A 13-Year-Old Boy Who Has Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome Presents with Parotitis.

We report a 13-year-old boy who (initially) had symptoms of toxic shock-like syndrome and mumps. Then, the patient was hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of his ongoing hemodynamic instability (low blood pressure of 70/30 mm Hg and capillary refill time of > 4 seconds). During his stay in the PICU, the patient was treated with fluid resuscitation and vasoactive infusion and at the same time was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS), when giant right coronary artery aneurysms were detected on echocardiographic examination. This case illustrates the risk of KDSS in patient who carries both parotitis and toxic shock-like syndrome. The clinicians should be cautious about detecting any types of coronary artery aneurysms in such patients. This is the first case of KDSS associated with parotitis reported in the literature.

The relationship between severity of disease and vitamin D levels in children with atopic dermatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder. Vitamin D is a liposoluble vitamin synthesized mainly in the skin. Vitamin D has several effects on the skin. AIM: To assess the serum level of vitamin D in children with AD and determine its relation to AD severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients with AD were enrolled in the study. We evaluated disease severity using the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. The control group consisted of 37 healthy subjects. RESULTS: The mean serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 in patients with AD was not statistically different from control subjects (p = 0.065). The vitamin D level was significantly lower in moderate and severe AD compared with mild AD, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004). Vitamin D showed a negative correlation with serum total IgE levels (p = 0.007). There was no significant correlation between total IgE levels and SCORAD scores (p = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a low serum vitamin D level is inversely associated with severity of AD in children. Vitamin D has not been included in the routine treatment of AD because of the conflicting results of various studies. Thus, there is a need for more detailed and prospective studies.

Spontaneous evisceration of umbilical hernia in a patient with congenital nephrotic syndrome.

Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a term used to describe a condition in babies who develop severe proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia within their first three months of life. They generally have oedema and ascites from birth which, because of increased intra-abdominal pressure, can result in an umbilical hernia. The report presents a five-month old infant with congenital nephrotic syndrome who had spontaneous umbilical hernia rupture with evisceration. The approach to umbilical hernias is usually conservative, but in selected cases elective surgery may be indicated.

Evaluation of autonomic nervous system function in children with overactive bladder syndrome.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the autonomic nervous system activity in children with overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome. METHODS: Included in the study were 40 children with overactive bladder and 28 healthy controls. Autonomic tests were performed on all participants, including heart rate interval variation (RRIV), heart rate response to valsalva maneuver, and sympathetic skin response (SSR). RESULTS: Mean valsalva rates in the overactive bladder and control groups were 1.53 ± 0.29 and 1.30 ± 0.18, respectively, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Also significantly different were deep breathing RRIV values of the study and control groups: 56.65 ± 14.66 and 47.92 ± 10.15, respectively (P = 0.008). No statistical differences were found in SSR when OAB patients were compared with controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a parasympathetic hyperactivity in children with OAB, results suggesting a dysfunction in their autonomic nervous systems. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:673-676, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The different cutaneous presentations in three cases of Kawasaki disease as confounding factor of diagnosis.

We report three paediatric cases of Kawasaki disease (KD). Erythema multiforme (EM) was the presenting cutaneous feature in two patients, with young age (43 days old), macular rash and meningitis in the third patient. Diagnosis of KD was difficult due either to initial misdiagnosis of drug eruption, incomplete presentation, or the young age of the patient. Clinicians should be aware of these cutaneous presentations to prevent KD complications.

