Analysis of symbiotic backscatter empowered wireless sensors network with short-packet communications.

Recent progress studies in light of wireless communication systems mainly centred around two focuses: zero-energy consumption and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). Among various cutting-edge areas, exploiting ambient backscatter communication (Backcom) has recently been devised as one of the foremost solutions for achieving zero energy consumption through the viability of ambient radio frequency. Meanwhile, using short-packet communication (SPC) is the cheapest way to reach the goal of URLLCs. Upon these benefits, we investigate the feasibility of Backcom and SPC for symbiotic wireless sensor networks by analyzing the system performance. Specifically, we provide a highly approximated mathematical framework for evaluating the block-error rate (BLER) performance, followed by some useful asymptotic results. These results provide insights into the level of diversity and coding gain, as well as how packet design impacts BLER performance. Numerical results confirm the efficacy of the developed framework and the correctness of key insights gleaned from the asymptotic analyses.

Promising deep-red emitting Cr3+-doped SrAl12O19 phosphors for plant growth LEDs.

Recently, deep-red-emitting phosphors that can be excited by ultraviolet (UV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) light have been extensively investigated for plant growth LED applications. However, due to the harmful effects of these high-energy rays on plants, violet- or blue-excited deep-red-emitting phosphors are considered a more appropriate solution. In this work, SrAl12O19:Cr3+ phosphors were synthesized using a simple solid-state reaction, revealing a strikingly sharp deep-red emission band centered at 694 nm and effective excitation by violet light. The optimal SrAl12O19:1.0%Cr3+ phosphor, annealed at 1500°C, exhibits an extended lifetime of 0.549 ms, an energy activation level of 0.239 eV, a good quantum efficiency (QE) of 36.2%, and superior color purity at 100%. Further, an LED prototype with a precise absorption spectrum for far-red phytochrome (Pfr) has been demonstrated. These results indicate that the synthesized SrAl12O19:1.0%Cr3+ phosphors could be used as a promising deep-red-emitting phosphor for plant growth LED.

Evaluating lecturer performance in Vietnam: An application of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methods.

Higher education is regarded as being of paramount importance in Vietnam and as being essential to raising the level of the country's labor force and promoting economic progress. Evaluation of lecturers is one of the institution's activities and a crucial component of managing human resources in higher education institutions. How to evaluate faculty members' overall performance using a range of criteria is one of the key evaluation-related challenges. This study presents a method that uses fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to assess and rank the performance of lecturers. Specifically, the evaluation framework is developed by identifying criteria and sub-criteria based on a comprehensive review of existing literature. Following that, the fuzzy AHP approach is used to determine the weights of the criteria and sub-criteria using the pairwise comparisons. The Fuzzy TOPSIS approach is employed to assess and prioritize lecturers identified through expert evaluation. When applied in group decision-making, utilizing fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS promotes agreement among decision-makers and diminishes uncertainty in decision-making processes. The utilization of the multiple criterion measurement approach can then be used to carry out the evaluation. The suggested framework is also demonstrated via a case study. The use of this framework can improve the evaluation's objectivity, accuracy, and scientific methodology. It is believed that this work will assist managers of higher education institutions improve their standards for educational quality.

The effect of magnetic bead size on the isolation efficiency of lung cancer cells in a serpentine microchannel with added cavities.

An investigation was conducted to examine the effect of magnetic bead (MB) size on the effectiveness of isolating lung cancer cells using the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method in a serpentine microchannel with added cavities (SMAC) structure. Carboxylated magnetic beads were specifically conjugated to target cells through a modification procedure using aptamer materials. Cells immobilized with different sizes (in micrometers) of MBs were captured and isolated in the proposed device for comparison and analysis. The study yields significance regarding the clarification of device working principles by using a computational model. Furthermore, an accurate evaluation of the MB size impact on capture efficiency was achieved, including the issue of MB-cell accumulation at the inlet-channel interface, despite it being overlooked in many previous studies. As a result, our findings demonstrated an increasing trend in binding efficiency as the MB size decreased, evidenced by coverages of 50.5%, 60.1%, and 73.4% for sizes of 1.36 µm, 3.00 µm, and 4.50 µm, respectively. Additionally, the overall capture efficiency (without considering the inlet accumulation) was also higher for smaller MBs. However, when accounting for the actual number of cells entering the channel (i.e., the effective capture), larger MBs showed higher capture efficiency. The highest effective capture achieved was 88.4% for the size of 4.50 µm. This research provides an extensive insight into the impact of MB size on the performance of IMS-based devices and holds promise for the efficient separation of circulating cancer cells (CTCs) in practical applications.

