Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine attenuates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Objectives: To investigate whether 3-methyladenine (3-MA) can protect the kidney of streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetes mice, and explore its possible mechanism. Materials and Methods: STZ was used to induce diabetes in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into normal control group (NC), diabetes group (DM), and diabetes+3-MA intervention group (DM+3-MA). Blood glucose, water consumption, and body weight were recorded weekly. At the end of the 6th week of drug treatment, 24-hour urine was collected. Blood and kidneys were collected for PAS staining to evaluate the degree of renal injury. Sirius red staining was used to assess collagen deposition. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and 24-hour urine albumin were used to evaluate renal function. Western blot was used to detect fibrosis-related protein, inflammatory mediators, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/NF-κB signal pathway molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and podocin, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression and localization of autophagy-related protein and fibronectin. Results: Compared with the kidney of normal control mice, the kidney of diabetes control mice was more pale and hypertrophic. Hyperglycemia induces renal autophagy and activates the HMGB1/NF-κB signal pathway, leading to the increase of inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and proteinuria in the kidney. In diabetic mice treated with 3-MA, blood glucose decreased, autophagy and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathways in the kidneys were inhibited, and proteinuria, renal hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis were improved. Conclusion: 3-MA can attenuate renal injury in STZ-induced diabetic mice through inhibition of autophagy and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine attenuates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Objectives: To investigate whether 3-methyladenine (3-MA) can protect the kidney of streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetes mice, and explore its possible mechanism. Materials and Methods: STZ was used to induce diabetes in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into normal control group (NC), diabetes group (DM), and diabetes+3-MA intervention group (DM+3-MA). Blood glucose, water consumption, and body weight were recorded weekly. At the end of the 6th week of drug treatment, 24-hour urine was collected. Blood and kidneys were collected for PAS staining to evaluate the degree of renal injury. Sirius red staining was used to assess collagen deposition. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and 24-hour urine albumin were used to evaluate renal function. Western blot was used to detect fibrosis-related protein, inflammatory mediators, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/NF-κB signal pathway molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and podocin, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression and localization of autophagy-related protein and fibronectin. Results: Compared with the kidney of normal control mice, the kidney of diabetes control mice was more pale and hypertrophic. Hyperglycemia induces renal autophagy and activates the HMGB1/NF-κB signal pathway, leading to the increase of inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and proteinuria in the kidney. In diabetic mice treated with 3-MA, blood glucose decreased, autophagy and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathways in the kidneys were inhibited, and proteinuria, renal hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis were improved. Conclusion: 3-MA can attenuate renal injury in STZ-induced diabetic mice through inhibition of autophagy and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin in the Chinese population: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease; however, data on pertussis antibody levels in a nationwide population are still limited in China. We aimed to pool the seropositivity rates of IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT-IgG) across the country. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database for studies published between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2023. Studies reporting the seroprevalence of PT-IgG among a healthy Chinese population were included. Pooled estimates were obtained using random-effects meta-analyzes. The meta-analysis included 39 studies (47,778 participants) reporting anti-PT IgG seropositivity rates. The pooled rate for all ages was 7.06% (95% CI, 5.50%-9.07%). Subgroup analyzes showed rates ranging from 6.36% to 12.50% across different age groups. This meta-analysis indicated a low anti-PT IgG seropositivity rate in the Chinese population, particularly among school-aged children and young adults. This finding underscores the urgent need to refine immunization strategies.

Genome-wide analysis of the mulberry (Morus abla L.) GH9 gene family and the functional characterization of MaGH9B6 during the development of the abscission zone.

Plant glycoside hydrolase family 9 genes (GH9s) are widely distributed in plants and involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes. In the current study, nine GH9 genes were identified in the mulberry and were divided into two subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. Conserved motifs and gene structure analysis suggested that the evolution of the two subfamilies is relatively conserved and the glycoside hydrolase domain almost occupy the entire coding region of the GH9s gene. Only segmental duplication has played a role in the expansion of gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that mulberry GH9s had the closest relationship with poplar GH9s. MaGH9B1, MaGH9B6, MaGH9B5, and MaGH9B3 were detected to have transcript accumulation in the stalk of easy-to drop mature fruit drop, suggesting that these could play a role in mulberry fruit drop. Multiple cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and abiotic stress responses were found in the mulberry GH9 promoter regions and showed different activities under exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stresses. We found that the lignin content in the fruit stalk decreased with the formation of the abscission zone (AZ), which could indirectly reflect the formation process of the AZ. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of GH9s in mulberry abscission.