Renal tubular function and urinary N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase and kidney injury molecule-1 levels in asthmatic children.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways which results in chronic hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia and inflammation can affect renal tubular function. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate renal tubular function and early kidney injury molecules such as urinary N-acetyl-betaglucosaminidase (NAG) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) excretion in children with asthma. METHODS: Enrolled in the study were 73 children diagnosed with asthma and 65 healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects. Urine pH, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, microalbumin, creatinine, NAG, KIM-1, and serum creatinine, sodium, phosphorus were evaluated. The diagnosis of asthma and classification of mild or moderate were done according to the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. RESULTS: Serum sodium, phosphorus, creatinine, and urinary microalbumin were within normal levels in the both groups. Urinary pH, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, microalbumin, and KIM-1 excretions were similar between the control and study groups. Tubular phosphorus reabsorption was within normal limits in two groups. Urine NAG was elevated in the study group (P = 0.001). Urinary KIM-1 and NAG levels were positively correlated (r = 0.837; P = 0.001). When children with mild and moderate asthma were compared, all of the parameters were similar (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that chronic asthma can lead to subtle renal impacts. We suggest that in children with asthma, urinary NAG level is a more valuable parameter to show degree of renal tubular injury than markers such as microalbumin and KIM-1. Chronic hypoxy and inflammation probably contributes to these subclinical renal effects.

The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Turkish infants with urolithiasis.

Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have recently been reported to be associated with urinary calculi in pediatric and adult cases, but no studies have looked at the youngest period of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of VDR gene polymorphisms in infantile urolithiasis in a Turkish population. We compared a study group of 104 infants (55 girls and 49 boys, mean age 6.94 ± 3.81 months) with a control group of 96 infants (51 girls and 45 boys, mean age 7.51 ± 3.23) to evaluate their demographics and metabolic risk factors. PCR-based restriction analysis of the polymorphisms on the VDR gene (BsmI and TaqI) showed statistically significant differences between study and control groups (p = 0.001 and 0.043, respectively). In addition, the prevalence of the BsmI genotype was significantly different between the hypercalciuric and normocalciuric stone formers (p = 0.007). Allelic frequencies were similar between the urolithiasis and control groups (p > 0.05). The B allele of BsmI and the A allele of ApaI were more prevalent in the hypercalciuric stone formers than in the normocalciuric stone formers (p = 0.018 vs.0.036, respectively). These results suggest that the BsmI and TaqI VDR genotypes could be candidate genes leading to infantile urolithiasis.

Evaluation of 563 children with chronic cough accompanied by a new clinical algorithm.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the children with chronic cough and to analyze their etiological factors according to the age groups. METHOD: Five hundred sixty-three children with chronic cough were included. The last diagnosis were established and were also emphasized according to the age groups. RESULTS: The mean age was 5.4 ± 3.8 years (2-months-17-years) and 52 % of them were male. The most common final diagnosis from all the participants were: asthma (24.9 %), asthma-like symptoms (19 %), protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) (11.9 %), and upper airway cough syndrome (9.1 %). However, psychogenic cough was the second most common diagnosis in the subjects over 6 years of age. CONCLUSION: Asthma and asthma-like symptoms were the most common diagnosis in children. Different age groups in children may have a different order of frequencies. Psychogenic cough should be thought of in the common causes especially in older children.

Urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda albipennis in a child.

Urogenital myiasis results when flies lay their eggs near the exit of the urethra and the larvae proceed upward along the urogenital tract. In this case report, a 10 year-old female patient diagnosed with urogenital myiasis was reported. The patient presented with complaints including painful and frequent urination, genital pruritus and moving larvae in urine. The patient had received Enterobius vermicularis treatment previously for two times. A 24-hour urine sample was collected and two black larvae were found in the urine. It was found that these larvae were fourth-stage larvae of Psychoda albipennis. Although there was no risk factor, the patient was affected with this rare parasitological disease. This case was presented to draw attention to myiasis in children. Myiasis may be observed in individuals with a favourable hygiene status and a high socioeconomical level. If a detailed history is not taken and appropriate laboratory tests are not performed, the diagnosis may be missed.

