The first pulse of the extremely bright GRB 130427A: a test lab for synchrotron shocks.

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130427A is one of the most energetic GRBs ever observed. The initial pulse up to 2.5 seconds is possibly the brightest well-isolated pulse observed to date. A fine time resolution spectral analysis shows power-law decays of the peak energy from the onset of the pulse, consistent with models of internal synchrotron shock pulses. However, a strongly correlated power-law behavior is observed between the luminosity and the spectral peak energy that is inconsistent with curvature effects arising in the relativistic outflow. It is difficult for any of the existing models to account for all of the observed spectral and temporal behaviors simultaneously.

Fermi-LAT observations of the gamma-ray burst GRB 130427A.

The observations of the exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130427A by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope provide constraints on the nature of these unique astrophysical sources. GRB 130427A had the largest fluence, highest-energy photon (95 GeV), longest γ-ray duration (20 hours), and one of the largest isotropic energy releases ever observed from a GRB. Temporal and spectral analyses of GRB 130427A challenge the widely accepted model that the nonthermal high-energy emission in the afterglow phase of GRBs is synchrotron emission radiated by electrons accelerated at an external shock.

Viremia and excretion of TT virus in immunosuppressed heart transplant recipients and in immunocompetent individuals.

BACKGROUND: The TT virus (TTV) was discovered in patients with symptomatic posttransfusion hepatitis, but many viremic individuals are asymptomatic. Inadvertent transfusion-associated transmission must therefore be anticipated. We screened blood donors and heart transplant recipients for TTV infections. METHODS: Nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect TTV DNA in plasma, serum, urine, and fecal samples from 600 blood donors, from 100 healthy individuals, and from 495 heart transplant recipients. RESULTS: A total of 3.2% of the blood donors, but 25% of the heart transplant recipients were viremic. TTV subtypes G1a/b and G2a/b were observed in both groups, but the subtype distributions were discrepant. A severe, acute infection with TTV subtype 3 was observed in one blood donor. The prevalence of TTV infections in heart transplant recipients was not correlated to transfusion frequency. Nine viremic heart transplant recipients and their 75 blood donors were studied in detail. Seven blood donors were viremic, but only two "pairs" of viremic blood donors and transfusion recipients had identical TTV isolates. TTV DNA was detected in the feces of 5% (5/100) of immunocompetent individuals (staff), in 46% (52/112) of viremic heart transplant recipients, and in the urine of 55% (20/36). TTV DNA was detected in six of six batches of pooled "virus-inactivated" plasma (solvent/detergent treated), and in none of eight batches of commercial immunoglobulins. CONCLUSION: Although TTV is transfusion-transmissible, the parenteral transmission rate may have been overestimated. Many TTV infections are apparently acquired by nonparenteral routes. Immunoglobulins are safe but pooled plasma is not safe regarding TTV transmission.

Social status and aggression: a field study analyzed by survival analysis.

A field experiment was conducted in Germany to explore whether driver characteristics and the social status of cars are related to an aggressive response. Drivers waiting at a traffic light (N = 57) were blocked by an experimental car. The amount of time that elapsed until the drivers responded by honking their horns or beaming their headlights was recorded, and bivariate and multivariate methods of survival analysis were used to analyze the data. The status of the blocked cars was positively correlated with the tendency toward an aggressive response.

[Sex-specific effects in the intergenerational transmission of divorce risks]. / Die soziale Vererbung des Scheidungsrisikos: eine empirische Untersuchung der Transmissionshypothese mit dem deutschen Familiensurvey.

"In an empirical analysis the article investigates the intergenerational transmission of divorce risk with multivariate event-history techniques using data on the 10,000 respondents of the German Family Survey. In both younger and older cohorts the transmission effect is confirmed. Surprisingly, however, there are huge sex differences in the impact of parents' divorces on their children. Sons of divorced parents have a much higher risk of divorce than girls.... The transmission effect cannot be explained by the decreased standard of living typically observed in all types of single-parent families. The data suggest, however, that differences in intervening variables may partially explain the transmission effect." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Education, birth cohort, and marriage age: a comparative analysis of marriage age in West Germany, East Germany, and the United States]. / Bildung, Geburtskohorte und Heiratsalter: eine vergleichende Untersuchung des Heiratsverhaltens in Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten.

"This paper investigates how education influences marriage behavior in three countries: the United States, West Germany, and former East Germany. Following family economics we postulate that for women a longer education decreases marriage rates both during education (institutional effect) and after the degree has been obtained (human capital effect). For men family economics predicts the delaying institutional effect, too, but the human capital effect is expected to increase marriage rates. Further considerations lead to the additional hypothesis that for younger birth cohorts these sex differences should attenuate.... For the United States and West Germany the observed marriage patterns confirm our hypotheses for the most part. For East Germany, however, we observe different marriage patterns. This was expected because the institutional context in this former socialist country was a very different one." (SUMMARY IN ENG)