Tamarind seed gum-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g-gellan beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 32 full factorial design.

Development of tamarind seed gum (TSG)-hydrolyzed polymethacrylamide-g-gellan (h-Pmaa-g-GG) composite beads for extended release of diclofenac sodium using 32 full factorial design is the main purpose of this study. The ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG and TSG and concentration of cross-linker CaCl2 were taken as independent factors with three different levels of each. Effects of polymer ratio and CaCl2 on drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), drug release, bead size and swelling were investigated. Responses such as DEE and different drug release parameters were statistically analyzed by 32 full factorial design using Design-Expert software and finally the formulation factors were optimized to obtain USP-reference release profile. Drug release rate was found to decrease with decrease in the ratio of h-Pmaa-g-GG:TSG and increase in the concentration of Ca2+ ions in cross-linking medium. The optimized formulation showed DEE of 93.25% and an extended drug release profile over a period of 10h with f2=80.13. Kinetic modeling unveiled case-I-Fickian diffusion based drug release mechanism.

A prospective observational study of the use of desflurane anesthesia in Indian adult inpatients undergoing surgery: The Registry in India on Suprane Emergence registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Limited registry studies are available on the use of anesthetic agents. This registry was conducted to evaluate emergence outcomes in Indian adult patients undergoing surgery with desflurane anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This multicenter, prospective, non-interventional, observational study (Registry in India on Suprane Emergence [RISE] registry) included adult inpatients who received desflurane as general anesthetic for surgical procedure of ≥2 h. Patients were stratified by age into three groups: ≥18-40 years, ≥41-65 years, and >65 years. Data on patients' demographics, practice, and usage pattern of medications were collected. The primary efficacy outcomes were time to extubation, time to response to verbal command, and time to orientation. RESULTS: Of 236 patients screened, 201 (≥18-40 years, n = 70; ≥41-65 years, n = 65; >65 years, n = 66) were enrolled in the study. Mean time to extubation observed in ≥18-40 years group was 7.2 ± 4.1 min, ≥41-65 years was 11.6 ± 8.99 min, and >65 years was 12.0 ± 10.5 min. Mean time to response to verbal command was 7.4 ± 4.3 min for ≥18-40 years, 10.9 ± 8.5 min for ≥41-65 years, and 10.0 ± 5.4 min for >65 years. Mean time to orientation was 13.0 ± 7.0 min for ≥18-40 years, 16.1 ± 12.0 min for ≥41-65 years, and 17.0 ± 8.6 min for >65 years. Incidence of nausea and retching/vomiting was observed in 8% of patients each in the postoperative period, and these complications were seen more in the >65 years age group. Overall, desflurane treatment maintained hemodynamic stability and no major airway events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The RISE registry data suggest that desflurane-based anesthesia provides early recovery with stable hemodynamics without any airway adverse events, in a wide variety of surgical procedures.