Exposure to Pfaffia glomerata causes oxidative stress and triggers hepatic changes.

Medicinal plant species are genetically engineered to obtain higher production of biomass and specific secondary metabolites, which can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen tetraploid hydroalcoholic extract on the liver of adult Swiss mice. The extract was prepared from the plant roots and given to the animals by gavage, for 42 days. The experimental groups were treated with water (control), Pfaffia glomerata tetraploid hydroalcoholic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and Pfaffia glomerata tetraploid hydroalcoholic extract discontinuously (200 mg/kg). The last group received the extract every 3 days, for 42 days. The oxidative status, mineral dynamics, and cell viability were analysed. The liver weight and the number of viable hepatocytes were reduced, despite the increased cell's number. Increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and changes in iron, copper, zinc, potassium, manganese and sodium levels were observed. aspartate aminotransferase levels were increased while alanine aminotransferase levels were decreased due to BGEt intake. Our results showed that BGEt induced alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers leading to liver injury, which was associated with a reduction in the number of hepatocytes.

Predictions on multi-class terminal ballistics datasets using conditional Generative Adversarial Networks.

Ballistic impacts are a primary risk in both civil and military defence applications, where successfully predicting the dynamic response of a material or structure to impact crucial to the design of safe and fit-for-purpose protective structures. This study proposes a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) architecture that can learn directly from available ballistic data and can be conditioned on additional information, such as class labels, to govern its output. A single Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) cGAN architecture is trained on a multi-class ballistic training set consisting of 10 classes labelled 0-9 where each class refers to a ballistic curve with a different ballistic limit velocity, vbl. A total of 5 models are trained on datasets consisting of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 samples within each class. For integer class labels 0-9, all cGAN models successfully predict the vbl with a maximum error of 4.12%. Additionally, for non-integer class labels between 0-9 the vbl predictions are similar despite not explicitly appearing in the training set. Moreover, each cGAN model is challenged to generate new samples for class labels that exist beyond the scope of the training set for class labels between 9-20. Four of the models predict the vbl with an error of less than 1.5% in all cases. This study showcases how a cGAN model can learn directly from a multi-class ballistic dataset and generate additional samples representative of that data for classes that do not appear explicitly in the training set.

Predictors of the ovarian superstimulatory response and oocyte collection in prepubertal heifers.

The objectives were to investigate the relationships between antral follicle counts and plasma AMH and FSH at the time of follicular wave emergence in prepubertal calves, and to determine the effects of age and duration of gonadotropin treatment on the ovarian superstimulatory response in pre- and post-pubertal heifers. Hereford crossbred prepubertal (Replicate 1 and 2, n = 20) and post-pubertal heifers (Replicates 1, n = 8; Replicate 2, n = 8) were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups and given FSH for either 4 or 7 d (25 mg pFSH im at 12-h intervals). Prepubertal heifers were first treated at 4 mo and again at 7 mo of age. Blood samples were collected immediately before the first FSH administration, that was initiated 36 h after follicular ablation. An LH treatment (12.5 mg im) was given 12 h after the last FSH injection. Follicular fluid and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were collected 24 h after LH treatment. At wave emergence, the number of follicles ≥1 mm (AFC, 31.1 ± 4.0 vs 16.2 ± 1.8; P < 0.001) and the plasma concentrations of AMH (606.4 ± 90.5 vs 279.6 ± 28.3 pg/mL; P = 0.001) were higher at 4 than at 7 mo of age, while plasma FSH concentrations did not differ between ages. At oocyte collection, a higher number of follicles ≥6 mm were observed in prepubertal calves at 4 mo of age and post-pubertal heifers than in calves at 7 mo of age (32.4 ± 5.4 and 22.0 ± 2.3 vs 14.9 ± 2.0, respectively; P = 0.003). Intrafollicular concentrations of estradiol were lower (23.7 ± 4.5 vs 144.0 ± 29.5 ng/mL; P < 0.0001) and of progesterone tended to be higher (217.5 ± 29.3 vs 157.0 ± 33.9 ng/mL; P = 0.07) in the 7- than in the 4-d groups. A greater number of COC was collected from calves at 4 mo of age and heifers than the 7-mo-old calves (13.4 ± 2.6 and 6.0 ± 1.0 vs 5.8 ± 1.1, respectively; P = 0.008). Overall, the 7-d FSH treatment tended to result in a greater proportion of expanded COC than the 4-d treatment in calves (50.1 ± 7.7 vs 31.9 ± 6.8%; P = 0.07). In summary, there was a positive relationship between AFC and plasma AMH concentrations at the time of wave emergence. A higher AFC was observed in calves at 4- than 7-mo of age, which resulted in greater ovarian response to gonadotropin treatment. Following an exogenous LH stimulus, COC maturation rates were greater in the 7-d than in the 4-d FSH treatment groups, resulting in collection of a higher proportion of fully expanded COC.