High quantum efficiency and excellent color purity of red-emitting Eu3+-heavily doped Gd(BO2)3-Y3BO6-GdBO3 phosphors for NUV-pumped WLED applications.

Eu3+-doped phosphors have been much attractive owing to their narrow-band red emission peak at 610-630 nm with high color purity; however, the weak and narrow absorption band in the NUV region limits their applications. Doping a higher amount of Eu3+ ions into a non-concentration quenching host could be key to enhancing the efficiency of the absorption value and emission intensity. Hence, the design of Eu3+-heavily doped phosphors with a suitable host lattice is key for applications. In this study, red-emitting Eu3+-doped Gd(BO2)3-Y3BO6-GdBO3 (GdYGd:Eu3+) phosphor with a high quantum efficiency of 58.4% and excellent color purity of 99.5% is reported for the first time. The phosphor is efficiently excited by NUV light at 394 nm and emits a strong red emission band in the 590-710 nm range, peaking at 612 nm. The optimal annealing temperature and Eu3+ doping content to obtain the strongest PL intensity are 1100 °C and 20 mol%, respectively. The optimized GdYGd:Eu3+ phosphor possesses a high activation energy of 0.319 eV and a lifetime of 1.14 ms. An illustration of phosphor-coated NUV LED with chromaticity coordinates (x = 0.5636,y = 0.2961) was successfully synthesized, demonstrating the great potential of GdYGd:Eu3+ phosphor for NUV-pumped WLED applications.

Overall comorbidities in functional neurological disorder: A narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: The importance to assess and include the frequent comorbidities in the personalised care management plan of patients with functional neurological disorders (FND) has arisen through the years. FND patients are not only complaining from motor and/or sensory symptoms. They also report some non-specific symptoms that participate to the burden of FND. In this narrative review, we aim to better describe these comorbidities in terms of prevalence, clinical characteristics and their variability depending on the subtype of FND. METHODS: The literature was searched for on Medline and PubMed. The search was narrowed to articles between 2000 and 2022. RESULTS: Fatigue is the most common symptom reported in relation to FND (from 47 to 93%), followed by cognitive symptoms (from 80 to 85%). Psychiatric disorders are reported in 40 to 100% FND patients, depending on the FND subtype (functional motor disorder [FMD], functional dissociative seizures [FDS]…) but also on the type of psychiatric disorder (anxiety disorders being the most frequent, followed by mood disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders). Stress factors such as childhood trauma exposure (emotional neglect and physical abuse predominantly) have also been identified in up to 75% of FND patients, along with maladaptive coping strategies. Organic disorders are commonly reported in FND, such as neurological disorders (including epilepsy in FDS [20%] and FMD in Parkinson's Disease [7%]). Somatic symptom disorders including chronic pain syndromes are frequently associated to FND (about 50%). To be noted, recent data also suggest a high comorbidity between FND and hypermobile Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (about 55%). CONCLUSION: Put together, this narrative review highlights the high burden of FND patients, not only due to somatosensory alterations but also by considering the frequent comorbidities reported. Thus, such comorbidities must be taken into consideration when defining the FND personalised care management strategy for the patients.

DNA Methylation of Window of Implantation Genes in Cervical Secretions Predicts Ongoing Pregnancy in Infertility Treatment.

