Infrared thermography as a noninvasive method to assess scrotal insulation on sperm production in beef bulls.

This study evaluated the thermoregulation and spermatogenic changes by scrotal temperature gradient using infrared thermography in testicular compromised bulls. Bulls were insulated (n = 6) for 72 hr and control animals (n = 3) remained without insulation during all the experimental period. Seminal evaluation was performed prior, at insult removal and once per week for 13 consecutive weeks. Mean temperature gradient in insulated animals was lower at the time of insulation removal compared to the week prior and after the insult (p < .05). Two weeks after insult, sperm motility was lower in insulated compared to control animals (p < .01) and spermatozoa total defects were higher in insulated compared to control animals (p < .05). Two and seven weeks after insult, the major defects were higher in insulated compared to control animals (p < .05). Scrotal temperature gradient showed a positive correlation with sperm mass motion (p < .01) and a negative correlation with ocular globe temperature (p < .01) in insulated animals. The infrared thermography can be used to evaluate ocular globe temperature in bulls; however, it is only effective to detect changes in scrotal temperature gradient at the insult removal.

Beef donor cows with high number of retrieved COC produce more in vitro embryos compared with cows with low number of COC after repeated ovum pick-up sessions.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether repeated ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures may affect the efficiency of OPU programs for in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in Bos indicus (Nelore) donors. In addition, the repeatability (r) efficiency of IVEP was also assessed. Data available were from 432 OPU-IVEP sessions that were performed at random stages of the estrous cycle in 36 cycling, nonlactating Nelore donors. Semen from three Nelore bulls was used for the IVF. Donors were submitted to 12 consecutive OPU procedures, with an interval of approximately 30 days between sessions. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.3. Cows yielding ≥15 COCs were defined as "high" COCs and cows with less than 15 COCs were defined as "low" COCs donors. The number of COCs retrieved decreased over time in donors classified with high COCs and remained fairly steady in cows with low COCs at the beginning of the program (Psession*COC retrieved groups = 0.02). Moreover, the number of COCs retrieved (P < 0.0001), and number of blastocysts produced per OPU (P = 0.001) was greater for the high COCs donors compared with the low COCs category, and these results were consistent across OPU sessions. Interestingly, there was no effect of COCs category on the rate of blastocyst development (P = 0.83). In addition, number of blastocysts produced were not affected by repeated OPU (P = 0.37) and interactions between time and COC category (P = 0.72). Similarly, blastocyst rate was not affected by repeated OPU (P = 0.21) and interactions between time and COC category (P = 0.58). Despite of COC category of the donor cows, repeatability was high for the number of COCs retrieved (r = 0.81), number of blastocysts produced per OPU (r = 0.79), and blastocyst rate (0.69). In conclusion, overall numbers of COCs decreased over time in donors classified as having high COCs. However, cumulative amounts of produced blastocysts were greater in donors with high COCs. More importantly, high repeatability was observed in terms of IVEP efficiency. Therefore, IVEP programs can be significantly improved with more aggressive selection toward donors with greater numbers of COCs.

