Sodium and blood pressure in Africa.

In the pathophysiology of hypertension, the profile hemodynamic is modified by the relation between the increased sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) level. An increased sodium diet is related not only on the amount of fluid volume within the organism but also to the elasticity of the cardiovascular system. In humans, age and salt excess reduced elasticity is linked to BP level and to stiffness material within the vascular wall of larges arteries. Actions of vasoactives hormones such as angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, and aldosterone are also linked. The purpose of this article is : (i) to report existing work in Africa relating to "salt and hypertension", (ii) to determine the characteristic of hypertension among black populations, and for epidemiologic study in Ivory Coast, (iii) to determine the various characteristics of hypertension, prevention of cardiovascular risk, and to show usual antihypertensive drugs for reduce rigidity and vascular fibrosis.

[Adverse reactions of atazanavir, fosamprenavir and tipranavir in "real life"]. / Effets indésirables de l'atazanavir, du fosamprénavir et du tipranavir en situation réelle d'emploi.

OBJECTIVE: To precise adverse effects of atazanavir, fosamprenavir and tipranavir "in real life". METHOD: Descriptive study of 3 protease inhibitor adverse effects stored in the French Bank of Pharmacovigilance. RESULTS: Nineteen adverse effects having at least possible links with antiretroviral drugs studied were reported. It was essentially hepatobiliary (atazanavir: 29/59, tipranavir: 4/6) and skin (fosamprenavir: 10/20) adverse reactions. These reactions, relatively "serious" (35.1%) led to the interruption of the person (or persons) medication (s) suspected (s) in 69 folds (82.1%) and evolved to healing without sequelae in 68 folds (81%). CONCLUSION: The drug side effects were for the most expected. However, their frequency and their seriously underline the interest of a post-AMM monitoring to reassess the drugs risk-benefit report.

[Clinical trials using medicinal plants: bibliographical review and methodological analysis]. / Essais cliniques des medicaments à base de plantes: revue bibliographique.

BACKGROUND: The importance of traditional medicine, one of the fundamentals of the cultural heritage of African, Asian and South American peoples, is evident in that such medicine is practised by more than 80% of these populations. METHODS: To analyse the methodology of clinical trials using medicinal plants, we reviewed articles published on this topic between 1980 and 2000. RESULTS: Forty-eight clinical trials were identified. Most were carried out in developed countries. Standard methodological principles were applied in almost all the trials: randomisation (85.4%), comparison (87.5%) versus placebo (95.2%), and blinded design (81.3%). The duration of the studies was short. Sample sizes were generally small, ranging from 30 to 99 subjects; statistical tests were used in 90% of the trials. Adverse effects were infrequently collected. CONCLUSION: Most clinical trials included in this survey were conducted in accordance with WHO guidelines. Respect for methodological principles and the implementation of a legislative framework are important in obtaining credibility and international recognition of the traditional pharmacopoeia.