Demethylzeylasteral protects against renal interstitial fibrosis by attenuating mitochondrial complex I-mediated oxidative stress.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a main pathological process in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Demethylzeylasteral (DML), a major component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., has anti-renal fibrosis effects. However, its mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was designed to comprehensively examine the effects of DML on RIF and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathological experiments were performed to determine the therapeutic effect of DML on a mouse model of UUO-induced RIF. To determine the novel mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of DML against RIF, a comprehensive transcriptomics analysis was performed on renal tissues, which was further verified by a series of experiments. RESULTS: Pathological and immunohistochemical staining showed that DML inhibited UUO-induced renal damage and reduced the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the partial subunits of mitochondrial complex (MC) I and II may be targets by which DML protects against RIF. Furthermore, DML treatment reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, consequently promoting ATP production and mitigating oxidative stress-induced injury in mice and cells. Notably, this protective effect was attributed to the inhibition of MC I activity, suggesting a crucial role for this specific complex in mediating the therapeutic effects of DML against RIF. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides compelling evidence that DML may be used to treat RIF by effectively suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress injury mediated by MC I. These findings offer valuable insights into the pharmacological mechanisms of DML and its potential clinical application for patients with CKD.

Identification of three lncRNA-related prognostic signatures in gastric cancer by integrated multi-omics analysis.

Aims: The systematic identification of molecular features correlated with the clinical status of gastric cancer (GC) in patients is significant, although such investigation remains insufficient. Methods: GC subtyping based on RNA sequencing, copy number variation and DNA methylation data were derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas program. Prognostics lncRNA biomarkers for GC were identified by univariate Cox, LASSO and SVM-RFE analysis. Results: Three molecular subtypes with significant survival discrepancies, and their specific DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs were identified. Three reliable prognostic-associated lncRNA, including LINC00670, LINC00452 and LINC00160, were selected for GC. Conclusion: Our findings expanded the understanding on the regulatory network of lncRNAs in GC, providing potential targets for prognosis and treatment of GC patients.

The Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and Mortality in Postmenopausal Females: A Cohort Study of 2001-2018 NHANES.

Cadmium is one of the most harmful elements to human health, and the health of postmenopausal females is an important public health issue. However, the correlation between exposure to cadmium and the survival status of postmenopausal women is currently not fully clear. This research intended to explore the correlation between cadmium exposure and mortality among postmenopausal females using a representative sample of the population in the U.S. We drew upon the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2018). Cox's proportional hazards models and a restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) model were utilized to analyze the correlation between blood and urine cadmium and the mortality of postmenopausal women. Stratified analyses also were conducted to identify the highest risk factor of mortality for the participants. The mean concentration of blood cadmium was 0.59 µg/L, and the mean concentration of urine cadmium was 0.73 µg/g creatinine. Higher cadmium concentrations in blood and urine were significantly related to an increase in all-cause mortality for postmenopausal females after adjustment for multivariate covariates. Furthermore, there was a linear positive correlation between urine cadmium concentrations and cancer mortality, while there was no correlation between blood cadmium and cancer death. The correlation between cadmium concentrations and all-cause mortality is stronger in older, more overweight women with a history of hypertension or smoking. We propose that cadmium remains an important risk factor of all-cause and cancer mortality among postmenopausal females in the U.S. Further decreases in cadmium exposure in the population can promote the health of postmenopausal women and prolong their lifespan.

Thermal treatment enhances the resisting exercise fatigue effect of Phyllanthus emblica L.: novel evidence from tannin conversion in vitro, metabolomics, and gut microbiota community analysis.

Polyphenols are the main component of Phyllanthus emblica (PE). However, polyphenols are so easy to transform that it is unknown that how drying methods driven by heating affect the anti-fatigue effect of PE. This manuscript investigated the effects of five drying methods on the chemical composition transformation and anti-fatigue of PE, and discussed the action mechanism. The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of PE with hot-air-dried at 100 °C was the best, which was as 1.63 times as that with freeze-drying. Ellagic acid (EA) may be a key component of PE in anti-fatigue, and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating intestinal microbiota, protecting mitochondria, and regulating energy metabolism. This study first revealed the thermal transformation of polyphenols in PE, found the most effective strategy for enhancing the anti-fatigue function, and explores its action mechanism.

