Association of Standardized Parenteral Nutrition with Early Neonatal Growth of Moderately Preterm Infants: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

In preterm infants, early nutrient intake during the first week of life often depends on parenteral nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of standardized parenteral nutrition using three-in-one double-chamber solutions (3-in-1 STD-PN) on early neonatal growth in a cohort of moderately preterm (MP) infants. This population-based, observational cohort study included preterm infants admitted to neonatal centers in the southeast regional perinatal network in France. During the study period, 315 MP infants with gestational ages between 320/7 and 346/7 weeks who required parenteral nutrition from birth until day-of-life 3 (DoL3) were included; 178 received 3-in-1 STD-PN solution (56.5%). Multivariate regression was used to assess the factors associated with the relative body-weight difference between days 1 and 7 (RBWD DoL1-7). Infants receiving 3-in-1 STD-PN lost 36% less body weight during the first week of life, with median RBWD DoL1-7 of -2.5% vs. -3.9% in infants receiving other PN solutions (p < 0.05). They also received higher parenteral energy and protein intakes during the overall first week, with 85% (p < 0.0001) and 27% (p < 0.0001) more energy and protein on DoL 3. After adjusting for confounding factors, RBWD DoL1-7 was significantly lower in the 3-in-1 STD-NP group than in their counterparts, with beta (standard deviation) = 2.08 (0.91), p = 0.02. The use of 3-in-1 STD-PN provided better energy and protein intake and limited early weight loss in MP infants.

Placental macrophages are impaired in chorioamnionitis, an infectious pathology of the placenta.

Pregnancy is dependent on maternal-fetal tolerance that may be compromised because of infections or inflammation of the placenta. In this study, we examined whether the context of placental immune tolerance affected the functions of resident macrophages and if their functions were altered during chorioamnionitis, an infectious pathology of the placenta. Macrophages from at-term placentas expressed CD14, exhibited macrophage microbicidal functions, but were less inflammatory than monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, placental macrophages spontaneously matured into multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), a property not exhibited by monocyte-derived macrophages, and we detected MGCs of myeloid origin in placental tissue. Compared with placental macrophages, MGCs exhibited a specific phenotype and gene expression signature, consisting of increased cytoskeleton-associated gene expression along with depressed expression of inflammatory response genes. Furthermore, placental macrophages from patients with chorioamnionitis were unable to form MGCs, but this defect was partially corrected by incubating these placental macrophages with control trophoblast supernatants. MGCs formation likely serves to regulate their inflammatory and cytocidal activities in a context that imposes semiallograft acceptance and defense against pathogens.