Determination of early urinary renal injury markers in obese children.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an important health issue, the prevalence of which is increasing in childhood. The aim of this study was to examine urinary renal injury markers in order to determine the renal effect of obesity and its comorbidities in a pediatric population. METHODS: Eighty-four obese children and 64 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. We checked their urine using N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and microalbumin as renal injury markers. Associations of renal damage markers with hypertension, an impaired glucose tolerance test, and insulin resistance were assessed. RESULTS: Obese individuals had higher urinary NAG and KIM-1 values compared to those of healthy controls (p = 0.027, p = 0.026). There was no difference in urinary NGAL between obese and lean subjects (p = 0.885). Urinary renal injury markers were not statistically different in the obese group when checked for impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hypertension (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that urinary NAG and KIM-1 could be used as a screening method for detection of early renal damage in obese children.

Recurrent meningitis in a child with IgG3 subclass deficiency.

Recurrent meningitis is an uncommon life-threatening condition. Here, the case of a 6-year-old boy is reported who had two episodes of meningitis with an IgG3 subclass deficiency. The boy had aseptic meningitis at the age of 3 years, followed by bacterial meningitis at the age of 4 years. Primary immunoglobulin deficiencies are a group of disorders associated with an increased incidence and/or severity of infection. Recurrent infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia are the most frequently observed illnesses in patients with IgG subclass deficiencies, of which an IgG3 subclass deficiency is the most common, especially in adults. Although cases of recurrent viral or bacterial meningitis have been reported, herein a patient is presented with recurrence of aseptic and bacterial meningitis 1 year after the initial episode. Some researchers recommend that all children with episodes of recurrent meningitis should be screened for primary immunoglobulin or complement deficiencies.

Early infant feeding practice and childhood obesity: the relation of breast-feeding and timing of solid food introduction with childhood obesity.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the association of breast-feeding and timing of solid food introduction with childhood obesity. METHODS: The children were grouped according to the duration of breast-feeding (0-1, 2-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-24 months) and the age at which solid foods were introduced (<4, 4-5, and ≥6 months). RESULTS: In this study, we enrolled 4990 children aged 2-14 years. The rate of exclusive breast-feeding at 6 months of age was 49.1%. We found no association between the duration of breast-feeding and childhood obesity [odds ratio (OR) 0.948, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.694-1.295]. The regression analysis revealed no significant differences in obesity or overweight rates between the early and late introduction to solid food groups (OR 0.993, 95% CI 0.645-1.531). CONCLUSIONS: Although breastfeeding has been previously reported to protect against childhood obesity, we were unable to find a significant association between obesity and either longer duration of breastfeeding or later introduction to solid foods in our sample.

Hematological indices for differential diagnosis of Beta thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia.

Background. The two most frequent types of microcytic anemia are beta thalassemia trait ( ß -TT) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). We retrospectively evaluated the reliability of various indices for differential diagnosis of microcytosis and ß -TT in the same patient groups. Methods. A total of 290 carefully selected children aged 1.1-16 years were evaluated. We calculated 12 discrimination indices in all patients with hemoglobin (Hb) values of 8.7-11.4 g/dL. None of the subjects had a combined case of IDA and ß -TT. All children with IDA received oral iron for 16 weeks, and HbA2 screening was performed after iron therapy. The patient groups were evaluated according to red blood cell (RBC) count; red blood distribution width index; the Mentzer, Shine and Lal, England and Fraser, Srivastava and Bevington, Green and King, Ricerca, Sirdah, and Ehsani indices; mean density of hemoglobin/liter of blood; and mean cell density of hemoglobin. Results. The Mentzer index was the most reliable index, as it had the highest sensitivity (98.7%), specificity (82.3%), and Youden's index (81%) for detecting ß -TT; this was followed by the Ehsani index (94.8%, 73.5%, and 68.3%, resp.) and RBC count (94.8%, 70.5%, and 65.3%). Conclusion. The Mentzer index provided the highest reliabilities for differentiating ß -TT from IDA.

Is oxidative stress related to childhood urolithiasis?

BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is a common condition in pediatric populations in Turkey. The role of oxidative stress in renal stone formation in pediatric patients has not been reported to date. The aim of this study was to assess oxidative stress in childhood urolithiasis. METHODS: Seventy-four children diagnosed with urolithiasis and 72 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. Kidney stone formers were evaluated by analysis of metabolic conditions related to urolithiasis, such as hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia and hyperuricosuria. Urine total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured, and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as an indicator of the degree of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Among the stone formers, metabolic analyses revealed that 30 % had hypercalciuria, 45 % had hypocitraturia, 6 % had hyperoxaluria and 40 % had hyperuricosuria. Elevated levels of the renal tubular damage marker urinary N-acetyl- beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was elevated in 25 % of the patient group, but microalbuminuria was not detected. Total oxidant status and total antioxidant status were significantly higher in stone formers than in the controls (p = 0.023 and 0.004, respectively). In addition, urinary NAG was significantly correlated with TOS (r = 0.427, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pediatric stone formers.

Audiological findings in pediatric perineal allergic rhinitis (house dust mite allergy) patients.

Allergic rhinitis is the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa and its primary mediator is Ig E. It is most frequently observed in children and adolescents. Our purpose in this study is to investigate the impact of allergy on hearing functions in children with perineal allergic rhinitis (house dust mite allergy). 50 perineal allergic rhinitis (house dust mite allergy) patients (33 male, 17 female patients, aged between 6 and 15, average age 10.4) and 20 control patients (12 male, 8 female, aged between 6 and 15, average age 11.2) underwent high frequency pure tone audiometry, acoustic reflex, otacoustic emission (OAE) and auditory brainstem potentials to assess their auditory functions. No statistically significant difference was detected between the study group and the control group with respect to their hearing thresholds (250-16,000 Hz). No statistically significant difference was detected as a result of the comparison between the study group and control group in terms of their signal-noise ratios at Distortion Product OAE in all frequencies (996-8,004 Hz). No statistically significant difference was detected between the study group and the control group in terms of the 1st, 3rd and 5th wave latencies and 1-3, 3-5 and 1-5 inter-peak values. This study is the first study where the audiological functions of the pediatric perineal allergic rhinitis (house dust mite allergy) patients were assessed. No significant difference was detected between the group of pediatric perineal allergic rhinitis (house dust mite allergy) patients and the control group with respect to their audiological functions.

Skin temperature measurement using an infrared thermometer on patients who have been exposed to cold.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine if the skin temperature of febrile children is affected by the child's exposure to cold outdoor temperatures immediately prior to the taking of that temperature. METHODS: A total of 150 febrile and non-febrile children (aged 3-10 years) who had walked to the hospital's pediatric emergency department and were thus exposed to outside cold weather were enrolled in the study. Using infrared thermometry, forehead and chest skin temperatures were simultaneously measured every 2 min during the first 14 min after presentation. Temperatures were recorded and differences between the two measurements were calculated. RESULTS: By the fifth evaluation (10 min from the first reading), skin temperatures from forehead and chest had equalized. CONCLUSION: Determination of fever from the body parts that had been exposed to cold environmental conditions may cause contradictory results if taken while the child is still chilled from exposure to the cold. For accuracy, children should be acclimated to the indoor temperature before taking body temperature readings. Acclimation takes at least 10 min after coming in from cold weather outside.