Window of implantation (WOI) genes have been comprehensively identified at the single cell level. DNA methylation changes in cervical secretions are associated with in vitro fertilization embryo transfer (IVF-ET) outcomes. Using a machine learning (ML) approach, we aimed to determine which methylation changes in WOI genes from cervical secretions best predict ongoing pregnancy during embryo transfer. A total of 2708 promoter probes were extracted from mid-secretory phase cervical secretion methylomic profiles for 158 WOI genes, and 152 differentially methylated probes (DMPs) were selected. Fifteen DMPs in 14 genes (BMP2, CTSA, DEFB1, GRN, MTF1, SERPINE1, SERPINE2, SFRP1, STAT3, TAGLN2, TCF4, THBS1, ZBTB20, ZNF292) were identified as the most relevant to ongoing pregnancy status. These 15 DMPs yielded accuracy rates of 83.53%, 85.26%, 85.78%, and 76.44%, and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of 0.90, 0.91, 0.89, and 0.86 for prediction by random forest (RF), naïve Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN), respectively. SERPINE1, SERPINE2, and TAGLN2 maintained their methylation difference trends in an independent set of cervical secretion samples, resulting in accuracy rates of 71.46%, 80.06%, 80.72%, and 80.68%, and AUCs of 0.79, 0.84, 0.83, and 0.82 for prediction by RF, NB, SVM, and KNN, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that methylation changes in WOI genes detected noninvasively from cervical secretions are potential markers for predicting IVF-ET outcomes. Further studies of cervical secretion of DNA methylation markers may provide a novel approach for precision embryo transfer.

Concepts, electrode configuration, characterization, and data analytics of electric and electrochemical microfluidic platforms: a review.

Microfluidic cytometry (MC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are two important techniques in biomedical engineering. Microfluidic cytometry has been utilized in various fields such as stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis studies, and provides a simple, label-free, real-time method for characterizing and monitoring cellular fates. The impedance microdevice, including impedance flow cytometry (IFC) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), is integrated into MC systems. IFC measures the impedance of individual cells as they flow through a microfluidic device, while EIS measures impedance changes during binding events on electrode regions. There have been significant efforts to improve and optimize these devices for both basic research and clinical applications, based on the concepts, electrode configurations, and cell fates. This review outlines the theoretical concepts, electrode engineering, and data analytics of these devices, and highlights future directions for development.

The Anatomic Landmark Approach to Extratemporal Facial Nerve Repair in Facial Trauma.

Objective In this study, we aimed to examine the topical anatomic landmarks of the facial nerve (facial nerve areas) and their application in cases of extratemporal facial nerve injury in maxillofacial trauma. Materials and methods We analyzed 25 maxillofacial trauma patients with facial paralysis who underwent facial nerve reanimation surgery at the Ho Chi Minh City National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology. The characteristics of each trauma case, including the mechanism of injury, the length of the facial injury, and the location/position of injury, were recorded. The association of the injured nerves with the trauma characteristics and the external landmarks of the facial danger zones was analyzed. Results The buccal branches had the highest rate of paralysis (22/25 cases), followed by zygomatic branches (15/25), frontal branches (11/25), marginal branches (6/25), and the main trunk (1/25). There were four areas related to the external facial nerve landmarks (facial nerve areas) that helped us find the affected nerves: wounds in Area 1 resulted in frontal branch paralysis in five out of eight cases (62.5%); wounds in Area 2 resulted in zygomatic branch paralysis in 8/13 cases (61.5%) and buccal branch paralysis in 12/12 cases (100%); wounds in Area 3 resulted in marginal branch paralysis in 5/10 cases (50%); and wounds in Area 4 alone resulted in main trunk paralysis in one out of four cases or at least two main branches in three out of four cases. Conclusion Extratemporal facial paralysis after facial trauma can be complex and highly variable, leading to difficulty in finding and repairing facial nerves. Thorough clinical examination and evaluation of trauma characteristics can aid in the identification of facial paralysis and repair. Mapping facial wounds using the four anatomic surface landmarks (Areas 1-4 as outlined in this research) helped us anticipate which branches might be traumatized and estimate the position of the distal and proximal endings to repair the nerves in all cases.