Ovarian follicular growth suppression by long-term treatment with a GnRH agonist and impact on small follicle number, oocyte yield, and in vitro embryo production in Zebu beef cows.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate small follicle number, oocyte yield, and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in Zebu beef cows treated long term with a GnRH agonist to suppress ovarian follicular growth. Nelore (Bos indicus) cows (n = 20) showing regular estrous cycles were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (n = 10, placebo ear implant without a GnRH agonist); GnRH agonist (n = 10, GnRH agonist ear implant containing 9.4-mg deslorelin). All cows underwent an ovum pick-up (OPU) session 14 days (Day 14) before the start of treatments (Day 0) followed by seven OPU-IVEP procedures at 30-day intervals (Days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180). Semen from a single batch of a previously tested bull was used for all the IVEP. Cows treated with agonist reported a decrease over time in the proportion of animals with a (CL; P ≤ 0.05) and large follicles (>10 mm, P ≤ 0.05). These cows had a lesser number of medium + large follicles (>5 mm; 1.74 ± 0.5 vs. 4.13 ± 0.5; P ≤ 0.05), greater number of small follicles (2-5 mm; 44.3 ± 2.8 vs. 30.8 ± 1.8; P ≤ 0.05), greater yield of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs; 21.0 ± 2.3 vs. 15.6 ± 1.9; P ≤ 0.05), greater proportion of COCs cultured (79.2 vs. 73.9%; P ≤ 0.05), COCs cleaved (10.6 ± 1.5 vs. 6.8 ± 1.1, P ≤ 0.05), and cleaved rate (52.8 vs. 44.3%; P ≤ 0.05) compared with control cows. The number (3.4 ± 0.7 vs. 3.0 ± 0.6; P > 0.05) and proportion (16.5 vs. 19.1%; P > 0.05) of blastocysts produced were similar between agonist and control cows, respectively. The study has shown that Zebu beef cows treated long term with a GnRH agonist had follicular growth restricted to small follicles. This did not compromise the ability of oocytes to undergo IVF and embryonic development.

Relação entre circunferência escrotal de touros Nelore e taxa de prenhez de vacas em monta natural / Relationship between scrotal circumference of nellore bulls and cow pregnancy rate in natural mating

A taxa de prenhez é de extrema importância para a eficiência produtiva de bovinos de corte, e a fertilidade dos touros pode influenciar na taxa de prenhez das matrizes em monta natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre as características do exame andrológico, especialmente a circunferência escrotal (CE), de touros da raça Nelore (Bos indicus), selecionados para reprodução com base em maior ganho de peso pós-desmama, com a taxa de prenhez de vacas Nelore em estação de monta natural de 90 dias de duração. Foram avaliados registros de 7171 entradas na monta de 1923 vacas submetidas a 216 touros em 368 lotes de estação de monta a campo (touro único), durante os anos de 1995 a 2014, e a CE dos touros. A CE foi pré-ajustada para idade do touro (2,67±0,62 anos) na entrada da estação de monta, em modelo de regressão linear, sendo posteriormente expressa em 3 classes: classe 1: CE < 35 cm; classe 2: 35 ≥ CE < 37 cm; classe 3: CE ≥ 37. Mais da metade das observações de CE ficaram na classe 2, e 74,52% das exposições aos touros resultaram em prenhez, com mínimo de 0% e máximo de 100% de sucesso de prenhez nos 368 lotes de monta. Parte (n=33) dos 216 touros tinham registros de características obtidas em exame andrológico parcial [CE, volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração e morfologia espermática (defeitos maiores e menores)]. Verificou-se que a classe de valores intermediários de CE (classe 2: 35 ≥ CE < 37 cm) foi a de maior risco relativo para sucesso na prenhez. Na amostra dos 33 touros, a taxa de prenhez apresentou correlação moderada e positiva (r = 0,66) somente com a concentração espermática. A fraca relação entre as características do andrológico os touros e taxa de prenhez das vacas pode ser devido ao fato da amostra dos touros avaliados neste tipo de trabalho ser sempre viesada. Ou seja, só são considerados os touros que entraram em monta...

The pregnancy rate is extremely important for the productive efficiency of beef cattle and bull fertility can influence the pregnancy rate of cows in natural mating. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of andrological traits, especially scrotal circumference (SC), of Nellore bulls (Bos indicus) selected for breeding based on greater postweaning weight gain with the pregnancy rate of naturally mated Nellore cows in a 90-day breeding season. Records of 7,171 entries into the breeding season of 1,923 cows exposed to 216 bulls in 368 mating batches in the field (single bull) from 1995 to 2014, as well as records of SC, were evaluated. Scrotal circumference was pre-adjusted for bull age (2.67±0.62 years) at the start of the breeding season using a linear regression model and was divided into three classes: class 1: SC < 35 cm; class 2: 35 ≥ SC < 37 cm; class 3: SC ≥ 37. More than half the observations of SC were in class 2 and 74.52% of the exposures to bulls resulted in pregnancy, with a minimum rate of successful pregnancy of 0% and a maximum rate of 100% in the 368 mating batches. Thirty-three of the 216 bulls had records of andrological traits [SC, sperm volume, motility, vigor, concentration and morphology (major and minor defects)]. The class of intermediate SC values (class 2: 35 ≥ SC < 37 cm) was associated with a higher relative risk of pregnancy success. In the sample of the 33 bulls, pregnancy rate showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.66) only with sperm concentration. The weak association between andrological traits of bulls and pregnancy rate might be due to the fact that the sample of bulls evaluated in this type of study will be always biased. In other words, only bulls that enter the breeding season are considered, which correspond to a small percentage of all males born. Consequently, the variation observed in these bulls does...

