Mutations in the autoinflammatory cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome gene: epidemiological study and lessons from eight years of genetic analysis in France.

BACKGROUND: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) consist of a continuum of autoinflammatory diseases caused by a defect in interleukin 1ß regulation. Although symptoms may vary widely, the discovery, in 2001, of the gene involved (NLRP3) has dramatically helped diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: To define the spectrum and prevalence of NLRP3 mutations in France and to delineate initial criteria before molecular analysis. METHODS: Retrospective review (2001-9) of genetic analysis data and request forms of patients living in France with an NLRP3 mutation since the set up of CAPS molecular diagnosis by the three French laboratories providing this test (GenMAI network). RESULTS: Over 800 analyses of this gene have been conducted, identifying 135 cases with an NLRP3 mutation (55 probands; 33 multiplex families); the estimated prevalence in France was equal to 1/360 000. A total of 21 different sequence variants were detected, among which four are common and nine are new mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of NLRP3 test requests has doubled over the past 5 years, genetic screening has not contributed to enhanced detection of new index cases each year. There are two possible reasons for this: (i) no clinical prerequisite for genetic diagnosis and (ii) few new large families are now identified (unlike the initial study based on a selection by linkage). A set of initial clinical criteria have been drawn up which it is recommended should be fulfilled before a patient is tested: at least three recurrent bouts, age at disease onset < 20 years and elevated levels of C-reactive protein, especially in individuals with urticaria and moderate fever.

[Cancer genetics: estimation of the needs of the population in France for the next ten years]. / Oncogénétique : estimation des besoins de la population en France pour les dix ans à venir.

Organised since 1990 in France, cancer genetics has been strengthened since 2003 by the programme "Plan Cancer" which resulted in an improvement of the organisation of activities. The aim of this review is to present an update of the estimation of the needs of the population in this field for the next ten years, provided by a group of experts mandated by the French National Cancer Institute. Identification and management of major hereditary predispositions to cancer have a major impact on decrease in mortality and incidence. Sensitivity of criteria for the detection of BRCA1/2 mutations could be substantially improved by enlarging the indication for genetic testing to isolated cases of ovarian cancer occurring before 70 years and to familial cases occurring after this age limit. In the Lynch syndrome, the present criteria would have an excellent sensitivity for the detection of mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes if the pre-screening of tumours on microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype was effective, but these criteria are actually poorly applied. However, genetic testing should not be proposed to all the patients affected by tumours belonging to the spectrum of major predispositions and a fortiori to unaffected persons unless an affected relative has been identified as a carrier. The prescription of tests should continue to be strictly controlled and organised, in patients as well as in at-risk relatives. The enlargement of criteria and the improvement in the spreading of recommendations should result in an increase of genetic counselling activity and of the prescriptions of tests by a factor 2 to 4, and to a lesser extent in the clinical management of at risk persons. In a near future, it appears important to mandate experts on specific issues such as the determinants of the lack of effective application of tumour screening for MSI phenotype, the recommendations for the identification and the management of MYH-associated polyposis, or the predictive value of tumour characteristics for the identification of BRCA1/2 mutations. The expected increase in cancer genetics activity will need an optimal organisation to increase the throughput. Such measures will help in facing up to new predispositions that will probably be identified in common cancers.

Diagnostic value of serum immunoglobulinaemia D level in patients with a clinical suspicion of hyper IgD syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) was originally defined by the presence of a high serum level of immunoglobulin D associated with recurrent fever. Since the discovery of the mevalonate kinase gene (MVK) gene encoding the mevalonate kinase enzyme, most patients with a clinical diagnostic of HIDS are now found to have a mevalonate kinase deficiency based on metabolic and genetic data. We aimed to asses the value of a high IgD serum level for the diagnosis of HIDS in a cohort of patients with a phenotype of recurrent fever, and to characterize patients with a high IgD serum level without mevalonate kinase mutation. METHODS: Main clinical and biological data of 50 patients who presented with clinical signs compatible with HIDS have been prospectively registered on a standard form. Clinical data have been analysed according the IgD serum level and the presence of MVK mutation. RESULTS: The metabolic and genetic data establishing the diagnosis of HIDS correlated in all cases. In this series of 50 patients, the sensitivity of a high IgD value for the diagnosis of HIDS is 0.79. In five patients with MVK mutation, IgD levels were found to be in the normal range. Likelihood ratios indicate that IgD measurement is not relevant for the diagnostic of HIDS. Most patients with a high serum IgD level and no MVK mutation have no definite diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The clinical relevance of the IgD measurement for the diagnosis of MKD in our population appears as poor, as reflected by likelihood ratios which are both close to 1.