Clinical and anatomopathological descriptions of dog with arterious Hemitruncus: case report / [Descrições clínicas e anatomopatológicas de cão com hemitruncus arterioso: relato de caso

The anomalous origin of the pulmonary trunk in the ascending aorta, defined as arterious hemitruncus, is a rare congenital malformation in dogs, caused by a defect in the spiral septum. Thus, given the unusual occurrence in the canine species, the systemic severity and the high lethality, the aim of this study was to describe this heart disease in a three-month-old male German Spitz puppy, emphasizing clinical changes of the necropsy and microscopics. The animal had cyanosis, dyspnea and weakness and was forwarded for necropsy after sudden death. Numerous changes were detected in the post-mortem examination, including in the heart, as cardiomegaly and absence of the arterial ligament, which was replaced by the complete fusion between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk, after leaving both the left and right ventricles, respectively and, among the microscopic findings, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy stood out. The association of these findings with the history indicated the diagnosis of arterious hemitruncus followed by cardiorespiratory failure, emphasizing the importance of out complementary cardiological exams in young symptomatic patients for the survival of those affected. Arterious hemitruncus, although rare, must be added in the differential diagnosis of other heart diseases that cause similar clinical signs.(AU)

A origem anômala do tronco pulmonar em aorta ascendente, definida como hemitruncus arterioso, é uma malformação congênita rara em cães, causada por defeito no septo espiral. Assim, diante da ocorrência incomum na espécie canina, da gravidade sistêmica e da alta letalidade, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever essa doença cardíaca em um filhote de três meses de idade, macho, Spitz Alemão, enfatizando as alterações clínicas, de necropsia e microscópicas. O animal apresentava cianose, dispneia e fraqueza e foi encaminhado para necropsia após morte súbita. Inúmeras alterações foram detectadas no exame post-mortem, inclusive no coração, como cardiomegalia e ausência do ligamento arterioso, o qual foi substituído pela fusão completa entre aorta ascendente e tronco pulmonar, após a saída de ambas dos ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente, e, dentre os achados microscópicos, destacou-se a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos. A associação desses achados com o histórico indicou o diagnóstico de hemitruncus arterioso seguido de insuficiência cardiorrespiratória, ressaltando-se a importância de exames complementares cardiológicos em pacientes jovens sintomáticos na sobrevida dos acometidos. O hemitruncus arterioso, apesar de raro, deve ser acrescido no diagnóstico diferencial de outras cardiopatias que causam sinais clínicos similares.(AU)

Use of estradiol cypionate to induce ovulation in buffalo raised in floodplain areas of Itacoatiara, Amazonas / [Uso do cipionato de estradiol na indução da ovulação de búfalas criadas em várzea da região de Itacoatiara, Amazonas]