MaABI5 and MaABF1 transcription factors regulate the expression of MaJOINTLESS during fruit abscission in mulberry (Morus alba L.).

Mulberry holds significant economic value. However, during the ripening stage of its fruit, the phenomenon of abscission, resulting in heavy fruit drop, can severely impact the yield. The formation of off-zone structures is a critical factor in the fruit abscission process, and this process is regulated by multiple transcription factors. One such key gene that plays a significant role in the development of the off-zone in the model plant tomato is JOINTLESS, which promotes the expression of abscission-related genes and regulates the differentiation of abscission zone tissue cells. However, there is a lack of information about fruit abscission mechanism in mulberry. Here, we analyzed the MaJOINTLESS promoter and identified the upstream regulators MaABF1 and MaABI5. These two regulators showed binding with MaJOINTLESS promoter MaABF1 (the ABA Binding Factor/ABA-Responsive Element Binding Proteins) activated the expression of MaJOINTLESS, while MaABI5 (ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5) inhibited the expression of MaJOINTLESS. Finally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing to investigate the expression and synergistic relationship of endogenous genes in mulberry during abscission. GO classification and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the DEGs were concentrated in MAPK signaling pathway, flavonoid biosynthesis, citric acid cycle, phytohormone signaling, amino acid biosynthesis, and glycolysis. These results provide a theoretical basis for subsequent in-depth study of physiological fruit abscission in mulberry.

Knowledge and awareness of viral hepatitis and influencing factors among the general population aged 15-69 years in Zhejiang Province, China.

This study aimed to determine the level of viral hepatitis knowledge as well as the self-awareness of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) positive individuals, to provide data support for the next steps in viral hepatitis prevention and control. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the knowledge of viral hepatitis among the general population aged 15-69 years in Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 3,626 individuals were surveyed with 10 questions. The knowledge level of the participants is reflected by the scores from the survey. Adequate knowledge was defined as a score of ≥ 6. The knowledge rate was defined as the ratio of the number of individuals with adequate knowledge to the total number of individuals. The knowledge rate of viral hepatitis among the general population aged 15-69 years in Zhejiang Province was 52.34% (mean score, 5.23). The majority of participants (52.51%) had adequate knowledge of viral hepatitis. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that medical staff had the best knowledge of viral hepatitis, followed by individuals with university or higher education, those aged 40-49 years, and those with a history of hepatitis B vaccination. 34.16% of HBsAg positive participants were aware of their infection status before. The mean score of knowledge of viral hepatitis was significantly lower among HBsAg-positive than HBsAg-negative individuals. Knowledge of viral hepatitis in Zhejiang Province was still low, especially among HBsAg-positive individuals with no awareness of their infection status. More effort should be needed to improve public awareness of viral hepatitis.

Relationship between lumbar disc herniation and Roussouly classification in the sagittal alignment of the spine and pelvis in young people.

Background: The sagittal plane of spine-pelvis morphology of adult patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) differs from that of normal people. There is a correlation between abnormal sagittal plane morphology and adult LDH. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LDH in young people and the Roussouly classification in the sagittal alignment of the spine and pelvis. Methods: A total of 126 patients with LDH hospitalized in our tertiary hospital between January 2020 and January 2021 who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Participants were grouped according to the spinal level of disc herniation (L4/5 group, L5/S1 group, L3/4 group). Pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS) of all cases were measured using standing lateral spinal radiographs. Facet joint angles (FJA) were measured using lumbar computed tomography (CT) horizontal radiographs, and the height of the anterior, middle, and posterior margins of the herniated disc was measured using sagittal radiographs. The classification of Pfirrmann disc degeneration was determined via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) film of the lumbar region. Roussouly classification was performed according to sagittal plane morphology, and data were analyzed among each group. Results: In all, 126 patients aged from 18 to 40 years, with an average age of 31.04±5.886 years were included. There were 63 cases of L4/5 disc herniation, 59 cases of L5/S1 herniation, and 4 cases of L3/4 herniation. There were 35 cases of epiphyseal separation. The Roussouly classification included 21 cases of type 1, 56 cases of type 2, 32 cases of type 3, 4 cases of type 4, and 13 cases of type 3 + anteverted pelvis (type 3-AP). The L4/5 disc herniation group had significantly more types 2 and 3 than the other groups, and the L5/S1 disc herniation group had significantly more types 1 and 2 than the other groups. There were no significant differences in the Pfirrmann grade of intervertebral disc degeneration; epiphyseal separation; the height of anterior, middle, and posterior margins of the herniated disc; the difference between left and right facet angle and bilateral facet angle; and the thoracic kyphosis (TK) value among any of the groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences in PI, PT, SS, lumbar lordosis (LL), and height of the anterior and posterior margins of the intervertebral space among all groups (P<0.05). PI values were grouped at 50°; PT, SS, and LL were significantly different (P<0.05), whereas TK values were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P>0.05). SS values were grouped at 35°, and there were significant differences in PI, TK, and LL between the 2 groups (P<0.05). According to the disc herniation segment, the patients were divided into L4/5 and L5/S1 groups. There were significant differences in PI, PT, anterior edge height, anterior to posterior edge height, left facet angle, right facet angle, and bilateral facet angle (P<0.05). Conclusions: LDH is common in L4/5 and L5/S1 segments. The incidence of Roussouly type 1 and 2 LDH is significantly higher than other types, and type 4 is the lowest. Small PI and small SS are more obvious in the L5/S1 segment. L5/S1 disc herniation is more common in patients with Roussouly type 1 and 2 classifications, whereas L4/5 disc herniation is more frequent in patients with Roussouly type 2 and 3 classifications.

