Relação entre a obesidade, inatividade física e pressão arterial em educandos nas cidades de Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião- SP / Relationship between obesity, physical inactivity and blood pressure in students in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião-SP

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença que atinge crianças e adolescentes e sua identificação, cada vez mais cedo, contribui para evitar o desenvolvimento precoce das doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de pressão arterial (PA) acima da normalidade e relacionar com obesidade e estilo de vida de escolares das cidades de Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião. Foram avaliadas 369 crianças e adolescentes. Informações sobre saúde e prática de exercícios físicos foram obtidas pela anamnese. Após cinco minutos de repouso, foram realizadas avaliações hemodinâmicas e antropométricas em cada participante. Taxa de Odds foi usada para avaliar o risco de pressão arterial acima da normalidade em crianças com peso alterado e inativas. Correlação de Pearson foi usada para correlacionar as variáveis antropométricas e hemodinâmicas. Dentre os avaliados, 28% apresentaram valores alterados de PA e 29% já estavam com sobrepeso e obesidade. Além disso, 89% dos escolares foram classificados como insuficientemente ativos. Dentre os escolares com sobrepeso, 48% estavam com a PA alterada e, dentre os obesos a PA estava alterada em 65%. Crianças e adolescentes com peso acima do normal apresentavam 3,59 vezes mais chances de apresentar PA alterada. Pode-se concluir que os resultados são de extrema relevância para reforçar a inclusão de diferentes estratégias nas escolas para o controle da obesidade e sedentarismo desde a infância, a fim de se evitar casos precoces de hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a disease that affects children and adolescents and its identification, helps to prevent the premature development of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of blood pressure (BP) above normal and to relate it to obesity and lifestyle of scholars in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião. A total of 369 children and adolescents were evaluated. Information on health and physical exercise were obtained through anamnesis. After 5 minutes of rest, hemodynamic and anthropometric assessments were performed on each participant. Odds rate was used to assess the risk of above-normal blood pressure in overweight and inactive children. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate anthropometric and hemodynamic variables. Among those evaluated, 28% had altered BP values and 29% were already overweight and obese. In addition, 89% of students were classified as insufficiently active. Among overweight scholars, 48% had altered BP and, among obese, BP was altered in 65%. Overweight children and adolescents had 3.59 times more risk to have altered BP. It can be concluded that the results are extremely relevant to reinforce the inclusion of different strategies in schools for the control of obesity and sedentary lifestyle, in order to avoid early cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

Relação entre a obesidade, inatividade física e pressão arterial em educandos nas cidades de Bauru,Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião- SP / Relationship between obesity, physical inactivity and blood pressure in students in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião-SP

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença que atinge crianças e adolescentes e sua identificação, cada vez mais cedo, contribui para evitar o desenvolvimento precoce das doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de pressão arterial (PA) acima da normalidade e relacionar com obesidade e estilo de vida de escolares das cidades de Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú e São Sebastião. Foram avaliadas 369 crianças e adolescentes. Informações sobre saúde e prática de exercícios físicos foram obtidas pela anamnese. Após cinco minutos de repouso, foram realizadas avaliações hemodinâmicas e antropométricas em cada participante. Taxa de Odds foi usada para avaliar o risco de pressão arterial acima da normalidade em crianças com peso alterado e inativas. Correlação de Pearson foi usada para correlacionar as variáveis antropométricas e hemodinâmicas. Dentre os avaliados, 28% apresentaram valores alterados de PA e 29% já estavam com sobrepeso e obesidade. Além disso, 89% dos escolares foram classificados como insuficientemente ativos. Dentre os escolares com sobrepeso, 48% estavam com a PA alterada e, dentre os obesos a PA estava alterada em 65%. Crianças e adolescentes com peso acima do normal apresentavam 3,59 vezes mais chances de apresentar PA alterada. Pode-se concluir que os resultados são de extrema relevância para reforçar a inclusão de diferentes estratégias nas escolas para o controle da obesidade e sedentarismo desde a infância, a fim de se evitar casos precoces de hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares (AU).

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a disease that affects children and adolescents and its identification, helps to prevent the premature development of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of blood pressure (BP) above normal and to relate it to obesity and lifestyle of scholars in the cities of Bauru, Ibitinga, Jaú and São Sebastião. A total of 369 children and adolescents were evaluated. Information on health and physical exercise were obtained through anamnesis. After 5 minutes of rest, hemodynamic and anthropometric assessments were performed on each participant. Odds rate was used to assess the risk of above-normal blood pressure in overweight and inactive children. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate anthropometric and hemodynamic variables. Among those evaluated, 28% had altered BP values and 29% were already overweight and obese. In addition, 89% of students were classified as insufficiently active. Among overweight scholars, 48% had altered BP and, among obese, BP was altered in 65%. Overweight children and adolescents had 3.59 times more risk to have altered BP. It can be concluded that the results are extremely relevant to reinforce the inclusion of different strategies in schools for the control of obesity and sedentary lifestyle, in order to avoid early cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (AU).

Is the dentifrice containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, and fluoride able to protect enamel against chemical mechanical wear? An in situ/ex vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a dentifrice that contains calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, and fluoride on erosive-abrasive enamel wear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized, single-blind in situ/ex vivo study was conducted with four crossover phases of 5 days (one group tested per phase). Bovine enamel blocks (n = 256) were allocated to 16 volunteers and 8 groups. The groups under study were test dentifrice, with calcium silicate, sodium phosphate, and 1450 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate; tin dentifrice, with 3500 ppm stannous chloride, 700 ppm amine fluoride, and 700 ppm sodium fluoride; conventional dentifrice, with 1450 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate; and control (deionized water). Half of the enamel blocks were subjected to erosion and the other half to erosion plus abrasion. The daily extraoral protocol consisted in four citric acid exposures (2 min) and two applications of dentifrice slurry on all blocks for 30 s; after, half of the blocks were brushed for 15 s. The response variable was enamel loss. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: For erosion, the test dentifrice promoted less enamel loss than water (4.7 ± 3.1 and 5.8 ± 2.5 µm, respectively, p < 0.05), and did not differ from tin (4.8 ± 2.5 µm) and conventional (4.8 ± 1.4 µm) dentifrices (p > 0.05). However, the test dentifrice (7.7 ± 3.8 µm) promoted higher wear after erosive plus abrasive procedures than tin (5.4 ± 1.5 µm) and conventional (6.2 ± 1.7 µm, p < 0.05) dentifrices, and did not differ from water (6.9 ± 2.0 µm). CONCLUSIONS: The investigated dentifrice reduced enamel loss against acid challenge but had no effect against acid and brushing challenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Little is known regarding the preventive effect of dentifrices indicated for dental erosion. The tested anti-erosive dentifrice was unable to protect enamel when erosion was associated to toothbrushing abrasion.

Could a chelant improve the effect of curcumin-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy against dental intact biofilms?

To our knowledge, there is still no evidence in relation to the combination of curcumin with chelants to improve the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on complex dental caries biofilms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of curcumin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-mediated aPDT on the vitality of intact biofilms of dentin caries microcosms. Biofilms were grown on glass slabs in McBain medium plus 1% sucrose in microaerophily at 37 °C for 5 days. Then, biofilms were treated with associations of 600 µmol L-1 curcumin combined or not with 1% EDTA and 37.5 or 75 J cm-2 LED (455 nm). The vitality was determined by a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after staining biofilms with a mixture of 2.5 g L-1 fluorescein diacetate and 0.25 g L-1 ethidium bromide. Statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's test (P < 0.05). Three treatments were able to reduce the vitality of overall biofilms: curcumin + 75 J cm-2 LED, curcumin-EDTA + 37.5 J cm-2 LED, and curcumin-EDTA + 75 J cm-2 LED. Also, the vitality of inner layers of biofilms was significantly reduced only after the combination of aPDT with EDTA. Therefore, the association of curcumin and EDTA improved the antimicrobial effect of aPDT on dentin caries microcosms, considering the application of lower light densities and deeper layers of biofilms.

Could chlorhexidine be an adequate positive control for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in- in vitro studies?

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) is commonly applied as positive control of new antimicrobials, because it is considered the gold-standard for chemical plaque control. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of treatments with curcumin-mediated aPDT and CHX in relation to the viability of specific microorganism groups in two distinct times (immediately and 24 h later). METHODS: Dentin caries microcosms were grown on bovine dentin discs (37 °C, anaerobiosis) for 3 days in the Active Attachment Amsterdam Biofilm Model. The biofilms were treated with 300 µM curcumin and 75 J.cm-² LED, or 0.06% and 0.12% CHX. Then, total microorganisms, total streptococci, mutans streptococci, and total lactobacilli counts were determined. The statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunn's tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Curcumin-mediated aPDT (C + L+), 0.06% and 0.12% CHX reduced mutans streptococci counts (0.19, 0.10 and 0.07 log10 respectively) in the immediate analysis. After 24 h, it was observed a re-growth of microorganisms treated by curcumin-mediated aPDT, whereas both CHX concentrations demonstrated a decrease of the viable microorganisms. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the substantive effect of CHX and the immediate effect of aPDT. The use of a neutralizer solution was important to block the substantivity of CHX and permit its fair comparison with aPDT, allowing its use as a positive control in further studies.

Effect of methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on dentin caries microcosms.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment of dental caries, although there are no well-defined protocols to its clinical application. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of aPDT on the viability of microorganisms, vitality of biofilms, and lactic acid production of dentin caries microcosms. Biofilms were grown on bovine dentin discs in anaerobic conditions at 37 °C for 5 days, inoculating infected carious dentin in modified McBain medium plus 1% sucrose. The biofilms were treated by the combination of deionized water or 100 mg L-1 methylene blue (MB) with 0, 37.5, or 75 J cm-2 LED at 630 nm. The counts of total microorganisms, total streptococci, mutans streptococci, and total lactobacilli were determined by colony-forming units (CFU). The vitality of microbial cells in intact biofilms was measured by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The lactic acid production was analyzed by enzymatic spectrophotometry at 340 nm. Statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests (P < 0.05). MB and 37.5 J cm-2 LED alone did not interfere in the viability of microorganisms, unlike 75 J cm-2 LED alone that decreased the total microorganism and lactobacillus counts. The combination of MB and 75 J cm-2 LED reduced the viability of all microorganisms and the vitality of intact biofilms. The production of lactic acid was statistically lower in all treatment groups in comparison with that of the control (no treatment), except for MB alone. Therefore, the MB-mediated aPDT was effective in controlling the viability, vitality and the acidogenicity of dentin caries microcosms.

The in vitro effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on dental microcosm biofilms from partially erupted permanent molars: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) could enhance the prevention of dental caries lesions in pits and fissures of partially erupted molars, by killing microorganisms from complex dental biofilms. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) on the viability of specific microorganism groups of dental microcosm biofilms from occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in eruption. METHODS: Dental microcosm biofilms grown on bovine enamel blocks, from dental plaque collected on occlusal surfaces of a partially erupted lower right first permanent molar, with McBain medium plus 1% sucrose in anaerobic condition at 37 °C for 72 h. The experiments were performed in eight groups: L-P- = no treatment (control), L18.75P- = 18.75 J/cm2 LED, L37.5P- = 37.5 J/cm2 LED, L75P- = 75 J/cm2 LED, L-P+ = 200 mM TBO, L18.75P+ = 200 mM TBO + 18.75 J/cm2 LED, L37.5P+ = 200 mM TBO + 37.5 J/cm2 LED, and L75P+ = 200 mM TBO + 75 J/cm2 LED. The counts of total microorganisms, total streptococci and mutans streptococci were determined on selective media agar plates by colony-forming units per mL. The log-transformed counts were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunn's test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The counts of all microorganisms treated in the group L75P+ were statistically lower than those treated in L-P-. The aPDT promoted a significant reduction of microorganisms, with a trend of dose-dependent effect. CONCLUSION: TBO-mediated aPDT was effective in reducing the viability of specific microbial groups in dental microcosm biofilms originated from occlusal of permanent molars in eruption.

The influence of genetic polymorphisms on performance and cardiac and hemodynamic parameters among Brazilian soccer players.

This study investigated whether ACTN3 R577X, AMPD1 C34T, I/D ACE, and M235T AGT polymorphisms can affect performance tests such as jumping, sprinting, and endurance in 220 young male athletes from professional minor league soccer team from São Paulo Futebol Clube, Brazil. I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms were also analyzed according to cardiac and hemodynamic parameters. Athletes were grouped or not by age. DNA from saliva and Taqman assays were used for genotyping 220 athletes and the results were associated with performance tests. Ventricle mass, ventricle end-diastolic diameter, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction were assessed by echocardiogram. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and oximetry were assessed by a cardioscope. The main results of this study were that athletes who carried RR/RX (ACTN3) and DD (ACE) genotypes presented better performance during jump and sprint tests. On the other hand, athletes with ID/II genotype presented better results during endurance test, while AGT genotypes did not seem to favor the athletes during the evaluated physical tests. CC genotype (AMPD1) only favored the athletes during 10-m sprint test. Although there are environmental interactions influencing performance, the present results suggest that RR/RX ACTN3 and ACE DD genotypes may benefit athletes in activities that require strength and speed, while II ACE genotype may benefit athletes in endurance activities. This information could help coaches to plan the training session to improve the athletes' performance.