Clinical significance of P46L and R92Q substitutions in the tumour necrosis factor superfamily 1A gene.

OBJECTIVE: Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) has been associated with several mutations in the TNF receptor super family 1A (TNFRSF1A), including most cysteine substitutions. However, the nature of two substitutions, P46L and R92Q, remains a topic of discussion. The aim of this study was to assess the actual role of these two sequence variations in a series of patients with TRAPS. METHODS: The main clinical data of 89 patients with TRAPS have been prospectively registered on a standard form. 84 patients or members of families with recurrent episodes of inflammatory symptoms spanning a period of more than 6 months and harbouring a TNFRSF1A mutation were studied. Clinical data have been analysed according to the nature of the mutation-P46L, R92Q or others. RESULTS: P46L is often seen in patients from Maghreb and is associated with a mild phenotype. P46L appears as a polymorphism with a non-specific role in inflammation. R92Q is associated with a variable phenotype and presents as a low-penetrance mutation. Interpreting these results will require a comparison with clinical signs and genetic background.

Upregulation of rat P23 (a member of the YjgF protein family) by fasting, glucose diet and fatty acid feeding.

In a previous study, we identified and purified a 99-amino-acid rat liver-kidney perchloric-acid-soluble 23-kDa protein (P23) which displays 30% identity with a highly conserved domain of heat shock proteins (HSPs), as well as an AT-rich 3' untranslated region, which has also been described to play a role in H70 mRNA life span and protein expression. An identical perchloric-acid-soluble protein inhibiting protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system was also found 2 years later by another group. More recently, the novel, the YjgF, protein family has been described, comprising, 24 full-length homologues, including P23, highly conserved through evolution, and consisting of approximately 130 residues each and sharing a common ternary structure. Independent studies from different laboratories have provided various hypothetical functions for each of these proteins. The high degree of evolutionary conservation may suggest that these proteins play an important role in cellular regulation. Although the function of none of these proteins is known precisely, we present experimental evidence which, combined with the relationship to glucose-regulating protein revealed here, and the relationship to fatty-acid-binding protein revealed by others, allow us to propose a role for P23. In rat liver, P23 expression is developmentally regulated and modulated by dietary glucose, and its mRNA is induced by starvation, in the presence of fatty-acids and in 3-MeDAB-induced hepatomas. The mRNA encoding mouse liver P23 is also hormonally modulated in a mouse line AT1F8. These data indicate that P23 protein might be a key controller of intermediary metabolism during fasting.

[Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)]. / Le syndrome de fièvre héréditaire lié à un dysfonctionnement du récepteur du TNF ou Traps.

PURPOSE: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) belongs to the group of hereditary fever syndromes, also called hereditary auto-inflammatory syndromes. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: The diagnosis of TRAPS should be evoked in presence of the following clinical signs, whatever the population of the affected patients. TRAPS acute inflammatory access, of 1 to 3 weeks' duration, is characterised by the presence of fever, abdominal pain, myalgias, various types of skin rash including erysepela-like erythema. Long term inflammatory response can lead to AA amyloidosis. Genetic testing will confirm the diagnosis when showing a mutation in the extracellular part of the TNFRSF1A receptor. Therapeutic management of TRAPS is not definitely established. Daily colchicine does not seem to prevent efficiently inflammatory attacks. Corticosteroids, in contrast can attenuate the intensity and diminish the duration of attacks. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: The value of biological agents that inhibits TNF action is not yet completely determined in TRAPS. Mechanisms of the disease are not yet elucidated. In some families with specific mutations, a relative soluble TNF receptor deficiency has been found in the plasma. However this mechanism does not account for what is observed in other kindreds.

[Genetic testing]. / Les tests génétiques.