Relação entre circunferência escrotal de touros Nelore e taxa de prenhez de vacas em monta natural / Relationship between scrotal circumference of nellore bulls and cow pregnancy rate in natural mating

A taxa de prenhez é de extrema importância para a eficiência produtiva de bovinos de corte, e a fertilidade dos touros pode influenciar na taxa de prenhez das matrizes em monta natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre as características do exame andrológico, especialmente a circunferência escrotal (CE), de touros da raça Nelore (Bos indicus), selecionados para reprodução com base em maior ganho de peso pós-desmama, com a taxa de prenhez de vacas Nelore em estação de monta natural de 90 dias de duração. Foram avaliados registros de 7171 entradas na monta de 1923 vacas submetidas a 216 touros em 368 lotes de estação de monta a campo (touro único), durante os anos de 1995 a 2014, e a CE dos touros. A CE foi pré-ajustada para idade do touro (2,67±0,62 anos) na entrada da estação de monta, em modelo de regressão linear, sendo posteriormente expressa em 3 classes: classe 1: CE < 35 cm; classe 2: 35 ≥ CE < 37 cm; classe 3: CE ≥ 37. Mais da metade das observações de CE ficaram na classe 2, e 74,52% das exposições aos touros resultaram em prenhez, com mínimo de 0% e máximo de 100% de sucesso de prenhez nos 368 lotes de monta. Parte (n=33) dos 216 touros tinham registros de características obtidas em exame andrológico parcial [CE, volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração e morfologia espermática (defeitos maiores e menores)]. Verificou-se que a classe de valores intermediários de CE (classe 2: 35 ≥ CE < 37 cm) foi a de maior risco relativo para sucesso na prenhez. Na amostra dos 33 touros, a taxa de prenhez apresentou correlação moderada e positiva (r = 0,66) somente com a concentração espermática. A fraca relação entre as características do andrológico os touros e taxa de prenhez das vacas pode ser devido ao fato da amostra dos touros avaliados neste tipo de trabalho ser sempre viesada. Ou seja, só são considerados os touros que entraram em monta...(AU)

The pregnancy rate is extremely important for the productive efficiency of beef cattle and bull fertility can influence the pregnancy rate of cows in natural mating. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of andrological traits, especially scrotal circumference (SC), of Nellore bulls (Bos indicus) selected for breeding based on greater postweaning weight gain with the pregnancy rate of naturally mated Nellore cows in a 90-day breeding season. Records of 7,171 entries into the breeding season of 1,923 cows exposed to 216 bulls in 368 mating batches in the field (single bull) from 1995 to 2014, as well as records of SC, were evaluated. Scrotal circumference was pre-adjusted for bull age (2.67±0.62 years) at the start of the breeding season using a linear regression model and was divided into three classes: class 1: SC < 35 cm; class 2: 35 ≥ SC < 37 cm; class 3: SC ≥ 37. More than half the observations of SC were in class 2 and 74.52% of the exposures to bulls resulted in pregnancy, with a minimum rate of successful pregnancy of 0% and a maximum rate of 100% in the 368 mating batches. Thirty-three of the 216 bulls had records of andrological traits [SC, sperm volume, motility, vigor, concentration and morphology (major and minor defects)]. The class of intermediate SC values (class 2: 35 ≥ SC < 37 cm) was associated with a higher relative risk of pregnancy success. In the sample of the 33 bulls, pregnancy rate showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.66) only with sperm concentration. The weak association between andrological traits of bulls and pregnancy rate might be due to the fact that the sample of bulls evaluated in this type of study will be always biased. In other words, only bulls that enter the breeding season are considered, which correspond to a small percentage of all males born. Consequently, the variation observed in these bulls does...(AU)

