A Safe-Anesthesia Innovation for Emergency and Life-Improving Surgeries When no Anesthetist is Available: A Descriptive Review of 193 Consecutive Surgeries.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide human resource gap in anesthesia services often presents a barrier to accessing life-saving and life-improving surgeries. This paper assessed the impact of a ketamine anesthesia package, Every Second Matters-Ketamine (ESM-Ketamine)™, for use in emergency and life-improving surgeries by non-anesthetist clinicians in a resource-limited setting when no anesthetist was available. METHODS: We analyzed prospectively collected data from 193 surgeries constituting a pilot implementation of the ESM-Ketamine package, among three sub-district hospitals in Western Kenya. The study population comprises patients who required emergency or life-improving surgery when no anesthetist was available. Non-anesthetist clinicians in three sub-district hospitals underwent a 5-day training course in ESM-Ketamine complemented by checklists and an ESM-Ketamine Kit. Data were collected prospectively every time the ESM-Ketamine pathway was invoked. The training cases, although primarily tubal ligations, were included. The primary outcome measures centered on capturing the ability to safely support emergency and life-improving surgeries, when no anesthetist was available, through invoking the ESM-Ketamine pathway. The registry was critically examined using standard descriptive and frequency analysis. RESULTS: 193 surgical procedures were supported using the ESM-Ketamine package by five ESM-Ketamine trained providers. Brief (<30 s) patient desaturation below 92% and hallucinations occurred in 16 out of 186 (8.6%) and 23 out of 190 patients (12.1%), respectively. There were no reported major adverse events such as death, prolonged desaturations (over 30 s), or injury resulting from ketamine use. CONCLUSION: This study provides promising initial evidence that the ESM-Ketamine package can support emergency and life-improving surgeries in resource-limited settings when no anesthetist is available.

Exploring the experience of psychological morbidity and service access in community dwelling stroke survivors: a follow-up study.

PURPOSE: Post-stroke depression occurs in one-third of stroke survivors with a similar risk of development across short, intermediate and long-term recovery stages. Knowledge of factors influencing psychological morbidity beyond the first year post-stroke can inform long-term interventions and improve community service access for stroke survivors. This paper aimed to identify the physical and psycho-social functioning status of stroke survivors beyond 12 months post-stroke. Qualitative processes explored the longer term experiences of psychological morbidity and service access needs. METHOD: A cross-sectional follow-up of participants from a prospective cohort study. In that study, patients and were followed for 12 months post-stroke. In this study, participants from that cohort study were interviewed up to five years post-stroke. Data generation and analysis were concurrent and were analysed thematically, employing a process of constant comparison. RESULTS: Our sample included 14 participants, aged 58-89 years at an average of three years post-stroke (range 18 months to five years). Our qualitative key themes emerged as follows: physical impacts on post-stroke psychological morbidity, the experience of psychological distress, factors attenuating distress and service delivery implications. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of psychological morbidity persists beyond 12 months post-stroke, having a profound impact on community access, and social participation. Clinical implications are a need for long-term psychological monitoring post-stroke and for ongoing rehabilitation that addresses disability, community participation and social support.