Immuno-persistence of the different primary polio vaccine schedules and immunogenicity of the booster dose by sabin inactivated or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in children aged 4 years: an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 4 trial in China.

Background: Sabin inactivated and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (sIPV, bOPV) were commonly used in China since 2016. We conducted an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 4 trial to assess immune persistence following sequential immunisation with sIPV or bOPV, and immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of poliovirus vaccine in children aged 4 years. Methods: Participants from a previous clinical trial with three different sequential schedules with sIPV (I) or bOPV (B) at ages 2, 3, and 4 months (Groups I-B-B, I-I-B, I-I-I) in 2017 were followed-up. The children were further divided into five subgroups after sIPV was given for Group I-B-B, and sIPV or bOPV randomly given for Group I-I-B and Group I-I-I (128 children in Groups I-B-B-I, 60 in Group I-I-B-B, 64 in Group I-I-B-I, 68 in Group I-I-I-B, 67 in Group I-I-I-I). Immune persistence and immunogenicity were assessed by measuring poliovirus type-specific antibodies, and safety were analysed in all children who received the booster dose. Findings: Between Dec 5, 2020 and Jun 30, 2021, we respectively enrolled 381 participants in the immune persistence analysis, and 352 participants in per protocol (PP) analysis of the immunogenicity of the booster immunisation. Seropositivity rates of antibodies against poliovirus types 1 and 3 were all >90% four years after primary immunisation, while for poliovirus type 2 were 46.83%, 75.41%, and 90.23% (χ2 = 60.948, P < 0.001) for Groups I-B-B, I-I-B, and I-I-I, respectively. After the booster dose, seropositivity rates were 100% for all three serotypes in Group I-B-B-I, I-I-B-I and I-I-I-I; In Group I-I-B-B and I-I-I-B, the seropositivity rates for types 1 and 3 were all 100%, for type 2 were 92.59% and 98.46%. The geometric mean titres (GMTs) against poliovirus 1 and 3 were all high in five groups (>1860.73), and the GMTs against type 2 were significantly lower in groups booster with bOPV: Group I-I-B-B (50.60) and Group I-I-I-B (247.84). There was no significant difference in seropositivity rates or GMTs for all three serotypes (P > 0.05) between Group I-I-B-I and I-I-I-I. No serious adverse events occurred during the study. Interpretation: Our findings suggest that at least two sIPV doses are needed in the current routine poliovirus immunisation schedule, and schedules containing 3 or 4 doses of sIPV provide better protection against poliovirus type 2 than the current sIPV-sIPV-bOPV-bOPV schedule in China. Funding: Medical and Health Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province (2021KY118). This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04576910).

Efficient methods for multiple types of precise gene-editing in Chlamydomonas.

