Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms: prevalence and impact on serum lipid concentrations in hypercholesterolemic individuals from Brazil.

Genetic polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein B (apo B) have been associated with elevated plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, atherosclerosis and increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, four apo B gene polymorphisms (MspI, XbaI, Ins/Del and 3'HVR) have been investigated to determine their frequencies and influence on the lipid profile of 177 hypercholesterolemic white Brazilian subjects (HG) and 100 control individuals (CG). The genotype distribution and allele frequency of MspI, XbaI and Ins/Del polymorphisms of apo B gene were similar between HG and CG groups. The frequency of the alleles smaller than 43 repeats (< or =43) of 3'HVR polymorphism in the HG group was higher when compared to controls (16.4 vs. 8.5%, P<0.05). Moreover, these alleles were associated with higher total cholesterol concentrations in serum of hypercholesterolemic individuals (P<0.05). In addition, an association between Ins/Del and 3'HVR polymorphism was observed. The alleles < or =43 and Del were more frequent in the HG when compared to the CG individuals (P<0.05). We concluded that 3'HVR polymorphism at the apo B gene may be an important genetic marker to evaluate atherosclerotic disease risk.

Polymorphisms of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene in Brazilian individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a metabolic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait characterized by an increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The disease is caused by several different mutations in the LDL receptor gene. Although early identification of individuals carrying the defective gene could be useful in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, the techniques available for determining the number of the functional LDL receptor molecules are difficult to carry out and expensive. Polymorphisms associated with this gene may be used for unequivocal diagnosis of FH in several populations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the genotype distribution and relative allele frequencies of three polymorphisms of the LDL receptor gene, HincII1773 (exon 12), AvaII (exon 13) and PvuII (intron 15), in 50 unrelated Brazilian individuals with a diagnosis of heterozygous FH and in 130 normolipidemic controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes by a modified salting-out method. The polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP. The FH subjects showed a higher frequency of A+A+ (AvaII), H+H+ (HincII1773) and P1P1 (PvuII) homozygous genotypes when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, FH probands presented a high frequency of A+ (0.58), H+ (0.61) and P1 (0.78) alleles when compared to normolipidemic individuals (0.45, 0.45 and 0.64, respectively). The strong association observed between these alleles and FH suggests that AvaII, HincII1773 and PvuII polymorphisms could be useful to monitor the inheritance of FH in Brazilian families

Polymorphisms of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene in Brazilian individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a metabolic disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait characterized by an increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The disease is caused by several different mutations in the LDL receptor gene. Although early identification of individuals carrying the defective gene could be useful in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, the techniques available for determining the number of the functional LDL receptor molecules are difficult to carry out and expensive. Polymorphisms associated with this gene may be used for unequivocal diagnosis of FH in several populations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the genotype distribution and relative allele frequencies of three polymorphisms of the LDL receptor gene, HincII(1773) (exon 12), AvaII (exon 13) and PvuII (intron 15), in 50 unrelated Brazilian individuals with a diagnosis of heterozygous FH and in 130 normolipidemic controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes by a modified salting-out method. The polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP. The FH subjects showed a higher frequency of A+A+ (AvaII), H+H+ (HincII(1773)) and P1P1 (PvuII) homozygous genotypes when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, FH probands presented a high frequency of A+ (0.58), H+ (0.61) and P1 (0.78) alleles when compared to normolipidemic individuals (0.45, 0.45 and 0.64, respectively). The strong association observed between these alleles and FH suggests that AvaII, HincII(1773) and PvuII polymorphisms could be useful to monitor the inheritance of FH in Brazilian families.

Clinical outcome of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease undergoing partial ileal bypass surgery.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. It may be homozygous or heterozygous. In homozygous patients, LDL-cholesterol levels range from 500 to 1000 mg/dL and coronary artery disease is precocious, usually manifesting itself between the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. The diagnosis is often made by the presence of xanthoma tuberosum and tendinous xanthomas that appear between the 1st and 2nd decades of life. The use of high doses of statins or even unusual procedures (apheresis, partial ileal bypass surgery, liver transplantation, gene therapy), or both, is necessary for increasing survival and improving quality of life, because a reduction in cholesterol levels is essential for stabilizing the coronary artery disease and reducing xanthomas. We report our experience with 3 patients with xanthomatous familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease, who underwent partial ileal bypass surgery. Their follow-up over the years (approximately 8 years) showed a mean 30% reduction in total cholesterol, with a significant reduction in the xanthomas and stabilization of the coronary artery disease.

Seven DNA polymorphisms at the candidate genes of atherosclerosis in Brazilian women with angiographically documented coronary artery disease.

