Techniques for long-term multisite neuronal ensemble recordings in behaving animals.

Advances in our understanding of neural systems will go hand in hand with improvements in the experimental techniques used to study these systems. This article describes a series of methodological developments aimed at enhancing the power of the methods needed to record simultaneously from populations of neurons over broad regions of the brain in awake, behaving animals. First, our laboratory has made many advances in electrode design, including movable bundle and array electrodes and smaller electrode assemblies. Second, to perform longer and more complex multielectrode implantation surgeries in primates, we have modified our surgical procedures by employing comprehensive physiological monitoring akin to human neuroanesthesia. We have also developed surgical implantation techniques aimed at minimizing brain tissue damage and facilitating penetration of the cortical surface. Third, we have integrated new technologies into our neural ensemble, stimulus and behavioral recording experiments to provide more detailed measurements of experimental variables. Finally, new data analytical techniques are being used in the laboratory to analyze increasingly large quantities of data.

Management of acute cervical spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury affects approximately 10,000 new persons each year in the United States. Motor vehicle crashes, violence, and falls are the most common causes. The purpose of this review is to provide a rational management strategy for treating acute cervical spinal cord injuries. REVIEW SUMMARY: History-taking in these patients should focus on a few key points. Physical examination consists of determining the level of the lesion by a tailored motor, sensory, and reflex examination. An algorithm for the judicious use of plain radiographs, computed tomography scans, and emergent magnetic resonance imaging is presented. Management goals include protection of uninjured tissue, restoration of reversibly injured tissue, and achieving alignment and permanent spinal stability. The role of early surgery and high-dose steroids are discussed. CONCLUSION: Maximizing neurological function after cervical spinal cord injuries relies on rapid diagnosis and appropriate management. Although prognosis generally remains poor, recent advances in the basic sciences offer hope for the future.