Genomic-wide analysis approach revealed genomic similarity for environmental Mexican S. Oranienburg genomes.

As the human population grows, an increase in food trade is needed. This elevates the risk of epidemiological outbreaks. One of the prevalent pathogens associated with food production in Mexico has been Salmonella Oranienburg. Effective surveillance systems require microbial genetic knowledge. The objective of this work is to describe the genetic composition of Mexican S. Oranienburg genomes. For that, 53 strains from different environmental sources were isolated and sequenced. Additionally, 109 S. Oranienburg genomes were downloaded. Bioinformatic analyses were used to explore the clonal complex and genomic relatedness. A major clonal group formed by ST23 was identified comprising four STs. 202 SNPs were found the maximum difference among isolates. Virulence genes for host invasion and colonization as rpoS, fimbria type 1, and, T3SS were found common for all isolates. This study suggests that Mexican S. Oranienburg strains are potential pathogens circulating continuously in the region between host and non-host environments.

Irrigation water quality and the benefits of implementing good agricultural practices during tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) production.

The implementation of good agricultural practices (GAP) from irrigation water to the tomato packaging process enhances the safety of fresh produce and its value throughout the food chain. The aim of the present study was to show that fresh produce farms that apply and enforce GAP could reduce the presence of Salmonella in finished produce. Samples were collected biweekly from six packing houses from the central region of Sinaloa, México, for the isolation of Salmonella spp by the ISO 6579:2002 method, and the isolated strains were serotyped and genotyped by the Kauffmman-White scheme and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Salmonella strains were detected in 13 (36.1 %) irrigation water samples, while only two tomato samples were positive (5.5 %). Eight different serotypes were identified in irrigation water, and Salmonella Oranienburg (34 %) was the most prevalent; however, only Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Weltevreden were present on tomatoes. Salmonella Oranienburg was the most widely dispersed and variable serotype, with 10 different PFGE profiles. Salmonella Weltevreden was isolated from both types of samples, albeit with distinct genetic profiles, implying that the sources of contamination differ. These results confirm the utility of implementing good agricultural practices to reduce Salmonella contamination in irrigation water and the packaging process.

Detection of pathogenic micro-organisms on children's hands and toys during play.

AIMS: This study aimed to determine if the children's leisure activities impact the presence of pathogens on their hands and toys. METHODS & RESULTS: To assess the microbiological hazard in playground areas, a pilot study that included 12 children was conducted. We then conducted an intervention study; children's hands and toys were washed before playing. Faecal coliforms, pathogenic bacteria and Giardia lamblia were quantified by membrane filtration, selective media and flotation techniques, respectively; rotavirus, hepatitis A and rhinovirus by RT-PCR. Pilot study results revealed faecal contamination on children's hands and toys after playing on sidewalks and in public parks. Pathogenic bacteria, hepatitis A and G. lamblia on children's hands were also found. In the intervention study, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found on children's hands at concentrations up to 2·5 × 10(4) and 1 × 10(4) CFU hands(-1), respectively. E. coli and Kl. pneumoniae were detected on toys (2·4 × 10(3) and 2·7 × 10(4) CFU toy(-1), respectively). Salmonella spp, Serratia spp and G. lamblia cysts were also present on toys. CONCLUSION: Children's play activities influence microbial presence on hands and toys; the transfer seems to occur in both ways. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Control strategy needs to be implemented to protect children from infectious diseases.

Impact of prescribed cleaning and disinfectant use on microbial contamination in the home.

AIMS: To identify and quantify the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, hepatitis A and norovirus in households and to assess the effect of chlorine and quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants following a prescribed use. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven sites distributed in kitchen, bathroom, pet and children's areas of two groups of 30 homes each: (i) a nonprescribed disinfectant user group and (ii) a disinfectant protocol user group. During the 6-week study, samples were collected once a week except for week one when sample collection occurred immediately before and after disinfectant application to evaluate the disinfectant protocol. The concentration and occurrence of bacteria were less in the households with prescribed use of disinfectants. The greatest reductions were for E. coli (99%) and Staph. aureus (99·9999%), respectively. Only two samples were positive for HAV, while norovirus was absent. Disinfection protocols resulted in a significant (P < 0·05) microbial reduction in all areas of the homes tested compared to homes not using a prescribed protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that disinfectant product application under specific protocol is necessary to achieve greater microbial reductions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Prescribed protocols constitute an important tool to reduce the occurrence of potential disease-causing micro-organisms in households.

