Malnutrition in Relation with Dietary, Geographical, and Socioeconomic Factors among Older Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: Nutrition is closely related to the health of the elderly population. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the nutrition status of elderly Chinese and its related dietary, geographical, and socioeconomic factors. METHODS: A total of 13,987 ≥ 60-year-old persons from the 2010-2013 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey were included to evaluate various aspects of malnutrition, including underweight, overweight or obesity, and micronutrient inadequacy. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight was 12.4%, 34.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, with disparities both geographically and socioeconomically. The prevalence of underweight was higher among the older old (≥ 75 years), rural residents and those with low income, with low education status, and residing in undeveloped West areas. More than 75% of the elderly do not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins A, B 1, B 2, and E, folate, calcium, selenium, potassium, biotin, and choline, with the prevalence of inadequate intake increasing with age for most nutrients. At the population level, the mean intakes of numerous food groups did not meet the recommendations by the Chinese Dietary Guideline. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity epidemic, inadequacy of micronutrient intake, and high prevalence of underweight and anemia in susceptible older people are the major nutrition challenges for the rapidly aging population in China.

Association between Chinese Famine Exposure and the Risk of Overweight/Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Laterlife: A Cross-sectional Study.

This study aimed to examine the association between famine exposure in different stages of life and the risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in laterlife. A total of 12,458 participants were categorized into non-exposure and four direct exposures, including fetal, childhood, adolescence, and adult exposure. Only risk of being overweight or obesity in adolescence exposure [odds ratio ( OR), 1.45; 95% confidence interval ( CI), 1.08-1.94] was significantly higher than in non-exposure. Childhood ( OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.54) and adolescence ( OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.15-2.05) exposures had significantly an increased risk of abdominal obesity compared with non-exposure. Additionally, different famine severity exposures had different influences on the development of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity. Famine exposure in adolescence, which was a behavior formative period, can increase the risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in adulthood, specifically in famine severely affect area.

Association of Red Meat Usual Intake with Serum Ferritin and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the association of red meat usual intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and explore the contribution of red meat usual intake to serum ferritin. METHODS: Based on the data from the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 2,797 healthy adults aged 18-75 years without hypertension, diabetes, and MetS were selected in 2009 as subjects and follow-up studies were carried out till 2015. We used the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to estimate the usual intake of foods. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the association between red meat usual intake and the risk of MetS. Quantile regression analysis was used to study the relationship between red meat consumption and serum ferritin levels. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, red meat, and fresh red meat were positively associated with the risk of MetS ( RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.90 and RR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.02-1.85, respectively). These relationships showed increasing trend ( P < 0.05). The level of serum ferritin increased significantly with the number of MetS components ( P < 0.05). The quantile regression analysis showed that red meat and fresh red meat usual intake had a significant positive association with serum ferritin levels across the entire conditional serum ferritin distribution ( P < 0.05). Processed red meat did not exhibit a similar association. CONCLUSION: Higher red meat usual intake was associated with an increased risk of MetS and elevated serum ferritin levels.

The Rural-Urban Difference in BMI and Anemia among Children and Adolescents.

There is growing concern over the double burden of over- and under-nutrition in individuals, especially in children and adolescents, which could dwarf their growth and development. This study aims to explore the rural-urban difference in BMI and anemia among children and adolescents. A stratified cluster sampling technique was employed. Dietary data were collected through interviews, and anthropometric values were measured. There were 1534 children and adolescents who participated in this study, including 775 male and 759 female participants. The prevalence of obesity among children living in a city, township and rural area was 10.3%, 8.5% and 5.5%, and that among adolescents was 1.4%, 2.9% and 2.8%. The prevalence of anemia among children and living in a city, township and rural area was 4.3%, 2.5% and 4.5%, while that among adolescents was 6.1%, 3.7% and 11.3%, respectively, with significant difference (χ² = 10.824, p = 0.004). The prevalence of being overweight, obesity and anemia was significant when comparing children with adolescents (χ² = 37.861, p = 0.000; χ² = 19.832, p = 0.000; χ² = 8.611, p = 0.003). Findings of this study indicate the double burden of malnutrition in Zhejiang province, characterized by a high prevalence of being overweight, obesity and anemia among children and a high prevalence of anemia among adolescents living in townships.