Screening of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Weed Plant to Biocontrol Stem Rot Disease on Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)

Abstract Endophytic bacteria from weed are emerging as valuable alternatives for biochemical pesticides in sustainable agriculture. This study aims to discover the antagonistic effects of some endophytic bacteria isolated from weed (Lactuca indica) against A. alternata, a casual of stem end rot disease of pitaya. A total of 14 endophytic bacteria were isolated and four of them presented in vitro antagonistic activity against A. alternata. Of four, strain L115 significantly inhibited the pathogenic growth with a mean inhibition diameter of 12.67 ± 0.02 mm, while the other three (strain L110, L111, and L114) showed a weak inhibition. The results indicated that strain L115 could belong to the Bacillaceae family while the other three (strain L110, L111, and L114) had characteristics of the Pseudomonadaceae family. Interestingly, strain L115 showed positive results for phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid (IAA), and biofilm production, whereas three other strains presented weak capabilities for phosphate solubilization, biofilm production and IAA production. In addition, the filtrate of strain L115 presented antifungal activity on biocontrol tests in vitro. Especially, strain L115 significantly increased seedling biomass of pitaya and tomato compared to the control. Hence, these results suggest strain L115 has the potential to be used as biocontrol agents against A. alternata. More studies should be done in the future to evaluate their efficiency in field conditions.

PMMA Bone Cements Modified with Silane-Treated and PMMA-Grafted Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals: Preparation and Characterization.

In this study, vinyltrimethoxysilane-treated hydroxyapatite (vHAP) and PMMA-grafted HAP (gHAP) were successfully prepared from original HAP (oHAP). Three kinds of HAP (oHAP, vHAP and g HAP) were used as additives for the preparation of three groups of HAP-modified PMMA bone cements (oHAP-BC, vHAP-BC and gHAP-BC). The setting, bending and compression properties of the bone cements were conducted according to ISO 5833:2002. The obtained results showed that the maximum temperature while curing the HAP-modified bone cements (HAP-BCs) decreased from 64.9 to 60.8 °C and the setting time increased from 8.1 to 14.0 min, respectively, with increasing HAP loading from 0 to 15 wt.%. The vHAP-BC and gHAP-BC groups exhibited higher mechanical properties than the required values in ISO 5833. Electron microscopy images showed that the vHAP and gHAP nanoparticles were dispersed better in the polymerized PMMA matrix than the oHAP nanoparticles. FTIR analysis indicated the polar interaction between the PO4 groups of the HAP nanoparticles and the ester groups of the polymerized PMMA matrix. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that mixtures of ZrO2/HAPs were not able to significantly improve the thermal stability of the HAP-BCs. DSC diagrams showed that the incorporation of gHAP to PMMA bone cement with loadings lower than 10 wt.% can increase Tg by about 2.4 °C.

Comprehensive review of the incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve.

The incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve is a vital anatomical structure within the anterior mandible that has not been thoroughly defined and outlined in reports in the literature until recent years. Advances in radiological imaging, particularly the widespread use of cone-beam computed tomography has allowed for accurate visualization of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and its associated incisive branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. Surgical damage to the MIC, which could result in hemorrhage and sensory disturbance, may occur in commonly practiced oral and maxillofacial procedures, such as chin bone harvesting, implant placement, fracture repair and removal of pathologic entities of the anterior mandible. Knowledge of both the presence, dimensions and location of the incisive branch is a vital component to pre and peri-operative planning of oral and maxillofacial surgeries performed within the mandible, particularly within the interforaminal zone. In this article, the terminology, anatomy, imaging, surgical consideration, and pathology of the incisive branch will be discussed.

Immunomagnetic separation in a novel cavity-added serpentine microchannel structure for the selective isolation of lung adenocarcinoma cells.