This study aimed to determine the efficiency of estradiol cypionate (EC) as an ovulation inducer in a Timed Artificial Insemination protocol. 69 buffalo cows received an intravaginal progesterone device and 2mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) at D0. On D9, the intravaginal device was removed and 0.53mg of prostaglandin (PGF2α) and 400UI of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) were applied. The cows were distributed into two groups: the first group received 1mg of EC (ECG) in D9, and the second group received 1mg of EB (EBG) in D10. Inseminations occurred on D11. Ovarian activity and pregnancy diagnosis were analyzed by ultrasonography. There was no difference (P>0.05) in follicular diameter (9.6 ± 0.89mm vs. 10.7 ± 1.12mm; P=0.06), in ovulation rate (90.9% vs. 90.9%; P=1) and pregnancy rate (58.8% vs. 62.9%; P=0.79), however, buffalo cows from the ECG treatment have less time between P4 removal and ovulation when compared to EBG buffalos (37.4h vs. 52.8h; P=0.001), respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the implantation of TAI in the floodplain of Amazonas is feasible and the use of EC results in successful rates, similar to EB.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiência do cipionato de estradiol (CE) como indutor de ovulação em um protocolo de inseminação artificial de tempo fixo. Para isso, 69 búfalas receberam no D0 um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona e 2mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE). No D9, o dispositivo intravaginal foi removido e foram aplicados 0,53mg de prostaglandina (PGF2α) e 400UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG), para, então, os animais serem divididos em dois grupos: um deles (GCE) recebeu 1mg de CE no D9, e o outro (GBE) recebeu 1mg de BE 24h após. As inseminações ocorreram no D11. A atividade ovariana e o diagnóstico de prenhez foram avaliados por ultrassonografia. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no diâmetro folicular (9,6 ± 0,89mm vs. 10,7 ± 1,12mm; P=0,06), na taxa de ovulação (90,9% vs. 90,9%; P=1) e na taxa de prenhez (58,8% vs. 62,9%; P=0,79), no entanto búfalas do tratamento GCE apresentaram menor tempo entre a remoção da P4 e a ovulação, quando comparadas com as búfalas do GBE (37,4h vs. 52,8h; P=0,001), respectivamente. A implantação da IATF nas várzeas do Amazonas é viável e a utilização do CE resulta em taxas de sucesso similares ao BE.(AU)

Anatomic and histologic analysis of paca larynx (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus 1766) / [Análise anatômica e histológica da laringe da paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus 1766)]

Paca (Cuniculus paca) has encouraged research as an experimental model both in the human medicine and veterinary, as well as the economic exploitation of its meat cuts, which favored its zootechnical use. There are no anatomical, microscopic descriptions and measurements of the larynx in this rodent. Eight pacas were dissected from the wild animal's sector of the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of the University of the State of São Paulo. The larynx was observed located in the ventral region of the neck, ventral to the esophagus, connecting the pharynx to the trachea, with cylindrical and irregular shape. Laryngeal cartilages (epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid) are interconnected and have different shapes. Thyroid showed greater length and width, compared to the others. Laryngeal cartilages were submitted to histological processing and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The epiglottic cartilage was stained with toluidine blue. Laryngeal cartilages thyroid, cricoid and the lower portion of the arytenoids are of hyaline origin and, in contrast, the epiglottis and the upper portion of the arytenoids are elastic. This latter cartilage demonstrated taste buds. The results will be able to auxiliate in veterinary care and as well as the conservation programs for this rodent.(AU)

A paca (Cuniculus paca) tem encorajado inúmeras pesquisas, tornando-a modelo experimental tanto em humanos como na veterinária, além da exploração econômica de seus cortes cárneos, que favoreceu diretamente sua importância zootécnica. Não há descrições anatômicas, microscópicas e mensurações da laringe desse roedor. Foram dissecadas oito laringes de pacas, provenientes do setor de Animais Silvestres da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista. Observou-se que a laringe localiza-se na região ventral do pescoço, ventral ao esôfago, conectando a faringe à traqueia, possuindo formato cilíndrico e irregular. As cartilagens laríngeas (epiglote, tireóide, cricóide e aritenóidea) são interligadas e possuem formatos variados. A cartilagem tireóide demonstrou-se maior em comprimento e largura, comparativamente às demais. As cartilagens laríngeas foram submetidas a processamento histológico e coradas em hematoxilina-eosina e tricrômio de Masson. A cartilagem epiglote foi corada em azul de toluidina. As cartilagens laríngeas tireóide, cricóide e a porção inferior das aritenóides são de origem hialina; em contrapartida, a epiglote e a porção superior das aritenóides, de origem elástica. Esta última cartilagem demonstrou corpúsculos gustativos. Os resultados poderão auxiliar tanto nos atendimentos veterinários quanto nos programas de conservação desse roedor.(AU)

