Ablation of ventricular tachycardia after septal myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Electrocardiography and 3D mapping images of the case.

Is shoulder joint position sense affected in partial and full-thickness supraspinatus tears?

PURPOSE: Neuromuscular control is important for joint stabilization. Supraspinatus muscle plays an essential role in the perception of proprioceptive sense. The aim of this study is to investigate active joint position sense (AJPS) both in patients with partial and full-thickness supraspinatus tears and in healthy participants. METHODS: Twenty patients with partial supraspinatus tears, 20 patients with full-thickness supraspinatus tears, and 20 healthy participants, aged 40-65 years, were included in the study. Proprioceptive sense was assessed with AJPS measurement. Absolute error was calculated to evaluate joint position sense. RESULTS: Active joint position sense was decreased in partial and full-thickness tears on both in affected and contralateral shoulders compared to control group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups with partial and full-thickness tears on the affected and contralateral shoulders at 40° and 100° elevation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: AJPS was affected after supraspinatus injury. It was seen as proprioceptive deficit in patients with partial and full-thickness tears in both affected and contralateral shoulders.

Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on the Extraocular Muscles, Retrobulbar Orbital Fat and the Optic Nerve in Patients with Prostate Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate radiologically the effects of long-term Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy on extraocular muscle thickness, retrobulbar orbital fat (ROF), and optic nerve (ON) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with primary or recurrent PCa who received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for at least 12 months. Each patient underwentallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-computed tomography (Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT) both before and at the end of the 12-month treatment. Thickness of the ON, lateral rectus muscle (LRM), medial rectus muscle (MRM), superior rectus muscle (SRM) and the inferior rectus muscle (IRM) were measured by using the coronal CT sections in soft tissue window. ROF, ocular protrusion and ON length were measured in sagittal and coronal planes. Changes in these anatomical structures induced by LHRH analogs were investigated by comparing pre- and post-treatment measurements. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were included in the study. Median PSA and TT values of the patients before treatment were 36.5 ng/mL (range, 19.6-51.2) and 614.0 ng/dL (range, 472.0-743.0), respectively, and these values decreased significantly after the treatment (10.6 [range, 5.2-14.2] ng/mL and 36.5 [range, 19.6-51.2] ng/dL, p<0.001 for both). After the treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in the areas of IRM, SRM, LRM, and MRM (for each, p<0.001), while significant increases were observed in ROF (11.9%, p<0.001) and ON thickness (14.3%, p=0.004). The amount of ocular protrusion also showed a significant increase of approximately 14% after the treatment (14.0 [range, 12.0-16.0] mm vs. 16.0 [range, 14.0-17.2] mm, p<0.001). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated for the first time that ADT causes a decrease in extraocular muscle mass and an increase in ROF with ocular protrusion. It can be asserted that these changes are similar to the changes in skeletal muscle and fat mass in other body parts. Further studies with a higher level of evidence are needed to clinically evaluate the increase in ocular protrusion and ON enlargement, which are likely to be caused by the increase in ROF.

Demirtas Two-Step Treatment Model in Hypofunctional-Obstructed Kidneys: An Extended Series and Long-Term Prospective Results.

AIM: This study aimed to present the short- and long-term results of Demirtas two-step treatment model in patients with obstructed-hydronephrotic kidneys functioning below 10%, and before deciding on nephrectomy, to evaluate whether this method can contribute to the accurate assessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included patients with unilateral renal obstruction and renal parenchymal loss assessed by computed tomography and whose renal function was found to be below 10% in Tc-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid. In the first step, percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) was performed. Two weeks later, the second step was performed, in which patients were offered nephrectomy (if renal function was <10%) or etiology-based treatment (if renal function was ≥10%). RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included in the study, comprising 20 (52.6%) men and 18 (47.4%) women with a mean age of 51.3±16.8 years. Mean baseline renal function was 6.0%, which increased to 10.8% two weeks after PCN (p=0.001). Renal function increased to above 10% in 20 (52.6%) out of 38 patients. Of these, 17 patients underwent etiology-based treatment and baseline, two-week, and 12-month renal function levels were 7.0%, 17.5%, and 18.8%, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Demirtas two-step treatment model introduced in the present study can be recommended as a standard treatment modality in unilaterally obstructed kidneys functioning below 10% ability.

Occult arterial bleeding associated with cardiac device implantation.

INTRODUCTION: The appearance of hematomas or hemorrhages after the implantation of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIEDs) is a well-known early complication, which can be associated with reinterventions, infections, readmissions, and longer hospital stays. Occasionally, these bleedings may correspond to arterial hemorrhages, which require early identification and specific treatment. We reviewed two clinical cases of inadvertent arterial bleeding after Pacemaker implantation that required a high clinical suspicion together with a multidisciplinary evaluation of cardiologists, radiologists and interventional medicine that allowed a fast and effective endovascular approach.