The manipulation and separation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in continuous fluidic flows play an essential role in various biomedical applications, particularly the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Recent advances in magnetic bead development have provided promising solutions to the challenges encountered in CTC manipulation and isolation. In this study, we proposed a biomicrofluidic platform for specifically isolating human lung carcinoma A549 cells in microfluidic channels. The principle of separation was based on the effect of the magnetic field on aptamer-conjugated magnetic beads, also known as immunomagnetic beads, in a serpentine microchannel with added cavities (SMAC). The magnetic cell separation performance of the proposed structure was modeled and simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The experimental procedures for aptamer molecular conjugation on 1.36 µm-diameter magnetic beads and magnetic bead immobilization on A549 cells were also reported. The lung carcinoma cell-bead complexes were then experimentally separated by an external magnetic field. Separation performance was also confirmed by optical microscopic observations and fluorescence analysis, which showed the high selectivity and efficiency of the proposed system in the isolation and capture of A549 cells in our proposed SMAC. At the flow rate of 5 µL/s, the capture rate of human lung carcinoma cells exceeded 70% in less than 15 min, whereas that of the nontarget cells was approximately 4%. The proposed platform demonstrated its potential for high selectivity, portability, and facile operation, which are suitable considerations for developing point-of-care applications for various biological and clinical purposes.

Clinical anatomy of the inferior labial gland: a narrative review.

OBJECTIVE: In this article we review the literature on the inferior labial gland from a clinical and anatomical perspective. BACKGROUND: Regardless of its importance in clinical practice, there are no medical literature that comprehensively reviewed the inferior labial gland. METHODS: A database search using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. The following keywords were used in the search: "lower labial salivary gland", "lower labial gland", "inferior labial salivary gland", AND "inferior labial gland". CONCLUSIONS: The human labial glands are types of minor salivary gland that continuously secrete small amounts of mucous and serous substances to maintain oral health. The inferior labial glands are innervated by the inferior labial branch of the mental nerve, and the inferior labial branch of the facial artery is the main arterial supply to the lower lip. Although they only have an auxiliary role in saliva production compared to the major salivary glands, minor salivary glands provide a certain amount of lubrication in the oral cavity by the continuous outflow of saliva. The inferior labial gland not only promotes moisturization in the oral cavity but also secretes substances with antibacterial effects, which is important for the function of the oral cavity. A recent study showed that the rate of salivary secretion from the inferior labial glands does not change with age, and in some cases the inferior labial glands are used for diagnosing intractable diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome and cystic fibrosis. In addition, since the inferior labial glands themselves can be the site of cyst and/or neoplasia development, we should be careful to distinguish them from other diseases. Elucidation of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the inferior labial glands, is important for understanding human health and diseases.

Predicting atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery using a simplified risk index.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and can lead to increased risk of postoperative adverse events. However, atrial fibrillation and postoperative adverse events are preventable. In this study, a risk index was developed to predict atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 405 patients who had undergone adult cardiac surgery from 2015 September to 2016 August at Heart Institute of HCMC and Cho Ray Hospital were obtained. In order to predict POAF, a logistic regression model was developed, and a risk score was derived and validated by bootstrap. RESULTS: In our study, 98 patients developed POAF (24.2%). The risk score included three significant risk factors (age ≥ 60, left atrial diameter > 41 mm, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft with concomitant mitral valve replacement or repair) that were consistent with other reports. Each of these risk factors was assigned one point. The total risk score ranges from 0 to 3 (AUC = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.63-0.75) with the best cutoff point at 1. According to this scoring system, the incidences of POAF in patients associated with each score of 0, 1, 2, and 3 were 8.6%, 30.1%, 40.8%, and 58.3% respectively. Bootstrapping with 5000 samples confirmed the final model provided was consistent with predictions. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated a simple risk score based on clinical variables that can be obtained before surgery in order to accurately predict the risk of POAF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

2020 Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations on the Use of P2Y12 Receptor Antagonists in the Asia-Pacific Region.

The unique characteristics of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the Asia-Pacific region mean that international guidelines on the use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) cannot be routinely applied to these populations. Newer generation P2Y12 inhibitors (i.e. ticagrelor and prasugrel) have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes compared with clopidogrel. However, low numbers of Asian patients participated in pivotal studies and few regional studies comparing DAPTs have been conducted. This article aims to summarise current evidence on the use of newer generation P2Y12 inhibitors in Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome and provide recommendations to assist clinicians, especially cardiologists, in selecting a DAPT regimen. Guidance is provided on the management of ischaemic and bleeding risks, including duration of therapy, switching strategies and the management of patients with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation MI or those requiring surgery. In particular, the need for an individualised DAPT regimen and considerations relating to switching, de-escalating, stopping or continuing DAPT beyond 12 months are discussed.

Recurrent PROC and novel PROS1 mutations in Vietnamese patients diagnosed with idiopathic deep venous thrombosis.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic mutations of PROC and PROS1 are well-known risk factors for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the Asian population. However, the genetic profile of Vietnamese patients with DVT remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of genetic mutations of these two genes in Vietnamese patients diagnosed with idiopathic DVT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 Vietnamese patients diagnosed with idiopathic DVT were recruited in this study. The entire coding regions of the protein C and protein S genes were amplified and directly sequenced to determine genetic alterations. RESULTS: Four and six genetic mutations were detected in protein C and protein S genes, respectively, in 24 Vietnamese DVT patients. PROC c.565C > T (p.R189W) was the most common mutation found in 13 out of 50 patients, while the mutations of PROS1 comprised three missense and three nonsense variants which diffuse along the gene. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mutations of protein C and protein S genes are prevalent in Vietnamese patients diagnosed with idiopathic DVT, and PROC c.565C > T (p.R189W) was the most common genetic alteration.

Clinical, etiological and epidemiological investigations of hand, foot and mouth disease in southern Vietnam during 2015 - 2018.

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) continues to challenge Asia with pandemic potential. In Vietnam, there have been two major outbreaks occurring during 2011-2012 (>200,000 hospitalizations and >200 deaths) and more recently in 2018 (>130,000 hospitalizations and 17 deaths). Given the high burden and the complex epidemic dynamics of HFMD, synthesizing its clinical and epidemiological data remains essential to inform the development of appropriate interventions and design public health measures. We report the results of a hospital-based study conducted during 2015-2018, covering the severe HFMD outbreak recently documented in Vietnam in 2018. The study was conducted at three major hospitals responsible for receiving HFMD patients from southern Vietnam with a population of over 40 million. A total of 19 enterovirus serotypes were detected in 1196 HFMD patients enrolled in the clinical study during 2015-2018, with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), CV-A10 and CV-A16 being the major causes. Despite the emergence of coxsackieviruses, EV-A71 remains the leading cause of severe HFMD in Vietnam. EV-A71 was consistently detected at a higher frequency during the second half of the years. The emergence of EV-A71 subgenogroup C4 in late 2018 was preceded by its low activity during 2017-early 2018. Compared with EV-A71 subgenogroup B5, C4 was more likely to be associated with severe HFMD, representing the first report demonstrating the difference in clinical severity between subgenogroup C4 and B5, the two predominant EV-A71 subgenogroups causing HFMD worldwide. Our data have provided significant insights into important aspects of HFMD over four years (2015-2018) in Vietnam, and emphasize active surveillance for pathogen circulation remains essential to inform the local public health authorities in the development of appropriate intervention strategies to reduce the burden of this emerging infections. Multivalent vaccines are urgently needed to control HFMD.

A rare case of trifid mandibular canal with bilateral retromolar foramina.

There are many reported anatomical variations of the mandibular canal. Consequently, there is great variation in the retromolar area, such as the quantity, size, and location of the retromolar foramen (RMF), the bony entrance of the retromolar canal (RMC). These variations allow for different accessory innervations to the mandibular molars and their adjacent buccal tissue because the RMC contains neurovascular bundles. Consideration of these anatomical variations is crucial for avoiding complications in anesthesia, implant placement, and surgery. However, the rarer canal types are often only imaged by computed tomography (CT) or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). We present a rare case with bilateral RMF and a unilateral trifid mandibular canal in a cadaver.