Molar-incisor hypomineralization: parent's and children's impact perceptions on the oral health-related quality of life.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the perception of parents and children and the impact of molar and incisor hypomineralization (MIH) on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a group of 253 children aged 6-12 years presenting MIH and their parents or guardians who initially answered an interview containing socioeconomic and demographic questions as well as the Parental-Caregiver's Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). The children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10) and Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) and the clinical evaluation of MIH was performed. Poisson regression with robust variance was used in the data analysis. RESULTS: The parent's perception showed that the impact felt by the children regarding caries leads to a higher oral symptom impact, functional limitation, emotional well-being and total PCPQ score domains, as well. For children with severe MIH, a higher prevalence of impact was felt regarding the functional limitation and emotional well-being. For CPQ8-10, the oral symptoms domain presented the highest mean score, while CPQ11-14 showed the functional limitations domain and P-CPQ the emotional well-being domain. CONCLUSION: Considering the perception of parents or guardians, it was concluded that MIH promotes a negative impact on the OHRQoL. MIH had no significant impact on OHRQoL according to children's perceptions.

Machine Learning Photovoltaic String Analyzer.

Photovoltaic (PV) system energy production is non-linear because it is influenced by the random nature of weather conditions. The use of machine learning techniques to model the PV system energy production is recommended since there is no known way to deal well with non-linear data. In order to detect PV system faults, the machine learning models should provide accurate outputs. The aim of this work is to accurately predict the DC energy of six PV strings of a utility-scale PV system and to accurately detect PV string faults by benchmarking the results of four machine learning methodologies known to improve the accuracy of the machine learning models, such as the data mining methodology, machine learning technique benchmarking methodology, hybrid methodology, and the ensemble methodology. A new hybrid methodology is proposed in this work which combines the use of a fuzzy system and the use of a machine learning system containing five different trained machine learning models, such as the regression tree, artificial neural networks, multi-gene genetic programming, Gaussian process, and support vector machines for regression. The results showed that the hybrid methodology provided the most accurate machine learning predictions of the PV string DC energy, and consequently the PV string fault detection is successful.

Morphoquantitative evaluation of the heart of cutia (Dasyprocta agouti) and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) / [Avaliação morfoquantitativa do coração da cutia (Dasyprocta agouti) e da capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)]

The cutia (Dasyprocta agouti) and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) are hystricomorphic rodents of the Brazilian fauna. The wild animal anatomy is essential to the clinic and surgery practices and conservation programs. This work aimed to evaluate the heart quantitative morphology of the cutia and the capybara. For this, three hearts of cutia and three of capybaras were used from the collection of the Anatomy Sector of Domestic and Wild Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo. The hearts were weighted and measured with a pachymeter. The left ventricle volume was estimated through the Cavalieri method. The hearts' mean weight was 16.76g (cutias) and 104.2g (capybaras). The mean values for the axis, width and base dimensions were of the cutia 4.3cm, 3.3cm and 3.3cm and for the capybara were 7.6cm, 6.0cm and 6.1cm, respectively. The mean volume of the left ventricle of the cutia and the capybara was 5.03cm3 and 54.55cm3, respectively. The quantitative results of the hearts were compatible with the average body weight of the rodents. Thus, these numerical data can be applied to veterinary cardiology.(AU)