Plasma anti-mullerian hormone: an endocrine marker for in vitro embryo production from Bos taurus and Bos indicus donors.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between plasma anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) concentration and in vitro embryo production (IVP) from Bos taurus (Holstein) and Bos indicus (Nelore) donors. A total of 59 Holstein (15 prepubertal heifers aged 8-10 mo, 15 cyclic heifers aged 12-14 mo, 14 lactating cows, and 15 nonlactating cows) and 34 Nelore (12 prepubertal heifers aged 10-11 mo, 10 prepubertal heifers aged 21-23 mo, and 12 cyclic heifers aged 24-26 mo) females were enrolled. All females underwent an ovum pick-up (OPU), without previous synchronization of the follicular wave, and IVP procedure. Immediately before the OPU procedure, blood samples were collected for subsequent AMH determination. A positive correlation was observed between the plasma AMH and number of in vitro embryos produced from Holstein (r = 0.36, P < 0.001) and Nelore (r = 0.50, P = 0.003) donors. For additional analyses, donors within each genotype were classified into 1 of 2 AMH categories (low or high) according to the average AMH concentration for each genotype. The results revealed that females classified as having high AMH presented a greater number of visible aspirated follicles (Holstein: 20.9 ± 1.5 vs 13.6 ± 0.9, P < 0.0001; Nelore: 54.3 ± 6.1 vs 18.6 ± 2.1, P < 0.0001) and a greater number of recovered cumulus-oocyte complexes (Holstein: 17.3 ± 1.5 vs 9.0 ± 0.9, P < 0.0001; Nelore: 45.3 ± 6.4 vs 13.4 ± 1.7, P < 0.0001). However, there was no difference in the blastocyst production rate (Holstein: 20.6% ± 4.0% vs 19.8% ± 4.2%, P = 0.60; Nelore: 33.7% ± 6.5% vs 27.4% ± 5.5%, P = 0.41, high and low AMH, respectively). Moreover, donors classified as having high AMH yielded a greater number of embryos produced per OPU (Holstein: 3.0 ± 0.7; Nelore: 7.0 ± 1.7) compared with those classified as having low AMH (Holstein: 1.2 ± 0.3, P = 0.04; Nelore: 2.2 ± 0.5, P = 0.007). In conclusion, although the plasma AMH concentration did not alter the ability of the cumulus-oocyte complex to reach the blastocyst stage, the AMH concentration in plasma can be an accurate endocrine marker for the in vitro embryo yield from either B. taurus (Holstein) or B. indicus (Nelore) donors. Therefore, AMH is a promising tool to enhance the overall efficiency of OPU-IVP programs in the field as a selective criterion for high embryo producing donors.

O uso de ECG influencia a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore de diferentes condições corporais submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de IATF? / Does ECG influence the conception rate Nelore cows presenting different body condition scores submitted to the same timed-AI protocol?