Estado oxidante e antioxidante de crianças com bronquiolite aguda / Oxidative and antioxidative status of children with acute bronchiolitis

OBJETIVO: O estresse oxidativo demonstrou contribuir para a patogênese de doenças pulmonares inflamatórias agudas e crônicas. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o estado oxidante/antioxidante de crianças com bronquiolite aguda por meio de mensuração da capacidade antioxidante total do plasma, estado oxidante total e índice de estresse oxidativo. MÉTODOS: As crianças com bronquiolite aguda encaminhadas para o Departamento de Emergência Pediátrica do hospital universitário entre janeiro e abril 2012 foram comparadas a controles saudáveis de mesma idade. Os pacientes com bronquiolite aguda tiveram essa doença classificada como leve e moderada. O estado oxidante e antioxidante foi avaliado pela mensuração da capacidade antioxidante total do plasma, estado oxidante total e índice de estresse oxidativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 31 crianças com bronquiolite aguda com idade de três meses a dois anos e 37 crianças saudáveis. O estado oxidante total (EOT) foi maior em pacientes com bronquiolite aguda do que no grupo de controle (5,16±1,99 µmol H2O2 em comparação a 3,78±1,78 µmol H2O2 [p = 0,004]). A capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) foi significativamente menor em crianças com bronquiolite que no grupo de controle (2,51±0,37 µmol Trolox equivalente/L em comparação a 2,75±0,39 µmol Trolox Eqv/L) (p = 0,013). Os pacientes com bronquiolite moderada apresentaram níveis de EOT mais elevados que os com bronquiolite leve e os do grupo de controle (p = 0,03, p < 0,001). Os pacientes com bronquiolite moderada apresentaram níveis de IEO mais elevados que os do grupo de controle (p = 0,015). O nível de saturação de oxigênio de pacientes com bronquiolite foi inversamente correlacionado ao nível de EOT (r = -0,476, p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O equilíbrio entre os sistemas oxidante e antioxidante é interrompido em crianças com bronquiolite moderada, indicando que o fator de estresse poderá ter um papel na patogênese da doença.

OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status of children with acute bronchiolitis through the measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. METHODS: Children with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the pediatric emergency department of a university hospital between January and April of 2012 were compared with agematched healthy controls. Patients with acute bronchiolitis were classified as mild and moderate bronchiolitis. Oxidative and antioxidative status were assessed by measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. RESULTS: Thirty-one children with acute bronchiolitis aged between 3 months and 2 years, and 39 healthy children were included. Total oxidative status (TOS) was higher in patients with acute bronchiolitis than the control group (5.16±1.99 µmol H2O2 versus 3.78±1.78 µmol H2O2 [p = 0.004]). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in children with bronchiolitis than the control group (2.51±0.37 µmol Trolox eqv/L versus 2.75±0.39 µmol Trolox eqv/L [p = 0.013]). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis presented higher TOS levels than those with mild bronchiolitis and the control group (p = 0.03, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis had higher oxidative stress index levels than the control group (p = 0.015). Oxygen saturation level of bronchiolitis patients was inversely correlated with TOS (r = -0.476, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems is disrupted in children with moderate bronchiolitis, which indicates that this stress factor may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Oxidative and antioxidative status of children with acute bronchiolitis.

OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant status of children with acute bronchiolitis through the measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. METHODS: Children with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the pediatric emergency department of a university hospital between January and April of 2012 were compared with age-matched healthy controls. Patients with acute bronchiolitis were classified as mild and moderate bronchiolitis. Oxidative and antioxidative status were assessed by measurement of plasma total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index. RESULTS: Thirty-one children with acute bronchiolitis aged between 3 months and 2 years, and 39 healthy children were included. Total oxidative status (TOS) was higher in patients with acute bronchiolitis than the control group (5.16±1.99 µmol H2O2 versus 3.78±1.78 µmol H2O2 [p=0.004]). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in children with bronchiolitis than the control group (2.51±0.37 µmol Trolox eqv/L versus 2.75±0.39 µmol Trolox eqv/L [p=0.013]). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis presented higher TOS levels than those with mild bronchiolitis and the control group (p=0.03, p<0.001, respectively). Patients with moderate bronchiolitis had higher oxidative stress index levels than the control group (p=0.015). Oxygen saturation level of bronchiolitis patients was inversely correlated with TOS (r=-0.476, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems is disrupted in children with moderate bronchiolitis, which indicates that this stress factor may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.