the SCIG group there was an increase of isokinetic muscle strength of 5.5 ± 9.5% (P < 0.05) as compared with a decline of 14.4 ± 20.3% (P < 0.05) in the placebo group; the difference between the two groups being significant (P < 0.01). ODSS, NIS, MRC, grip strength and 40-MWT improved following SCIG versus saline. CONCLUSIONS: SCIG treatment in CIDP is feasible, safe and effective, and seems an attractive alternative to IVIG.