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a taxa de concepção (TC) de vacas multíparas da raça Nelore apresentando diferentes escores de condição corporal (ECC), que foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) com o emprego da gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG). Foram inseminadas 1574 vacas da raça Nelore, com 40 a 50 dias pós-parto. Durante as IATFs, os dados referentes ao touro (n = 8), inseminador (n = 3) e ECC foram anotados, sendo a nota do ECC aferida de 1 a 5 por técnico experiente. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado, por ultrassonografia, 40 dias após a IATF. Não foi observado efeito (P > 0,05) de inseminador ou touro na TC. Também não se observou diferença estatística desta taxa entre os grupos de animais separados de acordo com os ECCs. O grupo de animais com menor ECC (Grupo 1 = ECC 1,5 a 2,0; n = 139) apresentou TC de 47,4%. Os grupos de animais com ECC entre 2,5 a 2,75 (Grupo 2; n = 741) e com ECC entre 3,0 a 3,25 (Grupo 3; n = 463) apresentaram, respectivamente, TC de 47,6% e 51,2%. Os grupos de animais com maior ECC (Grupo 4 = ECC 3,5 a 4,0; n = 231) apresentou TC de 45,3% (P > 0,05). Concluiu-se que as taxas de concepção foram semelhantes entre os animais apresentando diferentes ECC no rebanho, provavelmente pelo eCG compensar a baixa pulsatilidade de LH dos animais mais magros. Porém, recomenda-se maiores estudos para verificar a real necessidade do uso de eCG em animais de condição corporal superior a 3,5.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the conception rate (CR) of multiparous Nelore cows presenting different body condition scores (BCS), which were submitted to the same Timed-AI protocol with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). A total of 1574 cows were inseminated, between 40 and 50 days postpartum. During insemination (timed-AI), all data regarding to bull (n=8), inseminator (n=3) and BCS (1 to 5) were recorded. The pregnancy diagnosis was performed, by ultrasonography, 40 days after timed-AI. No effect (P>0.05) of inseminator or bull was observed. No statistical difference was also observed between the groups of animals with different BCS. The animals with lower BCS (Group 1 = BCS 1.5 to 2.0; n = 139) had a CR of 47.4%. The animals with BCS from 2.5 to 2.75 (Group 2; n = 741) and BCS from 3.0 to 3.25 (Group 3; n = 463) had a CR of 47.6% and 51.2%, respectively. The animals with higher BCS (Group 4 = BCS 3.5 to 4.0; n = 231) had a CR of 45.3% (P > 0.05). It was concluded that conception rates were similar between the animals presenting different BCS in the herd, likely because the eCG minimized the effects of low LH pulsatility in animals presenting reduced nutritional condition. However, other studies are recommended to verify the real need of using eCG in animals with body condition exceeding 3.5.

O uso de ECG influencia a taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore de diferentes condições corporais submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de IATF? / Does ECG influence the conception rate Nelore cows presenting different body condition scores submitted to the same timed-AI protocol?

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a taxa de concepção (TC) de vacas multíparas da raça Nelore apresentando diferentes escores de condição corporal (ECC), que foram submetidas ao mesmo protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) com o emprego da gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG). Foram inseminadas 1574 vacas da raça Nelore, com 40 a 50 dias pós-parto. Durante as IATFs, os dados referentes ao touro (n = 8), inseminador (n = 3) e ECC foram anotados, sendo a nota do ECC aferida de 1 a 5 por técnico experiente. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado, por ultrassonografia, 40 dias após a IATF. Não foi observado efeito (P > 0,05) de inseminador ou touro na TC. Também não se observou diferença estatística desta taxa entre os grupos de animais separados de acordo com os ECCs. O grupo de animais com menor ECC (Grupo 1 = ECC 1,5 a 2,0; n = 139) apresentou TC de 47,4%. Os grupos de animais com ECC entre 2,5 a 2,75 (Grupo 2; n = 741) e com ECC entre 3,0 a 3,25 (Grupo 3; n = 463) apresentaram, respectivamente, TC de 47,6% e 51,2%. Os grupos de animais com maior ECC (Grupo 4 = ECC 3,5 a 4,0; n = 231) apresentou TC de 45,3% (P > 0,05). Concluiu-se que as taxas de concepção foram semelhantes entre os animais apresentando diferentes ECC no rebanho, provavelmente pelo eCG compensar a baixa pulsatilidade de LH dos animais mais magros. Porém, recomenda-se maiores estudos para verificar a real necessidade do uso de eCG em animais de condição corporal superior a 3,5. (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the conception rate (CR) of multiparous Nelore cows presenting different body condition scores (BCS), which were submitted to the same Timed-AI protocol with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). A total of 1574 cows were inseminated, between 40 and 50 days postpartum. During insemination (timed-AI), all data regarding to bull (n=8), inseminator (n=3) and BCS (1 to 5) were recorded. The pregnancy diagnosis was performed, by ultrasonography, 40 days after timed-AI. No effect (P>0.05) of inseminator or bull was observed. No statistical difference was also observed between the groups of animals with different BCS. The animals with lower BCS (Group 1 = BCS 1.5 to 2.0; n = 139) had a CR of 47.4%. The animals with BCS from 2.5 to 2.75 (Group 2; n = 741) and BCS from 3.0 to 3.25 (Group 3; n = 463) had a CR of 47.6% and 51.2%, respectively. The animals with higher BCS (Group 4 = BCS 3.5 to 4.0; n = 231) had a CR of 45.3% (P > 0.05). It was concluded that conception rates were similar between the animals presenting different BCS in the herd, likely because the eCG minimized the effects of low LH pulsatility in animals presenting reduced nutritional condition. However, other studies are recommended to verify the real need of using eCG in animals with body condition exceeding 3.5. (AU)