The possible association of genetic markers at the apolipoprotein E (HhaI polymorphism), apolipoprotein B (XbaI, EcoRI and Ins/Del polymorphisms), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (AvaII, HincII and PvuII polymorphisms) with coronary artery disease (CAD) was evaluated in 50 Brazilian women with CAD diagnosed by angiography and in 100 healthy women (controls). The frequency of E3/E4 genotype for HhaI polymorphism at the Apo E gene was significantly higher in CAD patients than in controls (40% vs. 14%, respectively, P<0.001). Similarly, the X-X- genotype for XbaI polymorphism was more frequent in CAD individuals than controls (42% vs. 12%, P<0.0001). The A+A+ and P1P1 genotypes for AvaII and PvuII polymorphisms at the LDLR locus were also higher in CAD subjects than controls (44% vs. 16%, P<0.001 and 64% vs. 39%, P<0.05, respectively). The estimated relative risks for CAD in women carrying the E3/E4, X-X-, A+A+ and P1P1 genotypes were 4.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.0-5.6], 5.3 (95% CI, 3.8-7.5), 4.1 (95% CI, 3.0-5.5), and 2.8 (95% CI, 2.2-3.6), respectively. This study demonstrates that Apo E, Apo B and LDLR gene polymorphisms are associated with CAD in Brazilian Caucasian women.

Pvu II intron 15 polymorphism at the LDL receptor gene is associated with differences in serum lipid concentrations in subjects with low and high risk for coronary artery disease from Brazil.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has a high prevalence in the Brazilian population. Nevertheless, studies of genetic risk factors for CAD in this country have not been sufficiently conducted. We used the Pvu II polymorphism (intron 15) at the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene to study the effect of variation at this locus in determining plasma lipid concentrations in 128 white subjects presenting a lipid profile suggesting high risk for CAD (HRG) and 100 white normolipidemic individuals (controls, CG). The Pvu II polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP. The P1P1 genotype for Pvu II polymorphism (homozygous for absence of restriction site) was greater in HRG individuals than in CG subjects (57% vs. 38%, P<0.05). Moreover, the P1P1 genotype was strongly associated with high concentrations of total cholesterol (P=0.0001), triglycerides (P=0. 0295), LDL-C (P=0.0001), and VLDL-C concentrations (P=0.0280) and lower HDL-C concentrations (P=0.0051) in HRG subjects. Similarly, the CG individuals with P1P1 genotype presented high concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C compared to other genotypes (P=0. 0001). This study demonstrates the influence of Pvu II polymorphism of the LDLR on serum lipid concentrations of individuals with low and high risk for CAD from Brazil.

Effects of Ava II and Hinc II polymorphisms at the LDL receptor gene on serum lipid levels of Brazilian individuals with high risk for coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has presented high prevalence in the Brazilian population. Nevertheless, studies of genetic risk factors for CHD in our country are insufficiently carried out. We have investigated the effects of Ava II (exon 13) and Hinc II (exon 12) polymorphisms at the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene on circulating lipids of 170 white unrelated individuals presenting a lipid profile with high risk for CHD (HRG) and 130 controls (CG) from São Paulo City, Brazil. Ava II and Hinc II polymorphic regions at the LDLR gene were amplified by PCR and analyzed by enzymatic isotyping. The frequency of the genotypes A+A+ (Ava II) and H+H+ (Hinc II) was greater in HRG group compared to that of the controls (32 vs. 16% and 32 vs. 18%, respectively). Moreover, in the HRG group, A+A+ and H+H+ genotypes were associated with high concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C in serum (P = 0.0001). Our results indicate that Ava II and Hinc II polymorphisms at the LDLR locus contribute to the variability of total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in HRG individuals. These data suggest that the LDLR polymorphism remains a useful genetic marker for predicting CHD risk.

[Anti-smoking intervention performed by cardiologists during ambulatory care]. / Intervenção sobre tabagismo realizada por cardiologista em rotina ambulatorial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nicotine patches as a strategy to help patients quit smoking in the cardiovascular clinic. METHODS: The population studied was composed of 100 patients (50 women and 50 men). The strategy included medical consultation, Fangerstron escore application and prescription of nicotine patches. Nicotine patches were continuously used for 8 to 12 weeks, with progressive concentration reduction releasing 21, 14, and 7 mg/day. RESULTS: The abstinence rate one year later was 41% confirmed by carbon monoxide exhaled air concentration. CONCLUSION: Nicotine patches are safe, and well tolerated and, for these reasons, should be more frequently prescribed by cardiologists to help patients quit smoking.