Natural Orifice Transurethral Endoscopic Vesicovaginal Fistula (NOTE-VVF) Treatment for Early and Small Fistulas: Case Report and the Point of Technique.

Minimally invasive surgical approaches have become highly popular in line with technological advancements. In vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) repair, numerous minimally invasive surgical techniques have been described, namely, laparoscopic, robotic, and transvaginal techniques, and used. However, these techniques still require invasiveness. In this report, we present a patient with iatrogenic VVF on whom we applied a novel "zero-incision" technique, Natural Orifice Transurethral Endoscopic Vesicovaginal Fistula (NOTE-VVF) treatment, to repair the fistula tract by advancing the laparoscopic trocar through a natural orifice, i.e., urethra.

A Novel Modified Two-Lobe Holmium Prostate Enucleation Technique: Demirtas-Erciyes Enucleation Prostatectomy.

Objective Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate has evolved and became popular for the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) during the last decade. Different surgical techniques have been described so far. We hereby described a new modified two-lobe technique for urologists who are inexperienced in endoscopic enucleation. We aimed here to present the data on a learning curve of this stepwise technique named Demirtas-Erciyes Enucleation Prostatectomy (DEEP): reverse S-J incision technique and its postoperative outcomes. Material and methods The study included 102 patients who underwent holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) with the DEEP technique between October 2020 and December 2021. Demographic, preoperative, and postoperative variables were recorded. The operation was performed with a 150 W holmium laser system (Quanta System, Varese, Italy) with cutting and coagulation settings of 2J × 50 Hz with virtual basket mode and 2J × 12 Hz in bubble blast mode, respectively. Bladder irrigation was done for one day, and then, on the next day, the urethral catheter was removed. Postoperatively, uroflowmetry studies, continence status, and ejaculation status were recorded during follow-up. The data of all patients were divided into two groups (first 51 and final 51 patients). All variables were analyzed between two groups. Results The mean age of the patients was 68.48±8.74 years. The median Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score was 3. The median International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) values ​​were 26 (10-35) and 10 (0-25), respectively. Of the patients, 60.8% had Foley catheters due to urinary retention. The median anesthesia time, laser time, enucleation time, morcellation time, and enucleated tissue amount were 102.5 minutes, 17 minutes, 25 minutes, 20 minutes, and 50 g, respectively. Enucleation was performed in two stages in five patients due to bigger prostate volume or incomplete morcellation. The median catheter removal time was 48 hours. In six patients, the postoperative catheterization time was prolonged due to hematuria. The median increase in Qmax was 19.35 mL/second. The overall complication rate was 5.9%, which were all Clavien grade II. Enucleation time, laser time, and anesthesia time were significantly lower in the last 51 patients. Conclusion DEEP enucleation technique seems to provide effective and safe postoperative results for beginners in prostate enucleation.

A Prospective Study and Single-Center Experience: Effectivity of Fusion Prostate Biopsy in Biopsy-Naïve Patients.

Objective Fusion prostate biopsy (FPB) has become a popular technique in biopsy-naïve patients, though not accepted as a standard approach (yet). In this study, we aimed to present the clinical outcomes of biopsy-naïve patients who underwent FPB. Material and methods The study included 400 biopsy-naïve patients aged 45-75 years who had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 2-10 ng/ml and were detected with a Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) ≥3 lesion on multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)-guided FPB. A combined biopsy (CB) was performed in each patient, in which 2-4 cores were obtained for suspicious lesions by targeted biopsy (TB) and then 12-core standard prostate biopsy (SPB) was conducted in the same session. Cancer detection rates, clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection rates, histological upgrading rates, and false negative rates were determined. Results The 400 patients had a mean age of 62.01±7.00 years and a mean PSA value of 6.84±1.87 ng/ml. Overall PCa detection rate was 50% (200/400). The csPCa detection rates for TB, SPB, and CB were 25.0%, 31.8%, and 44.0%, respectively (p<0.001). In PIRADS 3, 4, and 5 lesions, CB had a csPCa detection rate of 29.2%, 54%, and 64.8%, respectively (p<0.001). The ratio of false negativity was significantly higher for TB compared to SPB (43.2% vs. 27.8%, p=0.003), whereas no significant difference was found between these two techniques with regard to upgrading rates although TB had a higher rate (19.6% vs. 13.7%, p=0.144). Conclusion FPB, a combined approach involving TB and SPB, was revealed as the most successful technique in biopsy-naïve patients with PSA<10 ng/ml due to its high cancer detection rates and low false negative rates.