Comparison of Undernutrition Prevalence of Children under 5 Years in China between 2002 and 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013). METHODS: The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was determined against WHO's 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census (2010). The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression. RESULTS: The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under 5-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.

Negative Association of Domestic Activity and Active Commuting with Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Population Aged 35-64 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the associations of physical activity domains with metabolic syndrome among a middle-aged Chinese population. METHODS: In all, 3326 professional adults aged 35-64 years from Beijing and Zhejiang province were recruited with a cluster random sampling method. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was modified, and the recommended Asia-Pacific cut-offs of waist circumstance were introduced into the criteria for metabolic syndrome from the Adult Treatment Panel III. A binary logistic regression model was applied to examine the association of all physical activity domains with the risk of the syndrome. RESULTS: Participants who engaged in domestic activity for ⋜1176 MET-min/week had a 41.6% less chance of having metabolic syndrome [odds ratio (OR), 0.584; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.480-0.710] than those without this activity. In adjusted models, adults who actively commuted for ⋜33 MET-min/week but <528 MET-min/week had a 25% less chance of having the syndrome (OR, 0.750; 95% CI, 0.582-0.966) than those who did not. No interaction was detected between the two domains of activity and the syndrome. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the independently negative association of traffic and house activity with the prevalence of the syndrome in this sample with a generally low level of moderate activity.

Dietary Patterns Associated Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults.

Dietary pattern has been revealed to be associated with metabolic syndrome. However, the association was not well documented in Chinese due to the complexity of Chinese foods. We mainly assessed the dietary patterns and examined their effects on metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults. Four dietary patterns including 'Refined Grains & Vegetables' Pattern, 'Dairy & Eggs' Pattern, 'Organ Meat & Poultry' Pattern, and 'Coarse Grains & Beans' Pattern were extracted. 'Dairy & Eggs' Pattern was associated with a decreased odds of metabolic syndrome in women, and 'Coarse Grains & Beans' Pattern was associated with a decreased odds of hypertension in men. These results provided a scientific basis for future research and dietary guideline perfection.

[Single-chain human anti-EGFR antibody/truncated protamine fusion protein carrying Hsp47 siRNA can induce apoptosis of human hepatic stellate cells].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a single-chain human anti-EGFR antibody (scFv) and truncated protamine (tP) fusion protein, ScFv/tP, carrying small interfering (si)RNA directed against the heat shock protein Hsp47, a collagen-binding glycoprotein, in order to evaluate the role Hsp47 in apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. METHODS: A single chain of the human variable fragment was obtained by phage display and fused with the tP gene and with or without (negative control) the Hsp47 siRNA sequences. Following expression and purification of the scFv/tP fusion protein and the scFv/tPHsp47 siRNA fusion protein, internalization capabilities were tested in isolated human hepatic stellate cells and the QSG-7701 human hepatocyte cells with visualization by immunofluorescent staining. The DNA binding ability of the fusion proteins were verified by gel shift assay.Following ScFv/tP-Hsp47 siRNA fusion protein transfection into the human hepatic stellate cells, the levels of Hsp47 mRNA and protein expression were tested by RT-PCR and Western blotting; in addition, effects of siRNA-mediated silencing of Hsp47 on cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by the cell counting kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry and Western blot detection of the apoptosis marker poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). RESULTS: Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that the ScFv/tP fusion proteins were internalized into human hepatic stellate cells but not into the QSG-7701 cells.The ScFv/tP-Hsp47 siRNA fusion protein caused reduced expression of Hsp47 mRNA and protein expression in the human hepatic stellate cells, as well as increased the cells' apoptosis remarkably. CONCLUSION: The ScFv/tP fusion protein can be used as a transfection reagent to deliver Hsp47 siRNA into hepatic stellate cells and to mediate apoptosis via blockade of Hsp47 expression.

[Emissions of NH3, N2O, and NO from swine manure solid storage in winter].