Sensibilidad del canal anal de sujetos normales y pacientes tratados quirurgicamente de malformacion anorrectal: estudio mediante la tecnica de potenciales provocados. / Sensitivity of the anal canal in normal subjects and in patients surgically treated of anorectal malformation, study with evocked potentials technic

En condiciones fisioloficas la actividad motora que se lleva a cabo en el acto de defecacion depende de la informacion sensorial proveniente de la region del canal anal; sin embargo, en los estudios sobre el problema de incontinencia anal en pacientes con malformacion anorrectal tratados quirurgicamente, muy poco se ha tomado en cuenta el factor percepcion. Con el objetivo de determinar si existen diferencias en la actividad electrica de la via sensorial que se origina en los receptores del canal anal de sujetos normales y aquella de pacientes tratados quirurgicamente para correccion de malformacion anorrectal se estudiaron mediante la tecnica de potenciales, provocados 22 ninos aparentemente sanos y 11 pacientes. Nuestros resultados demuestran una actividad electrica de la via sensorial de los pacientes de menor intensidad y de conduccion ma lenta que la de los sujetos normales; inclusive en algunos pacientes no aparecio actividad Se sugiere que la alteracion sensorial podria ser en parte responsable de la incontiencia anal que pueda presentarse posteriormente en estos pacientes

[Necator americanus uncinariasis in an infant born and residing in Mexico City]. / Uncinariasis por Necator americanus en un lactante originario y residente de la ciudad de México.

A six-month-old infant is reported with the unquestionable diagnosis diagnosis of Necator americanus uncinariasis. The mother was also infected with the same hookworm. The patient was born and has always dwelt in Mexico City, where helminthiasis is considered extremely rare. The epidemiologic studies determined that the dwelling conditions were inadequate for the transmittal of the agent through the soil. The authors emphasize the importance of the presumptive diagnosis in those cases suggesting the disease and to carry out studies to confirm the existence of other infectious means

Uncinariasis por Necator americanus en un lactante originario y residente de la ciudad de Mexico. / Uncinariasis due to Necator americanus in an infant native and living in Mexico city

Se comunica el caso de un nino de seis meses de edad con diagnostico confirmado de uncinariasis por Necator americanus y cuya madre estaba infectada tambien con este parasito.El paciente nacio y residio siempre en la Ciudad de Mexico donde se considera que la helmintiasis es muy rara. El estudio epidemiologico senalo que las condiciones de la vivienda eran inadecuadas para la transmision del agente a traves del suelo. Los autores enfantizan la importancia del diagnostico presuntivo en casos que sugieran el padecimiento y en efectuar estudios que aclaren la existencia de otros mecanismos de infeccion

[Liver hydatidosis in an eight-year-old child]. / Hidatidosis hepática en un niño de ocho años de edad

The first pediatric case of hepatic hydatidosis diagnosed in Mexico is reported. Previous to surgery, the diagnosis was established, based on a cystic tumor of the liver, the X ray findings, defects in the liver uptake, eosinophilia and Casoni's positive intradermal reaction. Besides, the immunoelectrophoresis test showed specific antibodies. Clinical and epidemiological considerations, related with the pathology and treatment of hydatidic disease are made, stressing the importance to know the symtoms of the illness, in order to establish the diagnosis and treatment. Likewise, the prognosis is evaluated considering the remaining cysts of the liver and the possible seeding of the parasite into the peritoneal cavity. Pertinent literature on the subject is reviewed.

[Surgical management of presacral sacrococcygeal teratomas, or with intrapelvic extension]. / Manejo quirúrgico de los teratomas sacrococcígeos presacros o con extensión intrapélvica

Two cases of sacrococcygeal teratomas that were successfully treated surgically through the abdominosacral route are reported. Besides, a series of 36 children diagnosed through a period of 30 years is reviewed and considerations are made on the importance the classification of teratomas has, to choose the best route of approach for the surgical removal of these tumors. Mention is made of symptoms that allow the diagnosis of presacral teratomas and of those that show intrapelvic or abdominal extension.

[Review of 70 cases of duodenal obstruction: diagnosis and treatment]. / Revisión de 70 casos de obstrucción duodenal: diagnóstico y tratamiento

A review of 10 years (1964-1973) of patients admitted to the Hospital Infantil de Mexico with duodenal obstruction is made. There were 70 cases, 33 of which corresponded to intrinsic obstruction and 37 to the extrinsic type. The clinical picture, whether complete or incomplete obstruction is involved, is analysed and the importance of radiology is emphasized to reach an early diagnosis. The surgical management is described in accordance with the type of lesion found. Mortality in this type of pathology is still high in spite of the improvement in surgical techniques and intensive management of newborns, considering that these patients usually show low weight and a high frequency of associated malformations.