RESUMEN
Broad bean paste-meju was fermented by a mixture of broad bean koji and saline; koji fermentation is an essential process for the production of broad bean paste-meju. Aspergillus oryzae was the most widely used in sauce fermentation. The purpose of this study was to research the factory adaptability of the highly efficient A. oryzae PNM003 and further evaluate the effect of fermentation conditions and fermentation strains on koji. A. oryzae PNM003 was compared with the widely used strain HN 3.042 not only in the laboratory but also in factory conditions (large scale). Results showed that the koji made with the same starter in the factory had a greater amount of fungi than that in the laboratory. Bacteria and yeast levels in HN_L koji were higher than in PN_L koji. As for fungi constitution, almost only Aspergillus survived in the end through the microorganism self-purification process during koji fermentation. As for the bacterial constitution, koji was grouped by fermentation conditions instead of fermentation starter. PN koji had higher protease activity and a higher content of total acids, amino acid nitrogen, amino acids, and organic acids in the laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, in factory conditions, PN koji and HN koji had similar indexes. As for volatile flavor compounds, koji made with the two starters in the same condition was grouped together. As for the same starter, there were more flavor compounds metabolized in the factory condition than in the laboratory condition, especially esters and alcohols. The results showed PN was a highly efficient strain to ferment koji, but the advantages were expressed more remarkably in laboratory conditions. In brief, the fermented condition had a greater influence than the fermentation starter for broad bean koji.
RESUMEN
The wide use of pesticides in agriculture is necessary to guarantee adequate food production worldwide. However, pesticide residues have caused global concern because of their potential health risk to consumers. In this study, we could identify ß-cypermethrin (ß-CY) and its degradation product 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Few studies on the simultaneous determination of ß-CY and its metabolites have been carried out so far; hence, we established a high-performance liquid chromatography method to determine the concentrations of both ß-CY and 3-PBA simultaneously in microbial degradation systems. In this study, a novel ß-CY degrading strain, Bacillus licheniformis B-1, was isolated from a tea garden soil, utilizing ß-CY as a growth substrate. Good linear relationships between ß-CY and 3-PBA were observed and the concentrations of reference solutions were between 0.50 and 60.00 µg/mL. Satisfactory stability and intra- and interday precision were obtained. The limits of detection were 0.06 and 0.13 µg/mL for ß-CY and 3-PBA, respectively, and the corresponding limits of quantification were 0.21 and 0.34 µg/mL, respectively. Spiking recoveries for ß-CY varied from 98.38 to 105.80%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) varying from 1.49 to 3.93%. Spiking recoveries for 3-PBA varied from 99.59 to 101.20%, with RSDs varying from 0.58 to 3.64%. The proposed method has advantages of simplicity, rapidity, high accuracy, good separation and reproducibility; thus, it is ideally suitable for simultaneous determination of ß-CY and 3-PBA in microbial degradation systems.