Swine manure solid storage is a typical management in rural area of China. In order to investigate the characteristics of NH3, N2O and NO emissions during manure storage in winter (Nov., 2012 to Feb., 2013), two treatments were conducted: non-covered (NC) and covered (C) with straws, and each treatment had three times of pile-turning during the 73 days storage. The emission fluxes of three nitrogen gases (NH3, N2O and NO) were measured and the profile-N2O concentrations inside the swine pile profile and in the soil under the pile were also measured. The results indicated that 2.1%-2.6%, 0.02% and -0.000 25% of total nitrogen were lost in the form of NH3, N2O and NO respectively during the whole swine manure solid storage. The nitrogen gases in the two treatments had the same variation characteristics, but all the nitrogen gases were reduced in the covered treatment. In the early storage stage, NH3 emission peak occurred first and then the emissions of N2O and NO started increasing. In the middle storage stage, the emissions of NH3 and NO showed mutual growth and decline trend. In the late storage stage, N2O emission peak was twice higher than that in the early stage, while NH3 and NO emissions showed a slight increase. Before and after pile-turning operation, NH3 emission had little change, but N2O emission was decreasing and NO emission was rising after pile-turning.

[Efficacy of standard antiviral therapy retreatment following interferon treatment failure in chronic hepatitis C patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of standard antiviral therapy applied after interferon (IFN) treatment failure in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). METHODS: CHC patients who completed a 48-week course of IFN therapy (pegylated (Peg)-IFNa-2a at 180 mug, qw, ih with or without ribavirin (RBV) at 15 mg/kg/w) in our hospital between January 2009 and June 2012 but who showed no response (at week 48) or who relapsed (at week 72) were enrolled in the study. Prior to initiating the 48-week course of retreatment therapy (Peg-IFNa-2a plus RBV as above), the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype was detected and the viral load measured (baseline) by PCR of HCV RNA. Each patient's response to therapy was classified as follows: baseline vs. week 4 (rapid virological response, RVR), vs. weeks 12 and 24 (early virological response, EVR), vs. week 48 (end of treatment virological response, ETVR) and vs. week 72 (sustained virological response, SVR). RESULTS: Of the total 235 cases administered retreatment therapy, 60.0% (n = 140) achieved RVR, 77.4% (n = 182) achieved EVR, 83.8% (n = 197) achieved ETVR, 68.0% (n = 68%) achieved SVR, and 15.7% (n = 37) relapsed. Stratification analysis of recurrence (n = 158) and non-responsive (n = 77) sub-groups showed that the recurrence group experienced significantly higher rates of RVR, EVR, ETVR and SVR, but a significantly lower rate of relapse. Stratification analysis of genotype 1b carrier (n = 206) and non-1b carrier (n = 29) sub-groups showed that the 1b carriers had significantly lower rates of RVR, EVR, ETVR and SVR, but a significantly higher rate of relapse. Finally, the patients who achieved RVR (vs. non RVR, n = 95) and EVR (vs. non-EVR, n = 53) showed higher rates of SVR and ETVR. CONCLUSION: CHC patients who fail to respond to the initial course of standard IFN-based therapy may achieve SVR upon retreatment, especially those infected with the HCV genotype 1b.

[A cross-sectional study on iodine nutrition in general population from Zhejiang province, China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the current status of iodine nutrition among the community residents to compare the level of iodine nutrition in different areas and groups of populations in Zhejiang province. METHODS: Stratified cluster sampling method was adopted and residents from twenty-two communities in Zhejiang province were selected. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, using questionnaires, laboratory tests, on urinary iodine, water iodine and the concentration of the iodine in salt, which had played positive roles in the calculation of the level of iodine nutrition. RESULTS RESULTS: of the iodine nutrition in this cross-sectional survey were as follows: the median water iodine and salt iodine of Zhejiang were 2.42 µg/L and 28.8 mg/kg, respectively. The coverage of iodized salts was 79.54%, with the ingesting rate of qualified iodized-salt as 76.65% and the median content of urinary iodine in the population of Zhejiang was 161 µg/L. The average iodine content among pregnant women was 138 µg/L, with the percentage of samples less than 100 µg/L as 25.92%, more than 300 µg/L as 15.30%. The proportions of iodine intake through water, salt and other foods were 1.70%, 76.41% and 21.89%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The status of iodine nutrition in Zhejiang province in general seemed to be appropriate, but the level of iodine nutrition in pregnant women was less than the requirement, which should call for attention.