Precise gene-editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology remains a long-standing challenge, especially for genes with low expression and no selectable phenotypes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a classic model for photosynthesis and cilia research. Here, we developed a multi-type and precise genetic manipulation method in which a DNA break was generated by Cas9 nuclease and the repair was mediated using a homologous DNA template. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated for several types of gene editing, including inactivation of two low-expression genes (CrTET1 and CrKU80), the introduction of a FLAG-HA epitope tag into VIPP1, IFT46, CrTET1 and CrKU80 genes, and placing a YFP tag into VIPP1 and IFT46 for live-cell imaging. We also successfully performed a single amino acid substitution for the FLA3, FLA10 and FTSY genes, and documented the attainment of the anticipated phenotypes. Lastly, we demonstrated that precise fragment deletion from the 3'-UTR of MAA7 and VIPP1 resulted in a stable knock-down effect. Overall, our study has established efficient methods for multiple types of precise gene editing in Chlamydomonas, enabling substitution, insertion and deletion at the base resolution, thus improving the potential of this alga in both basic research and industrial applications.

Association of NAD+ levels with metabolic disease in a community-based study.

Background: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme and plays a crucial role in several metabolic processes. This study explored the association of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels with metabolic disease (MD) in adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all data were collected from the Jidong community. MD was defined as the presence of one or more of the following disease components: hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hyperuricemia, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The MD components were categorized into three groups: those with one component, those with two components, and those with three to six components. The whole blood NAD+ level was measured using a cycling assay and LC-MS/MS analysis. The participants were divided into four groups based on their NAD+ level quartiles. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of the whole blood NAD+ levels with MD. Results: Of the 1,394 eligible participants, the average age was 43.2 years, and 74.3% had MD. In the top quartile of NAD+, the prevalence of MD and each of its components (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hyperuricemia, obesity, and NAFLD) were 87.9% 35.2%, 62.3%, 8.7%, 36.9%, 21.0%, and 60.5%, respectively. As compared with the lowest NAD+ quartile (≤29.4 µmol/L), the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval of the highest quartile were 3.01 (1.87-4.87) for MD, 2.48 (1.44-4.29) for 1 MD component, 2.74 (1.45-5.17) for 2 MD components, and 4.30 (2.32-7.98) for 3-6 MD components. The risk of MD began to increase at NAD+ levels of 31.0 µmol/L, as revealed by the gradient associations of NAD+ levels with MD. There was no significant interaction between age, sex, drinking, smoking, and NAD+ for MD (p for interaction ≥0.10). Conclusions: Increased NAD+ was significantly associated with MD, as well as its individual components. Our findings provide new evidence for the relationship between blood NAD+ levels and MD.

Specific Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides from the Black Soldier Fly in the Midgut of Silkworms (Bombyx mori) Regulates Silkworm Immunity.

Antimicrobial peptides are molecules with strong antimicrobial activity and are of substantial interest for the immunization of insects. As a type of dipteran insect that can turn organic waste into animal feed, the black soldier fly (BSF) can "turn waste into treasure". In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of the antimicrobial peptide genes, HiCG13551 and Hidiptericin-1, of BSF in silkworms, by overexpressing the genes specifically in the midgut. Changes in the mRNA levels of the transgenic silkworms after infection with Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that Hidiptericin-1 had stronger antimicrobial activity than HiCG13551. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes in the transgenic overexpressed Hidiptericin-1 silkworm lines from the D9L strain were mainly enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, drug metabolism (other enzymes), biotin metabolism, platinum drug resistance, galactose metabolism, and pancreatic secretion pathways. In addition, immune-related genes were up-regulated in this transgenic silkworm strain. Our study may provide new insights for future immune studies on insects.

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity trajectories in a middle-aged population.

Objective: The "trajectory" phenotype was observed in several cardiovascular risk factors with aging. We aim to identify multiple brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV) trajectory phenotypes and assess their determinants. Methods: Among 5,182 participants with baPWV measurements (2010-2016) at no less than three time points in Kailuan Study, we derived baPWV trajectory pattern using SAS Proc Traj program. We applied the lowest Bayesian information criterion to identify the best typing model, related the identified trajectory pattern to baseline and changes in characteristics. Results: Among 5.3 ± 1.7 years follow-up, four distinct baPWV trajectories were identified as low (1,961,37.8%), medium-low (1,846,35.6%), medium-high (1,024,19.8%), and high (351,6.8%) groups. In the stepwise models, mean arterial pressure and age were the main determinators of the trajectory patterns, with a Δpseudo-R2 of 0.335 and 0.164, respectively. With the low trajectory group as reference and multivariable adjustment, odd ratios of medium low, medium high and high associated with 1 mmHg increment of mean arterial pressure were 1.08(95%CI: 1.07-1.09), 1.13(1.12-1.14), and 1.16(1.15-1.18). The estimates for age were 1.08(1.07-1.10), 1.20(1.18-1.21) and 1.28(1.26-1.31). Additionally, baseline resting heart rate, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, hypersensitive C-reaction protein and uric acid, and changes in mean arterial pressure, resting heart rate, fasting blood glucose, and uric acid were positively associated with the trajectory, while BMI was negatively associated. Conclusions: The changes in baPWV overtime followed a "trajectory" pattern, mainly determined by mean arterial pressure and age.