First-degree kinship with young coronary artery disease patients markedly increases lipid-level disorders in asymptomatic hypertensives.

BACKGROUND: Association of hypertension and serum lipid disorders has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, there are no investigations about the behaviour of serum lipids in asymptomatic hypertensive individuals who are first degree relatives of young coronary patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of lipid disorders in Brazilian hypertensive individuals who are first degree relatives of young coronary patients. METHODS: There were four study groups, 2 in each arm of the study: a) 846 subjects without any evidence of heart disease or diabetes who were first degree relatives of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery before 55 years-of-age. Of these subjects, 226 individuals were hypertensive (group Hyp F), and 620 were normotensive (group Normo F): b) 910 hospital employees without evidence of cardiovascular disease and family history of coronary artery disease of whom 152 were hypertensive (group Hyp NF), and 758 were normotensive (group Normo NF). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. The following serum lipid measurements were performed: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprtein cholesterol (LDLC), and triglycerides. Lipid disorders were defined according to the 2nd Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (total cholesterol>240 mg/dl; LDLC>160 mg/dl; triglycerides>200 mg/dl). The frequency of lipid disorders in each group was calculated. Subjects were classified according to their body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight, or obese. The following statistical analyses were performed as indicated: ANOVA (with Tukey's corrections for multiple comparisons), chi-square (x2), and odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Hyp F subjects had significantly higher total cholesterol, LDLC and triglyceride levels, and significantly lower levels of HDLC than all other groups. There was a higher frequency of lipid disorders in Hyp F subjects than in Hyp NF individuals, with a significant OR of 1.71 (CI 1.26-2.32) and 2.09 (CI 1.48-2.72) for total cholesterol and LDLC respectively. When compared to Normo F subjects, Hyp F individuals had significantly higher risk of having lipid disorders: total cholesterol (OR=8), LDLC (OR=6), and triglycerides (OR=5). There was a higher frequency of obesity among Hyp F patients than in all other groups. The frequency of subjects who were overweight or obese was higher in Hyp F than in Hyp NF subjects. CONCLUSION: Hypertensive patients who were first degree relatives of patients revascularized at a young age had a higher prevalence of lipid disorders, particularly higher total cholesterol and LDLC, than hypertensive individuals without this family history. These individuals may have a greater genetic propensity to develop lipid disorders.

Oral glucose ingestion increases endurance capacity in normal and diabetic (type I) humans.

The effects of an oral glucose administration (1 g/kg) 30 min before exercise on endurance capacity and metabolic responses were studied in 21 type I diabetic patients [insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)] and 23 normal controls (Con). Cycle ergometer exercise (55-60% of maximal O2 uptake) was performed until exhaustion. Glucose administration significantly increased endurance capacity in Con (112 +/- 7 vs. 125 +/- 6 min, P < 0.05) but only in IDDM patients whose blood glucose decreased during exercise (70.8 +/- 8.2 vs. 82.8 +/- 9.4 min, P < 0.05). Hyperglycemia was normalized at 15 min of exercise in Con (7.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.2 mM) but not in IDDM patients (12.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 15.6 +/- 0.9 mM). In Con, insulin and C-peptide levels were normalized during exercise. Glucose administration decreased growth hormone levels in both groups. In conclusion, oral glucose ingestion 30 min before exercise increases endurance capacity in Con and in some IDDM patients. In IDDM patients, in contrast with Con, exercise to exhaustion attenuates hyperglycemia but does not bring blood glucose levels to preglucose levels.

Early elevation of lipoprotein(a) levels in chronic renal insufficiency.

Serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations in chronic renal failure patients were investigated in relation to the degree of renal insufficiency, treatment by maintenance hemodialysis, and correction of uremia by renal transplantation with or without cyclosporin immunosuppression. Fast serum levels of Lp(a) (mg/100 mL) were determined in 34 chronic renal failure patients not in need of maintenance dialysis (16 with serum creatinine 2.0-4.0 mg/100 mL; 18 with serum creatinine higher than 4.0 mg/100 mL), 40 patients treated by hemodialysis, 55 successful renal transplant recipients (28 under cyclosporin treatment and 27 receiving no cyclosporin), and 34 healthy controls. Age and sex distributions were similar among groups. Pregnant women; non-White individuals; subjects with obesity, diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, and hepatic and thyroid diseases; and those treated with oral contraceptives or lipid-lowering drugs were excluded from the study. Compared to controls, median Lp(a) was increased in nondialyzed renal failure patients (11 vs. 47.5 p < 0.001) and this was the only lipid abnormally observed in the group. There was no significant difference in Lp(a) levels between nondialized renal failure patients with serum creatinine 2.0-4.0 and > 4.0 mg/100 mL (47 vs. 49, NS). Moreover, Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.01, NS) showed that Lp(a) values were not related to serum creatinine in nondialyzed patients, In hemodialysis subjects Lp(a) concentrations (median = 29) were intermediate between those observed in nondialyzed patients and controls but the differences were not significant. Lp(a) levels in renal transplant patients treated with cyclosporin (median = 6) and not receiving cyclosporin (median = 13) were similar and did not differ from controls. Serum Lp(a) increases and attains maximum levels with mild/moderate reduction in renal function, and does not seem to change through late renal failure stages or in relation to the introduction of maintenance hemodialysis treatment. Correction of uremia by successful renal transplant caused normalization of Lp(a) levels regardless of the use of cyclosporin. Increased Lp(a) levels may be the earliest and more consistent lipid alteration seen in predialysis renal failure.