Is Tadalafil an Effective Treatment Option for Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome? A Report of a Challenging Case.

Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic pelvic pain (CPP) syndrome that is frequently seen in female patients. Since its molecular mechanism and etiopathogenesis are not clearly elucidated, its treatment options are limited. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors act on nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and are an effective treatment option in some CPP syndromes. We discuss the case of a 44-year-old female patient who presented to our clinic with a two-year history of frequent urination and pain in the pelvic area. The cystoscopy of the patient, who did not benefit from first- and second-line treatments, was normal. With the diagnosis of IC/PBS, she was started on tadalafil (oral) 5 mg/day. At the end of a total of 12 months of follow-up, it was observed that the patient's symptoms significantly regressed. Based on our findings, the relaxing effect of PDE-5 inhibitors on the bladder neck/detrusor muscle and the vasodilator effect on the blood supply to the pelvic organs may have improved the patient's symptoms. In this case report, for the first time in the literature, we present the clinical outcomes of treatment with tadalafil (5 mg/day), which is a PDE-5 inhibitor, in a female patient with IC/PBS who did not respond to first-and second-line treatments. The results indicated that tadalafil, which shows activity through the NO-cGMP and prostaglandin pathway, is a potential alternative in IC/PBS patients resistant to conventional first- and second-line treatments.

The relationship between changes in distal tibiofibular joint congruence and clinical and functional results in the short-term follow-up of patients operated on for ankle fracture.

BACKGROUND: The effects of changes in distal tibiofibular joint (DTFJ) congruence on clinical and functional outcomes are unclear in patients operated on for ankle fractures. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between changes in DTFJ congruence and clinical and functional outcomes in the short-term follow-up of the patients operated on for ankle fractures. METHODS: In this study, hospital records of patients who were operated on for ankle fractures were retrospectively analyzed. The data of patients who underwent bilateral ankle computed tomography scans at least 18 months after surgery were used. DTFJ congruence was evaluated using four methods. Method 1: the distance between the most prominent anterior points of the tibia and fibula (anterior incisura [AI]) and that between the most prominent posterior points of the tibia and fibula (posterior incisura [PI]) were measured. Method 2: the direct anterior (DA) and direct posterior (DP) distances were measured based on perpendicular lines drawn from the most prominent anterior and posterior points of the longitudinal axis of the fibula to the tibia, respectively, and a direct translation (DT) distance was measured based on a perpendicular line drawn to the DA from the most prominent anterior point of the tibia. Method 3: the angle between a line connecting the most anterior and posterior points of the tibia and a line connecting the most anterior and posterior points of the fibula (rotational angle [RA]) was measured. The differences in distances and angles (dAI, dPI, dDA, dDP, dDT, and dRA) between the injured and non-injured sides were calculated in the first three methods. Method 4: any rotational/translational incongruency on the injured side was subjectively reported. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale, Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used for clinical and functional evaluations. RESULTS: Thirty patients (18 males and 12 females; mean age, 43.3 [range, 20-78 years] years) were included in this study. The average follow-up was 37.6 (range, 18-54 months) months. Negative correlations were detected between dDA and the AOFAS-pain subscale (r=-0.37; p=0.04), between dDP and the OMAS (r=-0.57; p=0.01), and between dDT and the AOFAS-pain, AOFAS-function, and OMAS (r=-0.55 p=0.01; r=-0.40; p=0.03; r=-0.39; p=0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: Changes in dDA, dDP, and dDT values affect the clinical and functional outcomes. These parameters should be provided in accordance with the anatomy of the patient during the reduction of the DTFJ to achieve better outcomes.

Inappropriate Use of Aspirin in Real-Life Cardiology Practice: Results from the Appropriateness of Aspirin Use in Medical Outpatients: A Multicenter, Observational Study (ASSOS) Study.

