Massive soybean expansion in South America since 2000 and implications for conservation.

A prominent goal of policies mitigating climate change and biodiversity loss is to achieve zero-deforestation in the global supply chain of key commodities, such as palm oil and soybean. However, the extent and dynamics of deforestation driven by commodity expansion are largely unknown. Here we mapped annual soybean expansion in South America between 2000 and 2019 by combining satellite observations and sample field data. From 2000-2019, the area cultivated with soybean more than doubled from 26.4 Mha to 55.1 Mha. Most soybean expansion occurred on pastures originally converted from natural vegetation for cattle production. The most rapid expansion occurred in the Brazilian Amazon, where soybean area increased more than 10-fold, from 0.4 Mha to 4.6 Mha. Across the continent, 9% of forest loss was converted to soybean by 2016. Soy-driven deforestation was concentrated at the active frontiers, nearly half located in the Brazilian Cerrado. Efforts to limit future deforestation must consider how soybean expansion may drive deforestation indirectly by displacing pasture or other land uses. Holistic approaches that track land use across all commodities coupled with vegetation monitoring are required to maintain critical ecosystem services.

Author Correction: Globe-LFMC, a global plant water status database for vegetation ecophysiology and wildfire applications.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Globe-LFMC, a global plant water status database for vegetation ecophysiology and wildfire applications.

Globe-LFMC is an extensive global database of live fuel moisture content (LFMC) measured from 1,383 sampling sites in 11 countries: Argentina, Australia, China, France, Italy, Senegal, Spain, South Africa, Tunisia, United Kingdom and the United States of America. The database contains 161,717 individual records based on in situ destructive samples used to measure LFMC, representing the amount of water in plant leaves per unit of dry matter. The primary goal of the database is to calibrate and validate remote sensing algorithms used to predict LFMC. However, this database is also relevant for the calibration and validation of dynamic global vegetation models, eco-physiological models of plant water stress as well as understanding the physiological drivers of spatiotemporal variation in LFMC at local, regional and global scales. Globe-LFMC should be useful for studying LFMC trends in response to environmental change and LFMC influence on wildfire occurrence, wildfire behavior, and overall vegetation health.

The effects of tree establishment on water and salt dynamics in naturally salt-affected grasslands.

Plants, by influencing water fluxes across the ecosystem-vadose zone-aquifer continuum, can leave an imprint on salt accumulation and distribution patterns. We explored how the conversion of native grasslands to oak plantations affected the abundance and distribution of salts on soils and groundwater through changes in the water balance in naturally salt-affected landscapes of Hortobagy (Hungary), a region where artificial drainage performed approximately 150 years ago lowered the water table (from -2 to -5 m) decoupling it from the surface ecosystem. Paired soil sampling and detailed soil conductivity transects revealed consistently different salt distribution patterns between grasslands and plantations, with shallow salinity losses and deep salinity gains accompanying tree establishment. Salts accumulated in the upper soil layers during pre-drainage times have remained in drained grasslands but have been flushed away under tree plantations (65 and 83% loss of chloride and sodium, respectively, in the 0 to -0.5 m depth range) as a result of a five- to 25-fold increase in infiltration rates detected under plantations. At greater depth, closer to the current water table level, the salt balance was reversed, with tree plantations gaining 2.5 kg sodium chloride m(-2) down to 6 m depth, resulting from groundwater uptake and salt exclusion by tree roots in the capillary fringe. Diurnal water table fluctuations, detected in a plantation stand but not in the neighbouring grasslands, together with salt mass balances suggest that trees consumed approximately 380 mm groundwater per year, re-establishing the discharge regime and leading to higher salt accumulation rates than those interrupted by regional drainage practices more than a century ago. The strong influences of vegetation changes on water dynamics can have cascading consequences on salt accumulation and distribution, and a broad ecohydrological perspective that explicitly considers vegetation-groundwater links is needed to anticipate and manage them.

La estimación de la superficie agrícola: antecedentes y una propuesta metodológica / Croped aerea estimates: background and methodological proposal

Numerosos actores socioeconómicos y políticos utilizan las estimaciones de la superficie cultivada para planificar, reducir la incertidumbere o mejorar la asiganción de recursos. Para resultar confiables y útiles, las estimaciones deben basarse en una metodología debidamente documentada, reproducible para el espacio y en el tiempo, idependiente del observador, evaluable de manera cuantitativa. ¿En qué medida se satisfacen los criterio anteriores en Argentina?. Más allá de su utilidad, la información disponible incorpora fuentes de incertidumbre que afectan seriamente las estimaciones. Estas icluyen las dificulatdes para referir las estimaciones a un área determinada, las posibilidades de los informantes de integrar la información local, la ausencia de protocolos claros y diferencias asociadas a la heterogeneidad de formación, motivación y compromiso de los informantes. La comparación de las estimaciones en dos agencias independientes para una año particular arroja, para las mismas áreas, diferencias de hasta el 24 por ciento en el área sembrada con trigo. Esta diferencia es muy superior a las variaciones interanuales que pretenden detectarse. El análisis multiespectral y multitemporal de imágenes satelitales permite discriminar tipos de cobertura del suelo sobre la base de su comportamiento fenológico. La combinación de información satelital provenientes de sensores con distinta resolución espacial ofrece enormes posibilidades para descripción de los tipos de cobertura del suelo y la estimación de superficies agrícolas. En tal sentido se presenta una propuesta operativa, basada en el uso de imágenes Landsat TM, SAC-C y AVHRR/NOAA, para la evolución regional de la superficie cultivada en Mercosur