A cutia (Dasyprocta agouti) e a capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) são roedores histricomorfos da fauna brasileira. A anatomia de animais silvestres é essencial para a prática clínico-cirúrgica e programas conservacionistas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a morfologia quantitativa do coração da cutia e da capivara. Para isso, foram utilizados três corações de cutias e três de capivaras, provenientes do acervo do Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Os corações foram pesados e as mensurações foram realizadas com paquímetro. O volume do ventrículo esquerdo foi calculado pelo método de Cavalieri. O peso médio dos corações foi de 16,76g (cutias) e de 104,2g (capivaras). Os valores médios para as dimensões eixo, largura e base foram, para a cutia, de 4,3cm, 3,3cm e 3,3cm e para a capivara, de 7,6cm, 6,0cm e 6,1cm, respectivamente. O volume médio do ventrículo esquerdo da cutia e da capivara foi respectivamente de 5,03cm3 e de 54,55cm3. Os resultados quantitativos dos corações foram compatíveis com o peso corporal médio dos roedores. Assim, esses dados numéricos podem ser aplicados à cardiologia veterinária.(AU)

How bad is brazilian ginseng extract for reproductive parameters in mice?

Properties attributed to the Panax ginseng are also attributed to the Brazilian ginseng, such as adaptogenic and aphrodisiac effects. There are studies demonstrating that the Brazilian ginseng (BGE) possibly increases the serum levels of testosterone and nitric oxide in mice and rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of its extract on male fertility and sperm quality. Male Swiss mice (n = 60) were divided into six groups. The control animals were provided 0.5 mL of water, and 0.5 mL of water containing 7 mg/kg per day (d) sildenafil citrate. Other animals were treated with BGE at 100 mg/kg/d, 200 mg/kg/d, and 400 mg/kg/d by gavage for 42 days. Finally, animals from the last group received 200 mg/kg BGE every 3 days (3-3d) by gavage for 42 days. The results showed a reduction in the number of resistant spermatids in the testis and damage to daily sperm production, culminating in a reduction in the number of epididymal spermatozoa. Although the sperm quality decreased in all experimental animals, only males treated with BGE 100 mg/kg/d showed pre and post implantation embryo losses. We concluded that BGE alters sperm viability compromising the embryonic development after implantation.

Quality of life after total laryngectomy: impact of different vocal rehabilitation methods in a middle income country.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of advanced laryngeal cancer and its extensive surgical treatments cause significant morbidity for these patients. Total laryngectomy impacts essential functions such as breathing, communication and swallowing, and may influence the quality of life as well as affecting the social life of laryngeal cancer patients. OBJECTIVE: Describe the quality of life and analyze the factors associated with the reduced quality of life in patients who have undergone total laryngectomy. METHOD: Observational cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the quality of life of patients who had undergone total laryngectomy due to laryngeal cancer. The fourth version of the UW-QOL Quality of Life Assessment Questionnaire from Washington University, validated for Portuguese, was used. RESULTS: The study population was 95 patients, and the mean composite score of the QOL was 80.4. In the subjective domains the majority of the patients (38.9%) reported they felt much better at present compared to the month before being diagnosed with cancer. When questioned about how they evaluated their health-related quality of life, there was a predominance of those who considered it good (43.2%), and most considered they had a good quality of life (46.3%) considering personal well-being. The overall quality of life was considered good to excellent by 83.2% of the patients. Patients with tracheoesophageal prosthesis reported a better quality of life, compared to patients using an electrolarynx or esophageal voice. CONCLUSION: The high mean value of the composite score for quality of life revealed that the patients assessed their quality of life positively. The absence of vocal emission was the only variable associated with a lower quality of life within the composite score according to the UW-QOL questionnaire.

Vitamin D supplementation improves the metabolic syndrome risk profile in postmenopausal women.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated vitamin D (VD) supplementation on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk profile in postmenopausal women.Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 160 postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years were randomized into two groups: VD group, supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D3/day (n = 80); or placebo group (n = 80). The intervention time was 9 months, and the women were assessed at baseline and endpoint. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. Biochemical parameters, including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin, were measured. The plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: After 9 months, there was a significant increase in the 25(OH)D levels for VD group (+45.4%, p < 0.001), and a decrease (-18.5%, p = 0.049) in the placebo group. In the VD group, a significant reduction was observed in triglycerides (-12.2%, p = 0.001), insulin (-13.7%, p = 0.008), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-17.9%, p = 0.007). In the placebo group, there was an increase in glucose (+6.2%, p = 0.009). Analysis of the risk adjusted for age, time since menopause, and body mass index showed that women supplemented with VD had a lower risk of MetS (odds ratio [OR] 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.83), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22-0.85), and hyperglycemia (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.10-0.52) compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: In postmenopausal women with VD deficiency, isolated supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D3 for 9 months was associated with a reduction in the MetS risk profile. Women undergoing VD supplementation had a lower risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia.