BACKGROUND: Indications and appropriateness of aspirin use have not been well investigated in Turkey. AIMS: To investigate the prescription patterns and appropriateness of aspirin in a real-world clinical setting. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The Appropriateness of Aspirin Use in Medical Outpatients: A Multicenter, Observational Study (ASSOS) is a cross-sectional and multicenter study that included 5007 consecutive patients aged 18 or over who presented to 30 different cardiology outpatient clinics from 14 cities throughout Turkey. Only patients using aspirin (80-325 mg) were included. The study population was divided into 2 groups regarding the use of aspirin: primary prevention (PP) group and secondary prevention (SP) group. The indication of aspirin use was evaluated following the 2016 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the 2016 United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPTF) guidelines in the PP group. RESULTS: A total of 5007 patients (mean age 62.15 ± 11.05, 39% female) were enrolled. The PP group included 1132 (22.6%) patients, and the SP group included 3875 (77.4%) patients. Of the 1132 patients, inappropriate use of aspirin was determined in 100% of the patients according to the ESC guidelines, and 71% of the patients according to the USPTF guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed age OR: 0.98 CI (0.97-0.99) P = .037, smoking OR: 0.60 CI (0.44-0.82) P = .001, heart failure OR: 2.11 CI (1.14-3.92) P = .017, hypertension OR: 0.51 CI (0.36-0.74) P < .001, diabetes mellitus OR: 0.34 CI (0.25-0.47) P < .001, oral anticoagulant use OR: 3.01 CI (1.10-8.25) P = .032, and female sex OR: 2.73 CI (1.96-3.80) P < .001 were independent predictors of inappropriate aspirin use in PP patients. CONCLUSION: Although there are considerable differences between the USPTF and the ESC guidelines with respect to recommendations for aspirin use in PP, inappropriate use of aspirin in Turkey is frequent in real-world practice for both guidelines. Besides, heart failure, oral anticoagulant use, and the female sex of the patients were independent predictors of inappropriate use of aspirin.

A novel surgical technique for extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy with using 3 trocars: Results after 154 cases. / Una novedosa técnica para la prostatectomía radical extraperitoneal con 3 trocares: resultados después de 154 casos.

OBJECTIVES: Recently laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is a minimally invasive surgical option for prostate cancer (PCa) treatment in the lack of robot. To eliminate numbers of trocars and to modify surgical technique can make the LRP procedure easier. We aimed to introduce our novel approach on LRP by using just only 3 trocars and to compare conventional extraperitoneal LRP (eLRP) with 3 trocars eLRP. METHODS: Of the 223 PCa patients undergone eLRP were divided into 2 groups as Group 1 (n=69) consisted of conventional eLRP, Group 2 (n=154) consisted of consecutive 3 trocars eLRP. Demographic, operative, postoperative, and short-term follow-up data including functional results were analysed. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 10.9±5.1 months. Preoperative and demographic parameters were comparable between the groups. Mean operative time, intraoperative used carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, and hospital stay were significantly shorter in Group 2 (for all parameters p<0.001). Haemoglobin decrease was also less in Group 2 without statistical significance. Oncologic and functional results were similar. There was no major complication in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results 3 trocars eLRP can be performed safely and effectively in experienced hands. Haemorrhage, operative time, CO2 usage, and hospital stay could be shortened with our novel approach.

OBJETIVOS:  Recientemente, la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica (PRL) es una opción mínimamente invasiva para el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata (CaP) cuando no existe la robótica. Eliminar el numero de trocares y modificar la técnica quirúrgica, puede hacer la PRL un procedimiento fácil. Nuestro objetivo es introducir nuestra nueva técnica para la PRL utilizando solo 3 trocares y compararla con la PRL tradicional. MÉTODOS: De los 223 pacientes con cáncer de próstata que recibieron una PRL extraperitoneal se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=69) consistió en la PRL convencional; Grupo 2 (n=154) PRL con 3 trocares. Datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, postoperatorios, seguimiento y resultados funcionales fueron analizados. RESULTADOS: La mediana de seguimiento fue de 10,9±5,1meses. Las variables preoperatorias y demográficas fueron comparables entre ambos grupos. El tiempo medio de cirugía, el uso intraoperatorio de CO2 y la estancia hospitalaria fueron menores en el Grupo 2 (para todos los parámetros pde hemoglobina fue menor también en el grupo 2 sin significación estadística. Los resultados funcionales y oncológicos fueron similares. No hubo complicaciones mayores en el Grupo 2. CONCLUSIONES: De acuerdo con nuestros resultados la PRL extraperitoneal con 3 trocares se puede realizar de forma segura y efectiva en manos expertas. El sangrado intraoperatorio, tiempo quirúrgico y el uso de CO2 se pueden acortar con el uso de esta técnica.