The first genetic tests started to be developed about twenty years ago. Their initial applications were limited to genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis of a few hereditary diseases. Technological progress and the identification of genes responsible for many hereditary diseases have led to their development and diffusion. They have become a nearly irreplaceable tool for the diagnosis of hereditary diseases. In the future, their indications should increase when genes implicated in multifactorial diseases are progressively identified. The impact will probably be particularly important in cardiology because most cardiovascular diseases are multifactorial. The first predisposing factors (factor V. prothrombin...) for a predisposition to thrombosis are now daily genetic investigations. In parallel, the progress in pharmacogenetics should enable everyone to have appropriate qualitative and quantitative treatment according to their genetic makeups, which should improve both efficacy and safety. In order to face up to the exponential increase in demand for the genetic tests which will result from these advances, the laboratories should have new high speed, powerful and economic equipment. DNA microchips, which are currently under development could, at least initially, provide a solution to this problem. It is now certain that genetic testing will become routine and, in time, it will be used massively in both hospital and community medicine.

[Molecular genotyping: development and limits]. / Génotypage moléculaire: développement et limites.

Kits dedicated to molecular genotyping are now commercially available and are routinely used for diagnosis purpose. In the future these kits that use the classical reverse dot-blot approach will be replaced by micro-arrays, DNA chips and Labs on a chip. Some systems and DNA chips designed for medical diagnosis are already available. The present main problem is their very high cost.

CIAS1 mutation in a patient with overlap between Muckle-Wells and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndromes.

The Muckle-Wells syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder belonging to the group of hereditary fever syndromes. The chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular (CINCA) syndrome is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology with neonatal onset. They are considered as two different entities. We report the case of a 36-year-old man suffering since birth from a nonpruritic generalized urticaria, with inflammatory flares, joint manifestations and progressive deafness requiring a bilateral hearing aid. An initial diagnosis of Muckle-Wells syndrome was made. However, the patient had an unusual clinical presentation with slightly dysmorphic facial appearance, clubbing of the fingers, mild mental retardation and papilledema. After a genetic advice, a diagnosis of CINCA syndrome was made. Search for mutations in the CIAS1 gene revealed a new mutation in a heterozygous state. This case report really raises the question of a link between these two inflammatory diseases. Further studies are needed to confirm the involvement of mutations of the CIAS1 gene in CINCA syndrome.

Molecular analysis of the mevalonate kinase gene in a cohort of patients with the hyper-igd and periodic fever syndrome: its application as a diagnostic tool.

BACKGROUND: The hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) is characterized by recurrent attacks of fever, abdominal distress, and arthralgia and is caused by mevalonate kinase mutations. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the role of mevalonate kinase and the usefulness of molecular diagnosis in HIDS. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The international Nijmegen HIDS registry. PATIENTS: 54 patients from 41 families who met the clinical criteria for HIDS. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical symptoms and signs, immunoglobulin concentration, leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mutation analysis, and mevalonate kinase enzyme activity assay. RESULTS: There were two groups of patients: 41 patients with mevalonate kinase mutations (classic-type HIDS) and 13 patients without mutations (variant-type HIDS). Patients with classic-type HIDS had a lower mevalonate kinase enzyme activity, a higher IgD level, and more additional symptoms with attacks. The IgD level did not correlate with disease severity, mevalonate kinase enzyme activity, or genotype. CONCLUSION: Genetic heterogeneity exists among patients with a clinical diagnosis of HIDS.

Genetically determined recurrent fevers.

The usefulness of molecular diagnosis is now well established for genetically determined recurrent fevers. In familial Mediterranean fever, the severity of the disease and the risk of renal amyloidosis are correlated with mutations in MEFV, and the serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)1 alpha/alpha allele is a modifying factor for amyloidosis. Study of the genes in various species shows that the human mutations represent a reappearance of the ancestral amino acid state and the B30-2 domain, where most human mutations are localized, is absent in the rat and mouse proteins. Since the discovery of the responsible gene, TNF-receptor-associated periodic syndrome seems to be more frequent than previously considered. Among the new mutations described, some are associated with an incomplete penetrance.

Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a new transthyretin variant (Gly53Glu).

CNS involvement is rare in systemic amyloidoses due to transthyretin (TTR) mutation and manifests as a combination of dementia, seizures, and myelopathy. The authors report two French siblings who experienced recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhages as the main clinical feature. Brain specimens showed that the leptomeningeal vessels walls were thickened by amyloid deposits, and sequencing of the TTR exons showed a heterozygous single base-pair transition from G to A (codon 53), resulting in a glycine for glutamic acid substitution (G53E).