Clinical, pathological and therapeutic findings on lingual rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog - case report / Achados clínicos, patológicos e terapêuticos do rabdomiossarcoma em cão - relato de caso

The biological behaviour of the tumours vary according to the species in which they occur, its location within the cavity, clinical stage and histopathological nature. Lingual neoplasms are generally uncommon in companion animals. Rhabdomyosarcomas are malignant, solid, aggressive formations with high metastatic potential. The clinical signs are variable and a definitive diagnosis can only be reached through histopathological analysis of biopsy and necropsy specimen. In some cases, immunohistochemical study may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. This paper aims to highlight important points about this uncommon condition in dogs, using a case report of lingual rhabdomyosarcoma, which showed no evidence of metastasis after diagnosis, nor of local recurrence after surgical excision with a wide safety margin. It was concluded that early diagnosis, the correct interpretation of the complementary tests and the appropriate therapeutic approach contributed to improving the quality of life and survival of the patient in question.(AU)

O comportamento biológico dos tumores varia de acordo com a espécie animal, a localização na cavidade, a fase clínica e a natureza histopatológica. As neoplasias orais são geralmente incomuns em animais de companhia. Os rabdomiossarcomas são formações malignas, sólidas e agressivas, com alto potencial metastático. Os sinais clínicos são variáveis e o diagnóstico definitivo só pode ser alcançado por meio da análise histopatológica do material colhido. Em alguns casos, o estudo imuno-histoquímico pode ser necessário para confirmar o diagnóstico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo destacar pontos importantes sobre essa condição incomum em cães, utilizando um relato de caso de rabdomiossarcoma lingual, no qual não se evidenciaram metástases após o diagnóstico, nem recorrência local após a excisão cirúrgica com ampla margem de segurança. Concluiu-se que o diagnóstico precoce, a correta interpretação dos exames complementares e a abordagem terapêutica adequada contribuíram para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida do paciente em questão.(AU)

Topography and syntopy of abdominopelvic viscera of the giant anteater (Myrmecophage tridactyla - Linnaeus, 1758) / Topografia e sintopia das vísceras abdominopélvicas do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophage tridactyla - Linnaeus, 1758)

In view of the scarcity of data about the topography and syntopy of abdominopelvic viscera of the giant anteater (Myrmecophage tridactyla - Linnaeus, 1758), the present study aimed to elucidate these characteristics and to compare them with the other animal species, especially the domestic ones. Three specimens, two males and one female, were donated by the Environmental Military Police of Franca to the Anatomy Veterinary Laboratory of the University of Franca, after death by road killings. The animals were fixed and maintained in aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution, followed by conventional dissection of the abdominopelvic cavities for subsequent direct inspection and topographic description of the viscera, aiming at comparative analyzes with other species, whose positioning and particularities are already established in the literature. It was observed that most of the viscera of these cavities have similar location and syntopy to domestic animals, except for the kidneys and testicles. In view of the established methodology and the results obtained, it is accepted that more specimens of anteater, both genera, should be evaluated and registered scientifically to confirm the data of the current research and anatomical preconization of the abdominopelvic cavity, inasmuch anatomical individual variation are possible between animals of the same species.(AU)