A novel surgical technique for extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy with using 3 trocars: results after 154 cases / Una novedosa técnica para la prostatectomía radical extraperitoneal con 3 trocares: resultados después de 154 casos

OBJECTIVES: Recently laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is a minimally invasive surgical option for prostate cancer (PCa) treatment in the lack of robot. To eliminate numbers of trocars and to modify surgical technique can make the LRP procedure easier. We aimed to introduce our novel approach on LRP by using just only 3 trocars and to compare conventional extraperitoneal LRP (eLRP) with 3 trocars eLRP. METHODS: Of the 223 PCa patients undergone eLRP were divided into 2 groups as Group 1 (n = 69) consisted of conventional eLRP, Group 2 (n = 154) consisted of consecutive 3 trocars eLRP. Demographic, operative, postoperative, and short-term follow-up data including functional results were analysed. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 10.9 ± 5.1 months. Preoperative and demographic parameters were comparable between the groups. Mean operative time, intraoperative used carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, and hospital stay were significantly shorter in Group 2 (for all parameters p < 0.001). Haemoglobin decrease was also less in Group 2 without statistical significance. Oncologic and functional results were similar. There was no major complication in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results 3 trocars eLRP can be performed safely and effectively in experienced hands. Haemorrhage, operative time, CO2 usage, and hospital stay could be shortened with our novel approach

OBJETIVOS: Recientemente, la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica (PRL) es una opción mínimamente invasiva para el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata (CaP) cuando no existe la robótica. Eliminar el número de trocares y modificar la técnica quirúrgica, puede hacer la PRL un procedimiento fácil. Nuestro objetivo es introducir nuestra nueva técnica para la PRL utilizando solo 3 trocares y compararla con la PRL tradicional. MÉTODOS: De los 223 pacientes con cáncer de próstata que recibieron una PRL extraperitoneal se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo 1 (n = 69) consistió en la PRL convencional; Grupo 2 (n = 154) PRL con 3 trocares. Datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, postoperatorios, seguimiento y resultados funcionales fueron analizados. RESULTADOS: La mediana de seguimiento fue de 10,9 ± 5,1meses. Las variables preoperatorias y demográficas fueron comparables entre ambos grupos. El tiempo medio de cirugía, el uso intraoperatorio de CO2 y la estancia hospitalaria fueron menores en el Grupo 2 (para todos los parámetros pde hemoglobina fue menor también en el grupo 2 sin significación estadística. Los resultados funcionales y oncológicos fueron similares. No hubo complicaciones mayores en el Grupo 2. CONCLUSIONES: De acuerdo con nuestros resultados la PRL extraperitoneal con 3 trocares se puede realizar de forma segura y efectiva en manos expertas. El sangrado intraoperatorio, tiempo quirúrgico y el uso de CO2 se pueden acortar con el uso de esta técnica

The ectopic ureter opening into the vulva, which is a rare cause of lifelong urinary incontinence: Treatment with ureteroureterostomy.

Persistent urinary incontinence (UI) in adults may indicate a congenital anomaly. Before initiating medical treatment in these patients, a detailed physical examination is necessary for establishing an accurate diagnosis. In this study, we report on a patient who presented with the complaint of congenital UI associated with ectopic ureter and was detected with a right complete duplex collecting system and a ureter opening into the vulva and the surgical treatment applied to that patient.

Clinical factors for predicting malignancy in patients with PSA < 10 ng/mL and PI-RADS 3 lesions.

AIM: To determine clinical risk factors in patients with PI-RADS 3 lesions and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 10 ng/mL. METHODS: In this prospective study, all patients underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Following the 2-5 core fusion-targeted biopsy, standard 12-core prostate biopsy was performed in each patient (combined biopsy). The cutoff values were calculated with receiver-operating characteristic analysis. First, univariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between total eight parameters and prostate cancer. Subsequently, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to the parameters associated with prostate cancer. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-eight patients were included in the study. Some clinical parameters are determined to be significant in univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses, including PSA, free/total PSA ratio, PSA density (PSA/total prostate volume), positive family history of PCa, and PI-RADS 3 lesion diameter. Patients were classified between 0 and 5 according to the number of risk factors. While the risk of cancer was 7.1% in patients with one or less risk factors, the PCA rate was 45.2% among patients with all risk factors. CONCLUSION: In patients with PI-RADS 3 lesion and PSA < 10 ng/mL, histopathological results of biopsy can be estimated with higher accuracy using some clinical parameters.

Effect of new oral anticoagulants on platelet indices in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients.

New-generation oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are now preferred as a first-line treatment in the management of atrial fibrillation for prevention of thromboembolic complications. Mean platelet volume (MPV), one of the indicators of increased platelet activity, is also associated with an increased stroke risk in atrial fibrillation patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in MPV, platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit following use of NOACs. The study included 116 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation without previous NOAC use. Complete blood counts, biochemical analyses and echocardiography were performed for all patients. No significant differences were observed in MPV or other platelet indices at 6 months compared to baseline. Our results indicate that MPV and other platelet indices are not affected by NOAC use in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients.