Puerol and pueroside derivatives from Pueraria lobata and their anti-inflammatory activity.

Five undescribed puerols and puerosides and three known analogues were obtained from the roots of Pueraria lobata. Their structures were determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data and chemical methods. Since puerol D and puerol C were racemic compounds, resolved into their enantiomers, and their absolute configurations were determined by experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Six of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on NO generation and the expression of inflammatory factors in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that (S)-puerol C, (R)-puerol C, isokuzubutenolide A and kuzubutenolide A significantly decreased the NO production (IC50 values in the range of 16.87-39.95 µM). Meanwhile, (S)-puerol C, isokuzubutenolide A and kuzubutenolide A also reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6).

Corrigendum to "Metabolic profiling of icaritin in rats using UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS" [Chinese Herbal Medicines 11 (2019) 185-191].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.03.008.].

Six New Methyl Apiofuranosides from the Bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production.

A chemical investigation on 70% EtOH extract from the bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid (Rutaceae) led to six new methyl apiofuranosides (1-6), and ten known compounds (7-16). All these compounds were characterized by the basic analysis of the spectroscopic data including extensive 1D-, 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the absolute configurations were determined by both empirical approaches and NOESY. Inhibitory effects of compounds 1-9 and 11-16 on nitric oxide production were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated RAW 264.7 cells, as a result, most of these isolates inhibited nitric oxide (NO) release, and among them 9, 11, and 12 displayed the strongest inhibition on NO release at the concentration of 12.5 µM.

Two pairs of phenolic enantiomers from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.

Two pairs of new phenolic enantiomers, (+)-eucophenolic A (1a), (-)-eucophenolic B (1b), (-)-eucophenolic C (2a), (+)-eucophenolic D (2b) were isolated from the leaves of Eucommia ulmodies Oliver by chiral enantiomeric resolution. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of 1a/1b and 2a/2b were determined by empirical method and the calculated ECD and OR. All compounds were tested for Hep G2 tumour cell lines. However, no compounds showed potential cytotoxic activities against Hep G2 in vitro.

[Chemistry and biology research on bitter-taste Chinese materia medica with function of regulating glycolipid metabolism].

The bitter taste is one of the important properties among five flavors of Chinese materia medica (CMM), characterized by downbearing and discharging, drying dampness, and consolidating Yin. In common CMM, bitter-taste CMM accounts for a large proportion, indicating the importance of it. Through the efficacy of clearing away heat and dampness, reducing fire and removing toxin, bitter-taste CMM has achieved good results in treating diabetes in clinical application, proving their definite therapeutic effect on regulating glucose and lipid metabolism (main features of diabetes). At present, there are many reports about the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of CMM on diabetes, but there are few reviews on the chemistry and biology of bitter-taste CMM. This study summarized the properties and compatibility characteristics of bitter-taste CMM for treating diabetes, and mainly analyzed the chemistry and biology basis of bitter-taste CMM with function of regulating glycolipid metabolism, laying foundation for further researches on properties theory of CMM.

Two pairs of phenylpropanoid enantiomers from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides.

Two pairs of phenylpropanoid enantiomers, (+)-(7S,8S)-alatusol D (1a), (-)-(7R,8R)-alatusol D (1b), (-)-(7S,8R)-alatusol D (2a) and (+)-(7R,8S)-alatusol D (2b) were isolated from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Among them, 1a and 2b were firstly obtained by chiral enantiomeric resolution. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and the induced CD (ICD) spectrum caused by adding Mo2(AcO)4 in DMSO. All compounds were tested on Hep G2 tumor cell lines. However, none of the compounds showed potential cytotoxic activity against Hep G2 in vitro.

Rapid characterization of the absorbed chemical constituents of Tangzhiqing formula following oral administration using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS.

Tangzhiqing formula, a Chinese herbal formula, is used for the treatment of type II diabetes and prediabetes. Although its effectiveness has been certified by clinical use, its absorbed chemical constituents are not comprehensively represented. Thence, in order to reveal potential bioactive components and metabolism of Tangzhiqing formula, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was developed. A total of 86 absorbed components, including 38 prototype compounds and 48 metabolites, were identified in rat plasma, urine, and feces after oral administration of Tangzhiqing formula. This was the first systematic study on the chemical constituents and metabolic profiling of Tangzhiqing formula. The results indicated that alkaloids and flavonoids were main absorbed components, and glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolites. Moreover we concluded that alkaloids and flavonoids first underwent demethylation and hydrolysis reactions before biotransformed to phase II metabolites. This study provided valuable data for safety estimation of Tangzhiqing formula, which will be advantageous for clinical application.

Withapubesides A-D: natural inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitors from Physalis pubescens.

Four new steroid glycosides, withapubesides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the stems of Physalis pubescens L. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD data analysis, respectively. Compound 3 has shown significant inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 12.8 µM and moderate cytostatic activity against human carcinoma cells (786-O, C4-2B, 22Rvl, A375 and A375S2) with IC50 values in the range of 3.05-9.47 µM. Molecular docking simulation demonstrated that 3 is bound in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) active site heme pocket very well, which suggests that 3 might be a candidate for the development of iNOS inhibitors.

Systematic characterization of the metabolites of paeonol in rats using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with an integrative strategy.

Paeonol, an active constituent in the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, is used to treat inflammation, headache and other diseases in clinic. Though the data on pharmacological researches of paeonol abounds, its metabolic profile is not so clear. It is essential to systematically characterize the in vivo metabolites in order to better understand its mechanism of action. In this study, ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS) with an integrative strategy was developed for analysis of paeonol metabolites. As a result, based on seven reference substances isolated or synthesized, twenty-five metabolites were detected and identified in urine, feces, bile and plasma of rats after oral administration of paeonol. To the best of our knowledge, 14 of these metabolites have not been reported previously. In addition, the dominating metabolic fates were oxidation, demethylation, hydrogenation, glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugations, and hydrogenation of paeonol was reported for the first time. This research provides scientific and reliable support for full understanding of the metabolic profiling of paeonol.

Metabolic profiling of quercetin in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Quercetin, a kind of major flavonoid found in many traditional chinese medicines, is an effective substance for treatments such as lowering blood lipids. However, the studies on quercetin have been mainly focused on its pharmacological effect; the treatment of diseases on a material basis, particularly the metabolites derived from quercetin in vivo, has not been evaluated. In this study, we determined the levels, distributions and types of quercetin's metabolites in plasma, urine, feces and bile of rats after a single oral administration of quercetin at a dose of 80 mg/kg, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). A total of 36 metabolites of quercetin were identified, including 11 metabolites in plasma, 34 metabolites in urine, 12 metabolites in feces and 21 metabolites in bile. The results showed that phase I metabolites were reduction metabolites and phase II metabolites mainly included glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation metabolites. These results provide important information on the metabolism of quercetin, which will be helpful for its further development and utilization.

(+)/(-)-Phaeocaulin A-D, four pairs of new enantiomeric germacrane-type sesquiterpenes from Curcuma phaeocaulis as natural nitric oxide inhibitors.

Germacrane-type sesquiterpenes, with a flexible 10-membered ring unit as the structural and conformational features, play a central role in the biosynthesis and synthesis of other sesquiterpenes. In this report, two pairs of new sesquiterpene alkaloids, (+)/(-)-phaeocaulin A [(+)-1/(-)-1] and B [(+)-2/(-)-2], and two pairs of new sesquiterpenes, (+)/(-)-phaeocaulin C [(+)-3/(-)-3] and D [(+)-4/(-)-4], along with one related known analog (5), were isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis. The absolute configurations of (+)-1/(-)-1, (+)-2/(-)-2, (+)-3/(-)-3 and (+)-4/(-)-4 were unambiguously determined by analysis of single-crystal X-ray diffractions and quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) method. It is noteworthy that (+)/(-)-phaeocaulin A [(+)-1/(-)-1] and B [(+)-2/(-)-2] are two pairs of rare N-containing germacrane-type sesquiterpenes. A possible biogenetic pathway for 1-5 was postulated. All of the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Metabolic profiling of nuciferine in rat urine, plasma, bile and feces after oral administration using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Nuciferine, a major alkaloid found in Nelumbinis Folium, exhibits a broad spectrum of bioactivities, such as antiobesity, anti-diabetes and anti-inflammatory. However, many research regarding nuciferine focused on the extraction, isolation and biological activity, the metabolism is not comprehensively explained in vivo. Thence, the present of this paper is to establish a simple method for speculating metabolites of nuciferine. A total of 15 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified through ultra high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS), including 7 new metabolites. Among them, we also discovered a previously unmentioned metabolically active site at the C1-OCH3 position. These metabolites suggested that demethylation, oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfation were major metabolic pathways. This study provided significant experiment basis for its safety estimate and valuable information about the metabolism of nuciferine, which will be advantageous for new drug development.

Megastigmane glycosides from leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver with ACE inhibitory activity.

Four new megastigmane glycosides, eucomegastigsides A-D (2, 3, 5 and 7), together with three known megastigmane glycosides, (6R, 7E, 9R)-9-hydroxy-4, 7-megastigmadien-3-one-9-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(l→6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside (1), foliasalacioside B1 (4) and eleganoside A (6), were isolated from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. Their anti-hypertensive effect was investigated in vitro based on the inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) using HPLC. The results showed that the isolates (2, 3, 4, 5, 7) had moderate inhibitory effects on ACE in vitro compared with captopril.

Antiproliferative and Anti-inflammatory Withanolides from Physalis angulata.

Sixteen new withanolides, physangulatins A-N (1-14) and withaphysalins Y and Z (15 and 16), as well as 12 known analogues, were isolated from the stems and leaves of Physalis angulata L. Their structures were established using extensive spectroscopic data analyses. The absolute configurations of 1 and 9 were assigned via X-ray crystallography. The isolated compounds were tested for their antiproliferative effects against human prostate cancer cells (C4-2B and 22Rvl), human renal carcinoma cells (786-O, A-498, and ACHN), and human melanoma cells (A375-S2), as well as inhibitory effects on NO production induced by LPS in macrophages. Compounds 9, 17, 20, 21, 25, and 27 showed antiproliferative effects against all tested cancer cells, with IC50 values of 0.18-7.43 µM. Compounds 3-5, 9-11, 17, 20-22, 24, 25, and 27 displayed inhibitory effects against NO production, with IC50 values of 1.36-11.59 µM.

Two pairs of farnesyl phenolic enantiomers as natural nitric oxide inhibitors from Ganoderma sinense.

Four new farnesyl phenolic compounds, ganosinensols A-D (1-4) were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense. Two pairs of enantiomers, 1/2, and 3/4 were isolated by HPLC using a Daicel Chiralpak IE column. Their structures were elucidated from extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. The absolute configurations of 1-4 were assigned by ECD spectra. All of these isolated compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values from 1.15 to 2.26µM.

Two new lignans from the aerial part of Vitex negundo.

A new phenyldihydronaphthalene-type lignan, (3R,4S)-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde-3a-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (1), and a new phenylnaphthalene-type lignan, 6,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-2,3- cycloligna-1,4-dien-2a,3a-olide (2), along with 10-known lignan derivatives (3-12) were isolated from the aerial part of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla. Their structures were established by comprehensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses.

Study on 1H-NMR fingerprinting of Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) fingerprint of Rhodiola rosea medicinal materials was established, and used to distinguish the quality of raw materials from different sources. Pulse sequence for water peak inhibition was employed to acquire 1H-NMR spectra with the temperature at 298 K and spectrometer frequency of 400.13 MHz. Through subsection integral method, the obtained NMR data was subjected to similarity analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). 10 batches raw materials of Rhodiola rosea from different origins were successfully distinguished by PCA. The statistical results indicated that rhodiola glucoside, butyl alcohol, maleic acid and alanine were the main differential ingredients. This method provides an auxiliary method of Chinese quality approach to evaluate the quality of Rhodiola crenulata without using natural reference substances.

Natural nitric oxide (NO) inhibitors from the rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis.

An exploration we carried out for isolating nitric oxide (NO) inhibitors from the rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis afforded one new salvialane-type sesquiterpene, phasalvione (1), two novel nor-sesquiterpenes, phaeocaudione (2) and phaeocauone (3), one aromatic acid 3-methyl-4-(3-oxo-butyl)-benzoic acid (4), two γ-elemene-type sesquiterpenes, 8ß(H)-elema-1,3,7(11)-trien-8,12-lactam (5) and 8ß-methoxy-isogermafurenolide (6), one eudesmane-type sesquiterpene, phaeusmane I (7), and one cyclic diarylheptanoid, phaeoheptanoxide (8). Their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were assigned using the circular dichroism data of the [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex, and the absolute configuration of 1 was further established by single crystal X-ray crystallography. It is noteworthy that compounds 5­7 were racemates analyzed by chiral HPLC. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on nitric oxide production in LPS-activated macrophages were evaluated. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed strong inhibitory activities on NO production with IC50 values of 7.46 ± 0.69, 2.35 ± 0.17 and 3.49 ± 0.31 µM, respectively. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1­4 in C. phaeocaulis was also discussed.

Four new sesquiterpenes from the rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis and their iNOS inhibitory activities.

Three new guaiane-type sesquiterpenes named phaeocaulisins K-M (1-3), and one germacrane-type sesquiterpenoid with new ring system of 1,5- and 1,8-ether groups named phagermadiol (4), were isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis. Their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1, the first example of norsesquiterpene with tropone backbone, and compound 3 with a novel 1,2-dioxolane sesquiterpene alcohol were isolated from the genus Curcuma. All of the isolated compounds were tested for inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 3 inhibited NO production with IC50 value of 6.05 ± 0.43 µM. The plausible biosynthetic pathway for compounds 3 and 4 in C. phaeocaulis was also discussed.

Biotransformation of Curcumenol by Mucor polymorphosporus.

Biocatalysis of curcumenol (1) was performed by Mucor polymorphosporus AS 3.3443. Six metabolites including five new compounds were obtained, and their structures were elucidated as 10ß-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrocurcumenol (2), 2ß-hydroxycurcumenol (3), 15-hydroxycurcumenol (4), 12-hydroxycurcumenol (5), 1-hydroxy-4αH-guai-1,6,9-triene-2,8-dione (6), and 5-hydroxycarbonyl-1-oxo-3,7-dimethylindane (7) by spectroscopic analysis. M. polymorphosporus catalyzed unusual degradation and rearrangement reactions to generate a ring-contracted metabolite (7) of curcumenol (1). Curcumenol (1) and metabolites 4-7 exhibited inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with 7 exhibiting more potent activity than curcumenol.