[Prevalence and risk factors of pre-hypertension among adults of Zhejiang province].

OBJECTIVE: To access the prevalence rates of pre-hypertensive patients at different stages and its associated risk factors among adults of Zhejiang province. METHODS: Study subjects were selected among local residents aged ≥ 18 years from 15 counties by multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method, from July to November, 2010. Each participant was required to complete questionnaire, physical examination and testing for overnight fasting blood specimen. RESULTS: 17 437 residents were surveyed including 8169 males and 9268 females. The overall prevalence of prehypertension was 34.39%. The prevalence of pre-hypertension appeared to be higher in males (38.57%) than in females (30.70%) (χ(2) = 119.36, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of pre-hypertension decreased with the increase of age in males who were above 25 year olds (χ(2) = 76.94, P < 0.0001) and in females who were above 45 year olds (χ(2) = 114.66, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of pre-hypertension appeared to be higher in the rural (35.60%) than in the urban (32.39%) areas (χ(2) = 18.69, P < 0.0001). Data from multivariable logistic regression showed that factors as being male, aged older than 35 years of age, with waist circumference as ≥ 85 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women, body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m(2) and triglyceride ≥ 1.7 mmol/L were risk factors of pre-hypertension while having had higher education was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Pre-hypertension was prevalent among adults residents in Zhejiang province. Factors as overweight, obesity, dyslipidemia appeared to be major risk factors for pre-hypertension.

[Analysis of urine iodine level and its influencing factors in Zhejiang from 2009 to 2011].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the iodine nutrition level of population in Zhejiang province and to analyze the relevant influencing factors from 2009 to 2011. METHODS: From October 2009 to October 2011, a total of 19 517 subjects were recruited in this cross sectional survey, by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. The subjects were all living over three years in Zhejiang province. The basic information and life styles were interviewed by questionnaires; and the samples of drinking water, edible salt and urines were separately collected from the subjects to test the content of iodine. In total, 16 228 subjects answered the questionnaire, and 265 samples of drinking water, 7811 samples of edible salt and 19 517 samples of urine were collected. Then, we analyzed the distribution of iodine in water, edible salt and urine samples, as well as the relevance. RESULTS: The median (25% - 75% percentile) of water iodine was 2.42 (1.17 - 6.28) µg/L in drinking water among Zhejiang residents; while separately 2.79 (1.60 - 6.87) µg/L in city and 2.04 (1.03 - 5.29) µg/L in country side (Z = 2.07, P < 0.05). The figures turned out to be 2.17 (1.22 - 5.73) µg/L, 2.77 (1.88 - 6.87) µg/L, and 1.40 (0.77 - 5.65) µg/L, respectively, in coastal areas, coastal periphery areas and inland areas (χ(2) = 11.16, P < 0.05). The median (25% - 75% percentile) of salt iodine was 28.80 (22.93 - 32.40) mg/kg; while separately 29.00 (24.50 - 32.60) mg/kg and 28.50 (13.90 - 32.29) mg/kg in city and country side (Z = 6.32, P < 0.05). The figures turned out to be 25.19 (0.00 - 30.20) mg/kg, 29.00 (26.60 - 31.70) mg/kg and 32.40 (28.94 - 36.30) mg/kg, respectively, in coastal areas, coastal periphery areas and inland areas (χ(2) = 1581.62, P < 0.05). The coverage rate of iodized salt was 79.54% (6213/7811) in all province. The urinary iodine median was 160.74(97.20 - 247.00) µg/L, while the urinary iodine median in pregnant women was 137.99 (82.40 - 215.30) µg/L, lower than the recommended optimal levels, which was 150 - 249 µg/L. The figures turned out to be 153.45(92.00 - 237.50) µg/L in city and 168.00 (102.18 - 257.00) µg/L in country side (Z = -9.25, P < 0.05); while in coastal, coastal periphery place and inland areas, the median were separately 156.00 (94.29 - 242.80) µg/L, 150.14 (94.70 - 227.00) µg/L and 187.70 (109.00 - 276.80) µg/L (χ(2) = 194.12, P < 0.05). The analysis of relevance between urine iodine, water iodine and iodized salt showed that the urine iodine would increase as long as the iodized salt increased; and the difference had statistical significance (χ(2) = 440.88, P < 0.01). And there were no relevance between urine iodine level and the water iodine level (χ(2)cmh = 0.57, P = 0.45). The analysis of the influencing factors showed that education background (χ(2) = 14.17, P < 0.05), different styles of career (χ(2) = 16.15, P < 0.01) and diet habits (χ(2) = 108.63, P < 0.01) could influence the level of urine iodine. CONCLUSION: Iodine was deficient in Zhejiang province. The nutrition level of iodine was fine in Zhejiang in 2009, however, the coverage rate of iodine was commonly low in coastal areas, especially the pregnant women suffered from iodine deficiency. In our study, the factors influencing the urine iodine level included iodized salt, age, education background and diet habits.