Diante da escassez de dados sobre a topografia e a sintopia das vísceras abdominopélvicas do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophage tridactyla - Linnaeus, 1758), o presente estudo teve como objetivo elucidar essas características e compará-las com as demais espécies animais, mormente as domésticas. Utilizaram-se três espécimes, dois machos e uma fêmea, provenientes de doação da Polícia Militar Ambiental de Franca ao Laboratório de Anatomia Veterinária da Universidade de Franca, após óbitos por atropelamentos. Os animais foram fixados e mantidos em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%, seguidos de dissecação convencional das cavidades abdominopélvicas para posterior inspeção direta e descrição topográfica das vísceras, visando a análises comparativas com outras espécies, cujo posicionamento e cujas particularidades já são bem estabelecidos na literatura. Observou-se que a maioria das vísceras dessas cavidades possuem localização e sintopia similares aos animais domésticos, exceto os rins e os testículos. Diante da metodologia estabelecida e dos resultados obtidos, admite-se que mais espécimes de tamanduás-bandeiras, de ambos os gêneros, devam ser avaliados e registrados cientificamente, visando à confirmação dos dados da atual pesquisa e à preconização anatômica da cavidade abdominopélvica, visto que variações anatômicas individuais são passíveis entre animais da mesma espécie.(AU)

Non-specific effects of BCG in protozoal infections: tegumentary leishmaniasis and malaria.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis and malaria are major causes of illness in the poorest countries. In the absence of efficient strategies to prevent infections and to control the transmission of the parasites by insect vectors, treatment relies on drug therapy. Vaccine development continues on several fronts; however none of the candidates developed has so far been shown to provide long-lasting protection at a population level. Because the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can induce heterologous protective effects, we hypothesize that BCG has beneficial effects in the control of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and malaria. AIMS: In this review we describe evidence for the protective efficacy of BCG against tegumentary leishmaniasis and malaria in humans. SOURCES: Relevant data from peer-reviewed scientific literature published on Pubmed up to January 2019 were examined. CONTENT: From experimental animal and various human studies with BCG and one recent randomized malaria trial there is evidence that BCG has beneficial effects in Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium falciparum infections. Although the precise mechanisms remain unknown, BCG can activate innate immune responses, and an increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the induction of trained innate immunity could explain its non-specific protective effects. IMPLICATIONS: Despite many years of research to prevent and treat TL and malaria, these diseases remain a public health problem in tropical countries. Future studies are required to examine if BCG vaccination could be used as an effective treatment option.

Overlooked South American noctuid species: revalidation of Feltia llanoi stat. rev. and redescription of Feltia brachystria (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Feltia llanoi (Köhler, 1953) stat. rev. and its hitherto senior subjective synonym Feltia brachystria (Hampson, 1903) are two species of noctuid moths with unusual broadly bipectinate antenna and restricted distribution in central eastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay. Examination of the type of specimens and further material from several collections indicates that these names are not synonyms, but valid species, and reveal the occurrence of F. llanoistat. rev. in Brazil. Therefore, F. llanoistat. rev. and F. brachystria are redescribed and the former name is reinstated to species, including taxonomic comments, illustration of some characters of taxonomic importance, and of structures of the male and female genitalia. The species are compared with similar-looking and supposedly closely related species, such as F. chilensis (Hampson, 1903), F. carolia (Schaus, 1929), and F. gypaetina (Guenée, 1852). Additionally, in order to stabilize nomenclature, a lectotype for F. llanoistat. rev. is designated, and Agrotis daguerrei Köhler, 1961 is here recognized as a junior subjective synonym of F. llanoistat. rev. (syn. nov.).

Short implants versus bone augmentation in combination with standard-length implants in posterior atrophic partially edentulous mandibles: systematic review and meta-analysis with the Bayesian approach.

The use of short implants as an alternative to bone reconstruction techniques for the placement of standard-length dental implants is a debated topic. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to assist in the clinical decision making about the most appropriate approach for the fixed rehabilitation of the posterior atrophic partially edentulous lower jaws. Only randomized trials with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Of the 1024 studies initially retrieved, 14 articles were selected and independently evaluated by two reviewers. Finally, four studies were included, and underwent data extraction and meta-analysis with the Bayesian approach. Both treatment approaches provide high implant survival rate after 1year of function. However, the probability of survival rate of short implants being greater than standard length implants is 84%, and the probability of complications using short implants being greater than standard-length implants is 15.7%. In spite of similar survival rates when the residual bone is sufficient for placement of short implants, the latter should be preferred to augmentation techniques and standard-length implants due to fewer complications, lower morbidity and greater comfort for patients.

