Thrombospondin 1 and 2 along with PEDF inhibit angiogenesis and promote lymphangiogenesis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The microenvironment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is hypovascularized, with an extensive lymphatic network. This leads to rapid cancer spread into regional lymph nodes and the liver parenchyma, precluding curative treatments. Herein, we investigated which factors released in the iCCA stroma drive the inhibition of angiogenesis and promote lymphangiogenesis. METHODS: Quantitative proteomics was performed on extracellular fluid (ECF) proteins extracted both from cancerous and non-cancerous tissues (NCT) of patients with iCCA. Computational biology was applied on a proteomic dataset to identify proteins involved in the regulation of vessel formation. Endothelial cells incubated with ECF from either iCCA or NCT specimens were used to assess the role of candidate proteins in 3D vascular assembly, cell migration, proliferation and viability. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis were further investigated in vivo by a heterotopic transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells, along with endothelial cells in SCID/beige mice. RESULTS: Functional analysis of upregulated proteins in iCCA unveils a soluble angio-inhibitory milieu made up of thrombospondin (THBS)1, THBS2 and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). iCCA ECF was able to inhibit in vitro vessel morphogenesis and viability. Antibodies blocking THBS1, THBS2 and PEDF restored tube formation and endothelial cell viability to levels observed in NCT ECF. Moreover, in transplanted mice, the inhibition of blood vessel formation, the de novo generation of the lymphatic network and the dissemination of iCCA cells in lymph nodes were shown to depend on THBS1, THBS2 and PEDF expression. CONCLUSIONS: THBS1, THBS2 and PEDF reduce blood vessel formation and promote tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in iCCA. Our results identify new potential targets for interventions to counteract the dissemination process in iCCA. LAY SUMMARY: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer arising from epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, characterized by dissemination into the liver parenchyma via lymphatic vessels. Herein, we show that the proteins THBS1, THBS2 and PEDF, once released in the tumor microenvironment, inhibit vascular growth, while promoting cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Therefore, targeting THBS1, THBS2 and PEDF may be a promising strategy to reduce cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis and counteract the invasiveness of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Homocysteinylated alpha 1 antitrypsin as an antigenic target of autoantibodies in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease and rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are the most frequently detected autoantibodies (autoAbs). To date, more than 20% of RA cases are still defined as seronegative forms (seronegative RA, SN-RA). The aim of this study was to identify new antigenic targets of autoAbs in RA patients, which can also be recognized in SN-RA. Using a proteomic approach, we tested sera from SN-RA patients by analyzing synovial fluid (SF) proteins from these patients. Sera from SN-RA patients revealed a strong reactive spot, corresponding to alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT). Reverse-phase nanoliquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time Of Flight, MALDI-TOF/TOF) confirmed the presence of A1AT in SF and showed that homocysteinylation was one of the post-translational modifications of A1AT. Homocysteinylated (Hcy)-A1AT immunoprecipitated from SN-RA patients' SFs and in vitro modified Hcy-A1AT were used as antigens by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) to test the presence of specific autoAbs in sera from 111 SN-RA patients, 132 seropositive (SP)-RA patients, and from 95 patients with psoriatic arthritis, 40 patients with osteoarthritis, and 41 healthy subjects as control populations. We observed that a large portion of SN-RA patients (75.7%), and also most of SP-RA patients' sera (87.1%) displayed anti-Hcy-A1AT autoAbs (anti-HATA). Native A1AT was targeted at a lower rate by SP-RA patients autoAbs, while virtually no SN-RA patients' sera showed the presence of anti-native A1AT autoAbs. In conclusion, anti-HATA can be considered potential biomarkers for RA, also in the SN forms. The discovery of novel autoAbs targeting specific autoantigens can represent higher clinic significance for all RA patients' population.

Mir-370-3p Impairs Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cell Malignancy Regulating a Complex Interplay between HMGA2/HIF1A and the Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and prevalent form of a human brain tumor in adults. Several data have demonstrated the implication of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumorigenicity of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs). The regulatory functions of miRNAs in GSCs have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates for glioma treatment. The current study aimed at investigating the function of miR-370-3p in glioma progression, as aberrant expression of miR-370-3p, is involved in various human cancers, including glioma. Analyzing our collection of GBM samples and patient-derived GSC lines, we found the expression of miR-370-3p significantly downregulated compared to normal brain tissues and normal neural stem cells. Restoration of miR-370-3p expression in GSCs significantly decreased proliferation, migration, and clonogenic abilities of GSCs, in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. Gene expression analysis performed on miR-370-3p transduced GSCs, identified several transcripts involved in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), and Hypoxia signaling pathways. Among the genes downregulated by the restored expression of miR-370-3p, we found the EMT-inducer high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2), the master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia, Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1A, and the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript (NEAT)1. NEAT1 acts as an oncogene in a series of human cancers including gliomas, where it is regulated by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pathways, and contributes to tumor growth and invasion. Noteworthy, the expression levels of miR-370-3p and NEAT1 were inversely related in both GBM tumor specimens and GSCs, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay proved the direct binding between miR-370-3p and the lncRNAs NEAT1. Our results identify a critical role of miR-370-3p in the regulation of GBM development, indicating that miR-370-3p acts as a tumor-suppressor factor inhibiting glioma cell growth, migration and invasion by targeting the lncRNAs NEAT1, HMGA2, and HIF1A, thus, providing a potential candidate for GBM patient treatment.

Genetic Basis and Physiological Effects of Lipid A Hydroxylation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Modifications of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide influence the physicochemical properties of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Some bacteria produce lipid A with a single hydroxylated secondary acyl chain. This hydroxylation is catalyzed by the dioxygenase LpxO, and is important for resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (e.g., polymyxins), survival in human blood, and pathogenicity in animal models. The lipid A of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be hydroxylated in both secondary acyl chains, but the genetic basis and physiological role of these hydroxylations are still unknown. Through the generation of single and double deletion mutants in the lpxO1 and lpxO2 homologs of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and lipid A analysis by mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that both LpxO1 and LpxO2 are responsible for lipid A hydroxylation, likely acting on different secondary acyl chains. Lipid A hydroxylation does not appear to affect in vitro growth, cell wall stability, and resistance to human blood or antibiotics in P. aeruginosa. In contrast, it is required for infectivity in the Galleria mellonella infection model, without relevantly affecting in vivo persistence. Overall, these findings suggest a role for lipid A hydroxylation in P. aeruginosa virulence that could not be directly related to outer membrane integrity.