Molecular analysis of MVK mutations and enzymatic activity in hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome.

Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) is an autosomal recessive inflammatory disorder characterised by recurrent episode of fever associated with lymphadenopathy, abdominal distress, joint involvement and skin lesions. We recently demonstrated that mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene (MVK) are associated with HIDS. Direct DNA sequencing was done to screen the entire coding region of MVK in 25 unrelated patients with HIDS. Mutations were detected in the coding region of the gene including 11 missense mutations, one deletion, the absence of expression of one allele, as well as three novel polymorphisms. Seven of these mutations are novel. The large majority of the patients were compound heterozygotes for two mutations. Of these, V377I (G-->A) is the most common mutation occurring in 20 unrelated patients and was found to be associated with I268T in six patients. Mutations were associated with a decrease of mevalonate kinase (MK) (ATP:mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.I.36) enzymatic activity but not as profound as in mevalonic aciduria, a syndrome also caused by a deficient activity of MK. In HIDS the mutations are located all along the protein which is different from mevalonic aciduria where MK mutations are mainly clustered to a same region of the protein. On the basis of this study, we propose that the diagnostic screen of MVK in HIDS should be first directed on V377I and I268T mutations. Three patients are also described to illustrate the genotypic and phenotypic overlap with mevalonic aciduria.

Histologic phenotype-genotype correlation of corneal dystrophies associated with eight distinct mutations in the TGFBI gene.

PURPOSE: To establish a phenotype-genotype correlation of various autosomal-dominant corneal dystrophies among French subjects. DESIGN: Retrospective molecular genetic study and clinicopathologic correlation. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four subjects from 26 unrelated French families were included in this study, and 60 corneal buttons could be examined at the histologic and ultrastructural levels. METHODS: Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed on corneal specimens obtained during keratoplasty. Blood samples were collected for DNA analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: After genomic DNA extraction from peripheral blood leukocytes of each family member, exons of the TGFBI gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PCR products were directly sequenced on both strands. RESULTS: Four different mutations were found to be responsible for dystrophy of granular type (R555W, R124L, R124H, and R124L+delT125-delE126), three other different mutations produced a lattice type (R124C, H626R, and A546T), and the last mutation identified was associated with the honeycomb-shaped dystrophy (R555Q). Each subtype of dystrophy showed, histologically and ultrastructurally, specific characteristics that are easily recognizable. However, besides these stereotyped forms, differential histologic diagnosis of atypical forms remains difficult, and these forms could be misdiagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic biomicroscopic appearance and histopathologic features of each "classic" dystrophy present a significant degree of specificity and generally provide an accurate diagnosis. However, atypical forms in which clinical and histologic data alone could be misleading, are unequivocally diagnosed after DNA analysis.

Autosomal-dominant periodic fever with AA amyloidosis: Novel mutation in tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 gene Rapid Communication.

BACKGROUND: The recent identification of genes responsible for syndromes of periodic fever with amyloidosis has opened the way to a molecular diagnosis of hereditary AA amyloidosis. METHODS: A Belgian woman presented for genetic counseling. Three first-degree relatives had a diagnosis of renal amyloidosis with a history of recurrent fever and inflammatory episodes. Medical records and pathological specimens were obtained from all physicians who had been in charge of her three relatives. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin-embedded material. A mutation search was performed in the MEFV (Mediterranean fever) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1 or TNFRSF1A) genes causing familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), respectively. RESULTS: The family history was consistent with autosomal-dominant transmission of periodic fever with arthralgias, abdominal pain, and eventual AA amyloidosis involving the kidneys, digestive tract, and thyroid. Recurrent amyloidosis in kidney graft was demonstrated in one patient and was suspected in the other. A novel heterozygous mutation (C55S) in TNFRSF1A was identified in the affected patient available for genetic testing but not in the asymptomatic woman requiring counseling. No mutation was detected in MEFV. CONCLUSIONS: We report a novel mutation (C55S) in TNFRSF1A, resulting in autosomal-dominant periodic fever and AA amyloidosis. This condition, known as TRAPS, should be added to the differential diagnosis of hereditary renal amyloidosis, with obvious implications for management and genetic counseling.