[Emissions of greenhouse gas and ammonia from the full process of sewage sludge composting and land application of compost].

There is a great uncertainty of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and nitrogen conservation from the full process of sludge composting and land application of compost in China due to the lack of emission data of GHG such as N2O and CH4 and ammonia (NH3). The purpose of this study is to get emission characteristics of GHGs and NH3 from the full process with on-site observation. Results showed that the total GHG emission factor from full process of the turning windrow (TW) system (eCO2/dry sludge, 196.21 kg x t(-1)) was 1.61 times higher of that from the ATP system. Among the full process, N2O was mostly from the land application of compost, whereas CH4 mainly resulted from the sludge composting. In the sludge composting of ATP, the GHG emission equivalence of the ATP (eCO2/dry sludge, 12.47 kg x t(-1) was much lower than that of the TW (eCO2/dry sludge, 86.84 kg x t(-1)). The total NH3 emission factor of the TW (NH3/dry sludge, 6.86 kg x t(-1)) was slightly higher than that of the ATP (NH3/dry sludge, 6.63 kg x t(-1)). NH3 was the major contributor of nitrogen loss in the full process. During the composting, the nitrogen loss as NH3 from both TW and ATP was nearly the same as 30% of TN loss from raw materials, and the N and C loss caused by N2O and CH4 were negligible. These results clearly showed that the ATP was a kind of environmentally friendly composting technology.

[Analysis of the prevalence and its influencing factors of diffuse goiter in Zhejiang].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of diffuse goiter of population in Zhejiang Province and to analyze the relevant influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 18 188 subjects were recruited in the cross sectional survey, by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. B ultrasound measurement were carried among the subjects to detect the thyroid volume, and the basic information and life styles were interviewed by questionnaires. Then, we analyzed the distribution and its influencing factors of diffuse goiter. RESULTS: The ratio of diffuse goiter among the surveyed population was 2.2% (403/18 188), the difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 267.11, P < 0.05). The ratio among the group aged 6-7 years old and 8-10 years old was comparatively high, separately 10.3% (27/262) and 9.8% (51/519). The ratio among women (2.9%, 305/10 470) was higher than it among men (1.3%, 97/7672) (χ(2) = 55.55, P < 0.05). The residents from inland areas had the highest prevalence (3.2%, 138/4374), followed by residents from sub-coastal areas (2.0%, 131/6411), coastal areas minimum (1.8%, 138/4374) (χ(2) = 24.31, P < 0.05). The content of water iodine and salt iodine among people with symptoms of goiter had statistical difference with it among ordinary population (water iodine:χ(2) = 4.95, P = 0.026; salt iodine: χ(2) = 11.03, P < 0.01). The median(quartile) of water iodine in ordinary population was 2.41 (1.96-6.15) µg/L and among people with symptoms of goiter was 1.88 (1.49-5.15) µg/L. The median(quartile) of salt iodine in ordinary population was 30.18 (24.69-32.65) mg/kg and among people with symptoms of goiter was 29.1 (24.70-31.95) mg/kg. The influential factors of goiter were as follows: the family income, the education degree, the job and profession status, the diet character, the habitual sea food consumption, the alcohol intake status (χ(2) were separately 8.08, 37.85, 98.78, 68.69, 10.91, 12.21, 26.94, P < 0.05). Multi-factor analysis showed the results as follows: female (OR = 0.27 95%CI:0.18-0.39), school students (OR = 8.05, 95%CI:3.87-16.73), vegetarian (OR = 1.60, 95%CI:1.15-2.22) took a higher risk of getting pathogenic goiter; while the group of those who had university degree or above (OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.73-0.97), ate sea food frequently (OR = 0.62, 95%CI:0.44-0.88) took a lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of diffuse goiter in the group aged among 6-7 years old and 8-10 years old was comparatively high. The ratio was influenced by many factors.