Feltia submontana (Noctuidae, Noctuinae): Redescription, Taxonomy, Life Cycle, and Spatial Distribution of a Neglected South American Potential Pest Species.

Feltia submontana (Köhler, 1961) is redescribed based on specimens from Northwestern Argentina and Central and Southeastern Brazil. Taxonomic comments, photographs of the adults, characters of taxonomic importance, and illustrations of structures of the labial palpus, legs, and male and female genitalia are provided. The species is compared with similar-looking and supposedly closely related species, such as F. hispidula (Guenée, 1852) and F. lilacina (Zerny, 1916). The species, originally described for Argentina, is reported for Brazil for the first time. Most Brazilian specimens come from the "Cerrado" but also from Southeastern Atlantic Forests. The life cycle of F. submontana specimens collected in Planaltina, Distrito Federal, Brazil, is described; the species probably has only a single generation per year and imagines are on the wing in the late autumn and early winter months; the last instar prepupa and pupa pass through aestival diapause. The abundance of F. submontana relative to other species of Agrotis Ochsenheimer, 1816, and Feltia Walker, 1856, in the above-cited locality is accessed through 4 years of standardized collecting with light trap; the species is the second most abundant species of these genera in the area, with about one fifth of the captures, second only to A. ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766), with about two thirds of the captures, and about two times more abundant than F. subterranea (Fabricius, 1794); the latter two are regarded as important pest species in South America.

Morphological variations of the mandibular canal in digital panoramic radiographs: a retrospective study in a Chilean population.

BACKGROUND: Morphological variations of the mandibular canal (MC) have been described in literature, so the clinician must be able to recognise them and adapt their treatment accordingly. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of morphological variations of the MC using digital panoramic radiographs (DPR) of Chilean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study in which 1400 DPR were analysed to identify cases of bifid, trifid and retromolar MC. The radiographs were analysed independently by two examiners who had previously been trained by a specialist in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to reach a final sample. RESULTS: Nine hundred and twenty-five radiographs were included (599 female, 326 male; mean age 36.1 ± 15.54 years). The prevalence of bifid MC was 11% (n = 102), with no significant differences by sex (p = 0.069). Proportion of bifid MC was higher among younger patients (p = 0.038). Prevalence of morphologi- cal variations of type 1 bifid MC was 7.4% (n = 69), type 2 was 2.3% (n = 23), type 3 was 0% (n = 0) and type 4 was 1.1% (n = 10). Prevalence of retromolar canal was 0.9% (n = 8), with no significant differences by sex (p = 0.893) or age (p = 0.371); of these, 2 (0.2%) cases were forward type and 6 (0.6%) cases were retromolar type. No cases of trifid MC were found. CONCLUSIONS: Digital panoramic radiographs are useful for detecting morphological variations of the MC; we were able to identify three types of bifid MC as well as retromolar canals. Proper identification of these variations by an easily accessible examination is important for avoiding possible complications in clinical-surgical practice.

Large-scale synthesis of free-standing N-doped graphene using microwave plasma.

Direct assembling of N-graphene, i.e. nitrogen doped graphene, in a controllable manner was achieved using microwave plasmas at atmospheric pressure conditions. The synthesis is accomplished via a single step using ethanol and ammonia as carbon and nitrogen precursors. Tailoring of the high-energy density plasma environment results in a selective synthesis of N-graphene (~0.4% doping level) in a narrow range of externally controlled operational conditions, i.e. precursor and background gas fluxes, plasma reactor design and microwave power. Applying infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to the flow of free-standing sheets in the post-plasma zone carries out changes in the percentage of sp2, the N doping type and the oxygen functionalities. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the relative extension of the graphene sheets π-system and the type of nitrogen chemical functions present in the lattice structure. Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were applied to determine morphological and structural characteristics of the sheets. Optical emission and FT-IR spectroscopy were applied for characterization of the high-energy density plasma environment and outlet gas stream. Electrochemical measurements were also performed to elucidate the electrochemical behavior of NG for supercapacitor applications.