RESUMEN
The capacity to launch a strong shock wave in a compressed target in the presence of large preplasma has been investigated experimentally and numerically in a planar geometry. The experiment was performed on the LULI 2000 laser facility using one laser beam to compress the target and a second to launch the strong shock simulating the intensity spike in the shock ignition scheme. Thanks to a large set of diagnostics, it has been possible to compare accurately experimental results with 2D numerical simulations. A good agreement has been observed even if a more detailed study of the laser-plasma interaction for the spike is necessary in order to confirm that this scheme is a possible alternative for inertial confinement fusion.
RESUMEN
Chromium acetyl acetonate [Cr(acac)3] complexes have been grafted onto the surface of two mesoporous crystalline materials; pure silica MCM-41 (SiMCM-41) and Al-containing silica MCM-41 with an Si:Al ratio of 27 (AlMCM-41). The materials were characterized with X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, thermogravimetrical analysis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the UV-Vis-NIR region (DRS), electron spin resonance (ESR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Hydrogen bonding between surface hydroxyls and the acetylacetonate (acac) ligands is the only type of interaction between [Cr(acac)3] complexes and SiMCM-41, while the deposition of [Cr(acac)3] onto the surface of AlMCM-41 takes place through either a ligand exchange reaction or a hydrogen-bonding mechanism. In the as-synthesized materials, Cr3+ is present as a surface species in pseudo-octahedral coordination. This species is characterized by high zero-field ESR parameters D and E, indicating a strong distortion from O(h), symmetry. After calcination, Cr3+ is almost completely oxidized to Cr6+, which is anchored onto the surface as dichromate, some chromate and traces of small amorphous Cr2O3 clusters and square pyramidal Cr5+ ions. These materials are active in the gas-phase and slurry-phase polymerization of ethylene at 100 degrees C. The polymerization activity is dependent on the Cr loading, precalcination temperature and the support characteristics: a 1 wt % [Cr(acac)3]-AlMCM-41 catalyst pretreated at high temperatures was found to be the most active material with a polymerization rate of 14000 g polyethylene per gram of Cr per hour. Combined DRS-ESR spectroscopies were used to monitor the reduction process of Cr(6+/5+) and the oxidation and coordination environment of Cr(n+) species during catalytic action. It will be shown that the polymer chains initially produced within the mesopores of the Cr-MCM-41 material form nanofibres of polyethylene with a length of several microns and a diameter of 50 to 100 nanometers. These nanofibres (partially) cover the outer surface of the MCM-41 material. The catalyst particles also gradually break up during ethylene polymerization resulting in the formation of crystalline and amorphous polyethylene with a low bulk density and a melt flow index between 0.56 and 1.38g per 10 min; this indicates the very high molecular weight of the polymer.