RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Digital health resources are being increasingly used to support women with substance use concerns. Although empirical research has demonstrated that these resources have promise, the available evidence for their benefit in women requires further investigation. Evidence supports the capacity of interventions that are sex-, gender-, and trauma-informed to improve treatment access and outcomes and to reduce health system challenges and disparities. Indeed, both sex- and gender-specific approaches are critical to improve health and gender equity. Violence and trauma are frequent among those with substance use concerns, but they disproportionately affect those who identify as female or women, further underscoring the need for trauma-informed care as well. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the evidence supporting the efficacy or effectiveness of online or mobile interventions for risky or harmful substance use in adults who identify as female or women, or who report a history of trauma. METHODS: This scoping review is based on an academic search in MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Central, and CINAHL, as well as a grey literature search in US and Canadian government and funding agency websites. Of the 7807 records identified, 465 remained following title and abstract screening. Of these, 159 met all eligibility criteria and were reviewed and synthesized. RESULTS: The 159 records reflected 141 distinct studies and 125 distinct interventions. Investigations and the interventions evaluated predominantly focused on alcohol use or general substance use. Evaluated digital health resources included multisession and brief-session interventions, with a wide range of therapeutic elements. Multisession online and mobile interventions exhibited beneficial effects in 86.1% (105/122) of studies. Single-session interventions similarly demonstrated beneficial effects in 64.2% (43/67) of study conditions. Most investigations did not assess gender identity or conduct sex- or gender-based analyses. Only 13 investigations that included trauma were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the overall promise of digital health interventions for substance use concerns, direct or quantitative evidence on the efficacy or effectiveness of interventions in females or women specifically is weak.
RESUMEN
Spontaneous recognition memory tasks build on an animal's natural preference for novelty to assess the what, where and when components of episodic memory. Their simplicity, ethological relevance and cross-species adaptability make them extremely useful to study the physiology and pathology of memory. Recognition memory deficits are common in rodent models of neurodevelopmental disorders, and yet very little is known about the expression of spontaneous recognition memory in young rodents. This is exacerbated by the paucity of data on the developmental onset of recognition memory in mice, a major animal model of disease. To address this, we characterized the ontogeny of three types of spontaneous recognition memory in mice: object location, novel object recognition and temporal order recognition. We found that object location is the first to emerge, at postnatal day (P)21. This was followed by novel object recognition (24 h delay), at P25. Temporal order recognition was the last to emerge, at P28. Elucidating the developmental expression of recognition memory in mice is critical to improving our understanding of the ontogeny of episodic memory, and establishes a necessary blueprint to apply these tasks to probe cognitive deficits at clinically relevant time points in animal models of developmental disorders.