[Association between dyslipidemia and different subtypes of hypertension among Zhejiang population in 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between dyslipidemia and different subtypes of hypertension among Zhejiang population. METHODS: From June to October in 2010, 19 113 local residents aged ≥ 18 years old were selected among 7571 families from fifteen counties in Zhejiang by four stage stratified-random sampling method. A self-designed questionnaire was adopted to collect information on demographic characteristics, physical activity and life style. At the same time, physical examinations including height, weight, blood pressure and blood lipids were carried out. RESULTS: A total of 19 113 participants completed the interviews, physical examinations and collected the blood samples.Excluding those who did not meet the criteria, 14 731 were finally enrolled in the study. The prevalence rates of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), systolic and diastolic hypertension (SDH) were 7.16% (1055/14 731, standardized rate:5.46%), 4.60% (677/14 731, standardized rate:4.41%), 7.09% (1045/14 731, standardized rate:5.75%), respectively. Among normal blood pressure group, subjects with normal TC, high TC and abnormal TC were separately 10 571 (88.43%), 1173 (9.81%) and 210 (1.76%); subjects with normal HDL-C and low HDL-C were separately 6885 (57.60%) and 5069 (42.40%); subjects with normal TG, high TG, abnormal TG were separately 9952 (79.91%), 1213 (10.15%) and 1189(9.95%).In ISH group, subjects with normal TC, high TC and abnormal TC were separately 826 (78.29%), 188 (17.82%) and 41 (3.89%); subjects with normal HDL-C and low HDL-C were separately 666(63.13%) and 389 (36.87%); subjects with normal TG, high TG and abnormal TG were separately 737 (69.86%), 150 (14.22%) and 168 (15.92%). Multi factor analysis showed that high TG and abnormal TG were associated with ISH (OR (95%CI):1.43 (1.16-1.76), 1.65 (1.34-2.03) respectively). Among IDH group, subjects with normal TC, high TC, abnormal TC were separately 556(82.13%), 99(14.62%) and 22 (3.25%); subjects with normal HDL-C, low HDL-C were separately 335 (49.48%) and 342 (50.52%); subjects with normal TG, high TG, and abnormal TG separately were 402 (59.38%), 107 (15.81%) and 168 (24.82%). The multi factor analysis showed that high TG and abnormal TG could increase the risk of IDH (OR(95%CI):1.57 (1.24-1.98), 2.18 (1.76-2.70) respectively). Among SDH group, subjects with normal TC, high TC and abnormal TC were 817 (78.18%), 193 (18.47%) and 35 (3.35%); subjects with normal HDL-C and abnormal HDL-C were separately 599 (57.32%) and 446 (42.68%); subjects with normal TG, high TG, abnormal TG were separately 675 (64.59%), 164 (15.69%) and 206 (19.71%). The multi factor analysis showed that high TC, high TG and abnormal TG were also associated with the increased risk of SDH (OR (95%CI):1.38 (1.14-1.67), 1.43(1.18-1.75), 1.73 (1.43-2.10) respectively). CONCLUSION: Dyslipidemia is an important factor of different subtypes of hypertension among Zhejiang population, especially triglycerides. Dyslipidemia screening should be strengthened to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