Housing distress among high school students.

The word "homelessness" is not a useful term to explain housing problems experienced by high school-aged youths. The term "housing distress" is preferable because it includes both teenagers who are homeless and those who are at risk of homelessness. Many teenagers feel that they have no place where they belong and seek alternative living arrangements for a variety of reasons. Housing distress is a problem for schools because students have difficulties achieving academic success when they have no consistent, safe place to live. To understand how much or how little housing distress is experienced by high school-aged youths, 3,676 high school-aged teenagers were surveyed in nine communities along the seacoast of New Hampshire and southwestern Maine. Between 5 percent and 10 percent of the teenagers surveyed reported that they had been homeless sometime during the past year. Up to 20 percent of the high school students lived in arrangements that could be considered to be distressing and to put them at risk of becoming homeless.

DNA polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B and AI-CII-AIV genes in a Brazilian population: a preliminary report.

Possible associations between coronary heart disease (CHD) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the apo AI-CII-AIV cluster and the apo B gene were investigated in a Brazilian population consisting of 46 patients with CHD and 24 individuals without evidence of CHD. A preliminary genetic analysis of SstI RFLP in the apo AI-CII-AIV cluster showed a significantly higher frequency of the rare SstI allele (S2) in CHD patients as compared with controls. No significant differences were found in the frequencies of PstI RFLP in the apo AI-CII-AIV cluster or XbaI and EcoRI RFLPs in the apo B gene between CHD patients and controls. Moreover, no association was seen between the RFLPs studied and myocardial infarction or plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

DNA polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B and AI-CIII-AIV genes in a Brazilian population: a preliminary report

Possible associations between coronary heart disease (CHD) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the apo AI-CIII-AIV cluster and the apo B gene were investigated in a Brazilian population consisting of 46 patients with CHD and 24 individuals without evidence of CHD. A preliminary genetic analysis of SstI RFLP in the apo AI-CIII-AIV cluster showed a significantly higher frequency of the rare SstI allele (S2) in CHD patients as compared with controls. No significant differences were found in the frequencies of PstI RFLP in the apo AI-CIII-AIV cluster or XbaI and EcoRI RFLPs in the apo B gene between CHD patients and controls. Moreover, no association was seen between the RFLPs studied and myocardial infarction or plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

[Precision and accuracy of blood lipid analyses by a portable device (Cholestech-LDX)]. / Precisão e exatidão das dosagens dos lípides sangüíneos em equipamento portátil (Cholestech-LDX).

PURPOSE: To verify whether precision and accuracy of lipids analyses by a new portable device, Cholestech-lipid desktop analyzer (LDX), were in agreement with the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). METHODS: Serum samples from 45 outpatients were collected for the determination of total Cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). These samples were analysed simultaneously by the Cholestech-LDX, and by the automatic enzymatic methods routinely used at the Heart Institute's laboratory. Precision was determined by repeating 20 times the evaluation of the same sample of venous blood. Accuracy was established confronting the values of the lipids variables obtained with Cholestech-LDX against the values determined by the automatic enzymatic routine. RESULTS: Accuracy for TC was 1.60% (NCEP < or = 3%), for HDL-C was -2.74% (NCEP < or = 6%) and for TG was 2.11% (NCEP < or = 5%). Precision for CT was 3.05% (NCEP < or = 3%), for HDL-C was 1.05% (NCEP < or = 6%) and for TG was 2.65% (NCEP < 5%). CONCLUSION: Precision and accuracy of lipids evaluation by the Cholestech-LDX are within the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Therefore the cholestech-LDX seems to be a reliable alternative to the conventional biochemical routine, allowing population screenings.

[Coronary risk factors in children of young coronary artery disease patients]. / Fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana em crianças e adolescentes filhos de coronariopatas jovens.