Lack of interpopulation genetic structure in the genus Stegastes (Perciformes) with indication of local introgression.

The family Pomacentridae comprises about 326 species belonging to 28 genera. The genus Stegastes is composed of nearly 33 species, and 8 are endemic to the Brazilian Province, inhabiting the Brazilian coast (Stegastes fuscus, S. variabilis, S. leucosticus, S. uenfi, and S. pictus) or Western Atlantic oceanic islands (S. trindadensis, S. rocasensis and S. sanctipauli). Stegastes species play a major role in the reef ecosystem since they interfere significantly with the composition of benthonic organisms. Studies about population genetics and speciation of Neotropical ichthyofauna are scarce, particularly at insular areas from the Western Atlantic. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to analyze the population genetic structure of the continental species S. fuscus and S. variabilis (Northeastern Brazil) as well as the insular species S. sanctipauli (Saint Paul's Rocks). Analysis of population parameters revealed a high index of intrapopulation genetic variability in the species, except for S. sanctipauli, which showed low values. The phiST values in samples of S. fuscus and S. variabilis obtained at distinct collection sites 35 km apart from each other indicated a lack of population genetic structure. An intermediary profile of species-specific markers was detected in some individuals of S. fuscus and S. variabilis from Santa Rita, Rio Grande do Norte, suggesting a putative introgression event between the two species. The genetic profiles observed in Stegastes populations indicate a higher genetic variability along the shoreline than at oceanic sites, related to a reduced effective population size on islands. The lack of genetic differentiation among coastal populations suggests that, despite some biological features such as non-migratory behavior and territoriality, the pelagic larval phase of these species is able to promote an interpopulation homogeneity among sampled areas.

Occult hepatitis B in renal transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B (HB) is characterized by the presence of HBV-DNA in patients who do not have HB surface antigen (HBsAg) detectable in sera, and is frequently described in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. These viral liver diseases are common and may have a negative impact on the survival of renal transplant patients, especially if they are both present. In this study we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of occult HB in renal transplant patients either with or without HCV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey 101 HbsAg-negative renal transplant patients were evaluated; 51 were anti-HCV positive. Sera were analyzed for the presence of the S and core genes of the HBV-DNA by a nested polymerase chain reaction technique. Markers of HBV infection and liver function tests were also analyzed. RESULTS: The core gene was identified in 1 HCV-infected patient and 1 anti-HCV-negative patient who also presented the S gene (prevalence: 2% and 1% for each gene, respectively). HCV-infected patients had longer pre-transplant dialysis time (50.8 +/- 34.6 vs. 32.0 +/- 20.9; P < 0.001). Liver function tests were also increased in the HCV-infected group: alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P<0.02), and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that HCV infection was the only determinant of the altered results of the liver function tests. CONCLUSION: We found that occult HB is a condition present in our population of renal transplant patients and that HCV infection does not seem to be associated with occult HB infection in this setting.