Metabonomic Analysis of Silkworm Midgut Reveals Differences between the Physiological Effects of an Artificial and Mulberry Leaf Diet.

Bombyx mori is a model lepidopteran insect of great economic value. Mulberry leaves are its only natural food source. The development of artificial diets can not only resolve the seasonal shortage of mulberry leaves but also enable changes to be made to the feed composition according to need. Metabolomic differences between the midguts of male and female silkworms fed either on fresh mulberry leaves or an artificial diet were studied using liquid chromatography-mass spectrography (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 758 differential metabolites were identified. Our analysis showed that they were mainly involved in disease resistance and immunity, silk quality, and silkworm growth and development. These experimental results provide insights into the formulation of optimized artificial feed for silkworms.

Tracing the spatiotemporal phylodynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I throughout Asia and the western Pacific.

BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV; Flaviridae: Flavivirus) causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the most important arboviral disease in Asia and the western Pacific. Among the five JEV genotypes (GI-V), GI has dominated traditional epidemic regions in the past 20 years. We investigated the transmission dynamics of JEV GI through genetic analyses. METHODS: We generated 18 JEV GI near full length sequences by using multiple sequencing approaches from mosquitoes collected in natural settings or from viral isolates obtained through cell culture. We performed phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history by integrating our data with 113 publicly available JEV GI sequences. RESULTS: We identified two subtypes of JEV GI (GIa and GIb), with a rate of 5.94 × 10-4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y). At present, GIa still circulates within a limited region, exhibited no significant growth, the newest strain was discovered in China (Yunnan) in 2017, whereas most JEV strains circulating belong to the GIb clade. During the past 30 years, two large GIb clades have triggered epidemics in eastern Asia: one epidemic occurred in 1992 [95% highest posterior density (HPD) = 1989-1995] and the causative strain circulates mainly in southern China (Yunnan, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Taiwan) (Clade 1); the other epidemic occurred in 1997 (95% HPD = 1994-1999) and the causative strain has increased in circulation in northern and southern China during the past 5 years (Clade 2). An emerging variant of Clade 2 contains two new amino acid markers (NS2a-151V, NS4b-20K) that emerged around 2005; this variant has demonstrated exponential growth in northern China. CONCLUSION: JEV GI stain circulating in Asia have shifted during the past 30 years, spatiotemporal differences were observed among JEV GI subclade. GIa is still circulating within a limited range, exhibite no significant growth. Two large GIb clades have triggered epidemics in eastern Asia, all JEV sequences identified in northern China during the past 5 years were of the new emerging variant of G1b-clade 2.

[Preparation of two tanshinone â ¡_A-astragaloside â £ co-loaded nano-delivery systems and in vitro antitumor activity comparison].

This study screened excellent carriers for co-loading tanshinone Ⅱ_A(TSA) and astragaloside Ⅳ(As) to construct antitumor nano-drug delivery systems for TSA and As. TSA-As microemulsions(TSA-As-MEs) were prepared by water titration. TSA-As metal-organic framework(MOF) nano-delivery system was prepared by loading TSA and As in MOF by the hydrothermal method. Dynamic light scattering(DLS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the two preparations. Drug loading was determined by HPLC and the effects of the two preparations on the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, and hepatocellular carcinoma cells were detected by the CCK-8 method. The results showed that the particle size, Zeta potential, and drug loading of TSA-As-MEs were(47.69±0.71) nm,(-14.70±0.49) mV, and(0.22±0.01)%, while those of TSA-As-MOF were(258.3±25.2) nm,(-42.30 ± 1.27) mV, and 15.35%±0.01%. TSA-As-MOF was superior to TSA-As-MEs in drug loading, which could inhibit the proliferation of bEnd.3 cells at a lower concentration and improve the proliferation ability of CTLL-2 cells significantly. Therefore, MOF was preferred as an excellent carrier for TSA and As co-loading.