PURPOSE: To determine whether children and adolescents, whose fathers have established coronary artery disease (CAD), have increased prevalence of coronary risk factors (RF). METHODS: The frequencies of abnormal values of lipid variables, glucose, blood pressure, obesity index (calculated through Newen-Goldstein index), smoking and electrocardiographic alterations (ECG), were assessed in 280 descendents of young revascularized patients (< 55 years). The study population was divided in two groups according to age, respectively GA (2 to 12 years) and GB (12 to 19 years). Eventual influences of age, gender, obesity and smoking on lipid variable were evaluated through variance analysis. RESULTS: Of the study population, 48.2% and 44.6% had total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C respectively above the desirable values; 21.7% and 26.1% had values similar to adults under increased risk. Triglyceridemia (TG) > 200mg/dl was found in 1.4% of the sample and lower values of HDL-C in 16.8%. Overweight and obesity were observed in 13.1% and 20.0% of the patients and influenced TG levels in GB. Smoking occurred in 10.4%; hypertension in 3 cases and none had abnormal glucose levels or ECG. CONCLUSION: Healthy children of fathers with established CAD, exhibit a high frequency of altered lipid profile and increased body weight. The results suggest the need for early identification of RF in offspring of young CAD patients, thus emphasizing changes in risk profile and improving lifestyle.

Fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana em crianças e adolescentes filhos de coronariopatia jovens / Coronary risk factors in children of young coronary artery disease patients

Objetivo - verificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco (FR) em crianças e adolescentes filhos de coronariopatas. Métodos - em 280 filhos de coronariopatas jovens (< 55 anos), submetidos à cirurgia de revascularizaçäo miocárdica, foi determinada a frequência de desvios dos valores considerados ideiais para a faixa etária da colesterolemia total-CT, trigliceridemia-TG, HDL-C e LDL-C, glicemia, da pressäo arterial (PA), do peso corpóreo (através do índice de Newen-Goldstein-ING). Foram também verificas as frequências do hábito de fumar, e de alteraçöes eletrocardiográficas. Crianças de 2 a 12 anos formaram o grupo GA e adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos formaram o grupo GB. Eventuais associaçöes entre o FR e a influência dos fatores idade, sexo, peso corpóreo e tabagismo sobre as variáveis lipídicas também foram estudadas. Resultados - no conjunto estudado, 48,2 por cento e 44,6 por cento apresentaram respectivamente valores de CT e LDL-Cacima dos considerados ideais, sendo que 21,7 por cento e 26,1 por eto apresentavam valores indicativos de risco também para adultos. TG acima de 200 mg/dl ocorreur em 1,4 por cento da amostra e valores diminuídos de HDL-C em 16,8 por cento. O sobrepeso e obesidade estiveram presentes, respectivamente, em 13,1 por cento e 20,0 por cento (12,9 por cento e 31,4 por cento em GA e 13,2 por cento e 15,8 por cento em GB) e influenciaram os níveis de TG. Tabagismo ocorreu em 10,4 por cento; houve somente 3 casos de hipertensäo arterial. Näo foram encontradas anormalidades da liemia e nem alteraçöes eletrocardiográficas. Conclusäo - a investigaçäo reitera a necessidade de particular atençäo preventiva nos filhos de coronariopatas jovens, considerando a levada frequência de desvios do metabolismo lipídoco e de aumento do peso corpóreo (sobrepeso e obesidade)

Purpose - To determine whether children and adolescents, whose fathers have established coronary artery disease (CAD), have increased prevalence of coronary rishfactors (RF). Methods - The frequencies of abnormal values of lipid variables, glucose, blood pressure, obesity index (calculated through Newen-Goldstein index), smoking and electrocardiographic alterations (ECG), were assessed in 280 descendents of young revascularized patients (<55 years). The study population was divided in two groups according to age, respectivelly GA (2 to 12 years) and GB (12 to 19 years). Eventual influences ofage, gender, obesity and smoking on lipid variable were evaluated through variance analysis. Results - Of the study population, 48.2% and 44.6% had total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C respectively above the desirable values; 21.7% and 26.1% had values similar to adults under increased risk. Triglyceridemia (TG) >200mg/dl was found in 1.4% of the sample and lower values of HDL-C in 16.8%. Overweight and obesity were observed in 13.1% and 20.0% of the patients and influenced TG levels in GB. Smoking occurred in 10.4%; hypertension in 3 cases and none had abnormal glucose levels or ECG. Conclusion - Healthy children of fathers with established CAD, exhibit a high freqüency of altered lipid profile and increased body weight. The results suggest the need for early identification of RF in offspring of young CAD patients, thus emphasizing changes in risk profile and improving lifestyle