[Study on level of dietary iodine intake and its contribution rate of residents in Zhejiang].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of dietary iodine intake and its contribution in Zhejiang. METHODS: A total of 9798 subjects were recruited in this survey with multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method in April, 2010, the 24-hours dietary recall method and the "food composition table" were used to obtain the dietary iodine intake, and edible salt and drinking water samples were collected to detect the content of iodine. RESULTS: A total of 9798 subjects were included in this survey. The mean intake of dietary iodine in Zhejiang residents per standard man-days was (395.13 ± 78.16) µg/d, which in between of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) 150 µg/d and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) 1000 µg/d; the iodine intake of 18.40% (1803/9798) subjects was lower than estimated average requirement of iodine (EAR), 4.68% (459/9798) subjects was higher than the UL. The means of dietary iodine intake in various areas were (498.85 ± 96.77) µg/d, (384.50 ± 88.76) µg/d and (326.33 ± 78.32)µg/d in inland areas, sub-coastal areas and coastal areas, successively (F = 27.17, P < 0.05); the proportions of dietary iodine intake lower than EAR were 34.89% (1239/3551), 10.48% (370/3530) and 7.14% (197/2717) in coastal areas, sub-coastal area and inland areas, successively (χ(2) = 62.87, P < 0.01) , while those higher than UL were 5.10% (180/3530), 4.86% (132/2717) and 4.14% (147/3551) in sub-coastal area, inland areas and coastal areas.In the condition of ignoring cooking loss, the mean contribution of dietary iodine intake in edible salt, all kinds of food and drinking water were 74.92% (296.03/395.13), 23.85% (94.24/395.13) and 1.23% (4.86/395.13), successively; the contributions of edible salt in inland areas, sub-coastal areas and coastal areas were 83.72% (417.64/498.85), 73.05% (280.88/384.50) and 66.83% (280.09/326.33), successively; the contributions of drinking water in sub-coastal areas, coastal areas and inland areas were 1.61% (6.19/384.50) , 1.44% (4.70/326.33) and 0.65% (3.24/498.85) , successively (χ(2) = 7.24, P = 0.032) ; the contribution of laver in coastal areas, sub-coastal areas and inland areas were 22.57% (73.65/326.33), 17.11% (65.79/384.50) and 8.09% (40.36/498.85), successively (χ(2) = 82.17, P < 0.01) ; the contribution of sea fish in coastal areas, sub-coastal areas and inland areas were 2.38% (7.77/326.33), 0.72% (2.77/384.50) and 0.68% (3.39/498.85) (χ(2) = 19.47, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The dietary iodine intake of Zhejiang residents was at recommended intake levels; the iodized salt turns out to be the main source, the iodine nutrition level was relatively low in coastal areas of Zhejiang, which the coverage of iodized salt should be improved.

[Exposure assessment on dietary lead and cadmium of residents in three areas of Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of dietary lead and cadmium intake in 3 areas of Zhejiang province. METHODS: Using the total dietary study method, the study was conducted in 3 regions which represented coastal, city and rural areas in Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2010. The dietary survey was conducted on the residents (512 subjects) and the categories and volume of food consumption were obtained. The analytical food samples were obtained by food consumption survey, food aggregation, food sampling and preparation. The food samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The safety of dietary lead and cadmium intake was evaluated. RESULTS: The median dietary lead intake (P50) in Zhejiang province was 37.8 µg/d. The 97.5% dietary lead intake (P97.5) was 72.3 µg/d. The P50 dietary lead intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 23.2 to 44.2 µg/d. The P97.5 dietary lead intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 34.2 to 88.1 µg/d. The P50 dietary cadmium intake in Zhejiang province was 9.6 µg/d. The P97.5 dietary cadmium intake was 15.7 µg/d. The P50 dietary cadmium intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 6.4 to 11.4 µg/d, accounting 15.6% - 42.6% of PTMI (provisional tolerable monthly intake, 25 µg/kg). The P97.5 dietary cadmium intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 10.5 to 21.4 µg/d, accounting 27.5% - 77.6% of PTMI. Vegetable (11.3 µg), cereal (11.0 µg) and meat (9.8 µg) were the first three food sources which accounted for 84.9% of dietary lead (P50: 37.8 µg/d). Cereal (3.6 µg), vegetable (2.1 µg) and legume (0.9 µg) were the first three food sources which accounted for 68.8% of dietary cadmium (P50: 9.6 µg/d). CONCLUSION: Dietary lead and cadmium intakes of most residents in 3 areas of Zhejiang province as well as the average level are safe.