A "Global Safety Net" to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth's climate.

Global strategies to halt the dual crises of biodiversity loss and climate change are often formulated separately, even though they are interdependent and risk failure if pursued in isolation. The Global Safety Net maps how expanded nature conservation addresses both overarching threats. We identify 50% of the terrestrial realm that, if conserved, would reverse further biodiversity loss, prevent CO2 emissions from land conversion, and enhance natural carbon removal. This framework shows that, beyond the 15.1% land area currently protected, 35.3% of land area is needed to conserve additional sites of particular importance for biodiversity and stabilize the climate. Fifty ecoregions and 20 countries contribute disproportionately to proposed targets. Indigenous lands overlap extensively with the Global Safety Net. Conserving the Global Safety Net could support public health by reducing the potential for zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 from emerging in the future.

A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets.

The Global Deal for Nature (GDN) is a time-bound, science-driven plan to save the diversity and abundance of life on Earth. Pairing the GDN and the Paris Climate Agreement would avoid catastrophic climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services. New findings give urgency to this union: Less than half of the terrestrial realm is intact, yet conserving all native ecosystems-coupled with energy transition measures-will be required to remain below a 1.5°C rise in average global temperature. The GDN targets 30% of Earth to be formally protected and an additional 20% designated as climate stabilization areas, by 2030, to stay below 1.5°C. We highlight the 67% of terrestrial ecoregions that can meet 30% protection, thereby reducing extinction threats and carbon emissions from natural reservoirs. Freshwater and marine targets included here extend the GDN to all realms and provide a pathway to ensuring a more livable biosphere.

One hundred questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity.

We identified 100 scientific questions that, if answered, would have the greatest impact on conservation practice and policy. Representatives from 21 international organizations, regional sections and working groups of the Society for Conservation Biology, and 12 academics, from all continents except Antarctica, compiled 2291 questions of relevance to conservation of biological diversity worldwide. The questions were gathered from 761 individuals through workshops, email requests, and discussions. Voting by email to short-list questions, followed by a 2-day workshop, was used to derive the final list of 100 questions. Most of the final questions were derived through a process of modification and combination as the workshop progressed. The questions are divided into 12 sections: ecosystem functions and services, climate change, technological change, protected areas, ecosystem management and restoration, terrestrial ecosystems, marine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, species management, organizational systems and processes, societal context and change, and impacts of conservation interventions. We anticipate that these questions will help identify new directions for researchers and assist funders in directing funds.

[Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of intestinal tract colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an intensive care unit]. / Análisis clínico-epidemiológico de la portación intestinal de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina en una unidad de terapia intensiva.

Intestinal tract colonization with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was studied during five months and 25 days. Out of 171 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 124 (73%) were included in this study. Thirty five of them (28%) were recognized as colonized with VRE. VRE isolates (n = 35) were identified as Enterococcus faecium (n = 18), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 16), and Enterococcus raffinosus (n = 1). All of them were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 = 512 microg/ml) and to teicoplanin (MIC90 = 32 microg/ml), having the vanA gene. By means of molecular methods a high homology was found among E. faecium and E. gallinarum isolates, respectively, suggesting their spread as a kind of outbreak. No significant differences in age or sex were found among colonized and non-colonized patients (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the hospitalization time and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics were associated with colonization. From this study we highlight the importance of enhancing all measures of control and prevention of hospital infections, carefully analyzing the empiric antimicrobial schemes, trying to reduce the hospital stage, and following the surveillance to evaluate the efficacy of such procedures.

Análisis clínico-epidemiológico de la portación intestinal de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina en una unidad de terapia intensiva / Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of intestinal tract colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an intensive care unit

En un período de cinco meses y 25 días se investigó la portación intestinal de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina (EVR). Se estudiaron 124 pacientes (73%) de 171 admitidos en la unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI), 35 de los cuales (28%) resultaron ser portadores. Los aislamientos de EVR (n=35) fueron identificados como Enterococcus faecium (n=18), Enterococcus gallinarum (n=16) y Enterococcus raffinosus (n=1). Todos los aislamientos estudiados fueron resistentes a vancomicina (VAN) (CIM90= 512 µg/ml) y teicoplanina (CIM90= 32 µg/ml) y portaban el gen vanA. Los estudios de tipificación molecular mostraron un alto grado de homología entre los aislamientos de E. faecium (un clon dominante) y E. gallinarum (dos tipos clonales), sugiriendo su diseminación a modo de brote. No se encontraron diferencias significativas con la edad y el sexo de los pacientes no portadores (p>0,05), pero si con el tiempo de hospitalización y el uso de esquemas antibióticos de amplio espectro (p<0,05), estando estos dos factores asociados al estado de portación. Se deduce de este estudio, la importancia de maximizar las medidas de prevención y control de las infecciones nosocomiales, analizar los esquemas empíricos empleados, tratar de disminuir el tiempo de hospitalización y continuar con los estudios de vigilancia para evaluar la eficacia de las acciones implementadas.

Intestinal tract colonization with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was studied during five months and 25 days. Out of 171 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 124 (73%) were included in this study. Thirty five of them (28%) were recognized as colonized with VRE. VRE isolates (n = 35) were identified as Enterococcus faecium (n=18), Enterococcus gallinarum (n=16), and Enterococcus raffinosus (n=1). All of them were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90= 512 µg/ml) and to teicoplanin (MIC90= 32 µg/ml), having the vanA gene. By means of molecular methods a high homology was found among E. faecium and E. gallinarum isolates, respectively, suggesting their spread as a kind of outbreak. No significant differences in age or sex were found among colonized and non-colonized patients (p>0.05). On the other hand, the hospitalization time and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics were associated with colonization. From this study we highlight the importance of enhancing all measures of control and prevention of hospital infections, carefully analyzing the empiric antimicrobial schemes, trying to reduce the hospital stage, and following the surveillance to evaluate the efficacy of such procedures.

Análisis clínico-epidemiológico de la portación intestinal de enterococos resistentes a vancomicina en una unidad de terapia intensiva. / [Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of intestinal tract colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an intensive care unit]

Intestinal tract colonization with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was studied during five months and 25 days. Out of 171 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 124 (73

) were included in this study. Thirty five of them (28

) were recognized as colonized with VRE. VRE isolates (n = 35) were identified as Enterococcus faecium (n = 18), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 16), and Enterococcus raffinosus (n = 1). All of them were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 = 512 microg/ml) and to teicoplanin (MIC90 = 32 microg/ml), having the vanA gene. By means of molecular methods a high homology was found among E. faecium and E. gallinarum isolates, respectively, suggesting their spread as a kind of outbreak. No significant differences in age or sex were found among colonized and non-colonized patients (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the hospitalization time and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics were associated with colonization. From this study we highlight the importance of enhancing all measures of control and prevention of hospital infections, carefully analyzing the empiric antimicrobial schemes, trying to reduce the hospital stage, and following the surveillance to evaluate the efficacy of such procedures.

Ecology. Giant pandas in a changing landscape.

The giant panda has been restricted to several disjunct montane forest populations, and habitat loss and fragmentation are the primary threats to its survival. For pandas to survive, conservation efforts must focus on larger landscapes rather than individual nature reserves. China recently initiated several policies, including the Natural Forest Conservation Program and Grain-to-Green Policy, which provide a historic opportunity to integrate panda conservation into national policies. Simultaneously, China is promoting the Western China Development Program, which calls for substantial infrastructure and hydropower development and economic investments. Integrating panda conservation into these development policies will be a critical challenge.