[The reasons for the formation of tolerance to food antigens].

One of the main issues of the peculiarities of the immune reactions of the gastrointestinal tract is the mechanisms of ensuring tolerance to food antigens. Concentrations of antibodies to food antigens actually reflect the state of the intestinal mucosa barrier function, and the degree of penetration of antigens into the blood determines the level of immune response to them. The aim of the study was to determine the risk criteria for violation of tolerance to food antigens. Material and methods. The study included the results of a survey and examination of 1334 adults living in the north of the European part of the Russian Federation, including 1100 born in the North, of which 970 were women and 364 were men. The average age of the respondents was 45.5±1.0 years. The comparison group consisted of 344 patients with pathology of the gastrointestinal tract who applied to the medical company "Biocor". The content of immunoglobulins (Ig) G to food antigens, total IgA, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, interleukin-4) in blood serum were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Results. Rural residents often (more than 28%) have elevated concentrations of IgG to potato, river fish, wheat and rye antigens. Urban residents have the most pronounced decrease in tolerance to food antigens of chicken, cod, beef and pork. In healthy individuals, elevated (>100 ME/ml) concentrations of antibodies to meat products are recorded in the range of 11.3-13.9%, to dairy antigens - 11.5-14.1%, cereals - 11.9-13.4%. Slightly less frequently, elevated concentrations of antibodies to fish antigens (7.5-10.1%), vegetables (3.8-7.0%) and fruits (4.9-6.5%) are detected. In inflammatory and oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the content of antibodies to food antigens increases sharply. On average, the frequency of impaired tolerance to food antigens in patients is 2.7-6.1 times higher than in healthy individuals. Conclusion. Violation of tolerance to food antigens is associated with an increase in blood pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin-6. In practically healthy individuals, a decrease in tolerance to food antigens is associated with a deficiency of blood IgA. The risk criteria for violation of the diet or consumption of low-quality foods may be an increase in the frequency of detection of elevated concentrations of antibodies to meat products in 14.6±3.0%, fish - 10.7±2.3%, cereals - 13.7±1.6%, dairy products - 14.8±1.5%, vegetables - 7.8±2.4% and fruits - 6.9±5.8%.

[Evaluation of specific IgG content to nutritional antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome].

Specific antibodies to food antigens are detected both in healthy individuals and in various pathologies, including those of the gastrointestinal tract, neuro- and autoimmune diseases. In fact, there are no studies concerning the level of specific IgG to food antigens in metabolic syndrome. A comparative analysis of the concentration of specific IgG to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome and healthy people was carried out. The goal was to determine the concentrations of specific IgG to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome. Material and methods. A survey of 100 patients with metabolic syndrome and 100 practically healthy people was carried out. The content of low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose, specific IgG antibodies to food allergens, insulin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α was determined in the blood serum. Results. A comparative analysis of the level of specific IgG to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome and practically healthy people was carried out. The spectrum of the most frequently detected IgG to food antigens in metabolic syndrome was similar to that in practically healthy people, but their average level was higher and elevated levels were more often recorded. It has been shown that the range of specific IgG detected was interconnected with impaired glucose utilization. Higher concentrations of IgG to meat and fish products were recorded in patients with insulin resistance, in the absence of insulin resistance higher levels of IgG to dairy products were revealed. Conclusion. In the metabolic syndrome, an increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier and a state of chronic mild inflammation are associated with a more active intake of food antigens, leading to an activation of the immune system, with an increase in the production of specific IgG. This can significantly increase the risk of developing pathological neuro- and autoimmune diseases in patients with metabolic disorders. Insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome is associated with higher concentrations of IgG to meat and fish products, ie. food antigenic specificity may play a regulatory influence in the formation of impaired glucose utilization.

The effect of the content of ApoA-I in peripheral blood on the state of immune homeostasis in people living in extreme climatic conditions of the Arctic.

The paper presents data on the impacts of the content of ApoA-I in peripheral blood on the state of immune homeostasis in people living in extreme climatic conditions of the Arctic. From the village of Revda, Murmansk region, 191 people were examined, 160 women and 31 men, aged from 21 to 55 years. The analysis of the results was carried out depending on the level of ApoA-I content: 111 examined people had a low content of ApoA-I (< 115 mg/dl) and 80 people had a concentration of ApoA-I - within the physiological norm (115-220 mg/dl). Deficiency of ApoA-I is associated with an increase in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol in 37.5% and triglycerides in 62.5% of cases. Low content of ApoA-I is associated with a decrease in the content of neutrophilic granulocytes and an increase in the concentration of small lymphocytes, IL-10 and IgE. Deficiency of ApoA-I is associated with an increase in the content of CD45RA+, CD16+, CD56+ lymphocyte phenotypes in blood. Low concentrations of ApoA-I are associated with low expression activity of L-selectin gene and free L-selectin ligand. Due to deficiency of ApoA-I, no significant differences were detected in the content of transferrin, free transferrin receptor, haptoglobin, free calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein, and free pool of receptors involved in apoptosis. Conclusion: deficiency of ApoA-I in blood plasma is associated with increased migration of neutrophils into the tissue and cell-mediated cytotoxicity of lymphocytes and occurs because of the effect of decreased activity of the level of antioxidant defense, changes in the structure of cell membranes and the participation of adhesion molecules.

Intercellular Interactions in Peripheral Venous Blood in Practically Healthy Residents of High Latitudes.

The paper presents the results of studying the immunological parameters of 369 people who were practically healthy at the time of the survey, 298 women and 71 men, of which 216 people are living in the European North of the Russian Federation (173 women and 43 men) and 153 are residents of the Arctic (125 women and 28 men). The study was carried out in the morning (08:00-10:00 am). The study included the determination of the aggregation of erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, hemogram study, hematological analysis, enzyme immunoassay, and flow cytometry. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Statistica 7.0 software package (StatSoft, USA). It was found that the activity of aggregation of cells of peripheral venous blood in Arctic residents is 1.5-1.7 times higher than that in people living in more favourable climatic conditions. The frequency of registration of aggregation of erythrocytes and platelets is actually 2 times higher than the aggregation of leukocytes. Aggregation of erythrocytes is associated with an increase in the concentrations of transferrin and receptors for this transport protein. The frequency of detection of platelet aggregation is accompanied by an increase in transferrin concentrations; in cases of aggregation of nonnuclear blood cells, the content of NO2 in the blood serum is increased. Aggregation of neutrophilic granulocytes and lymphocytes is associated with an increase in the content of free adhesion molecules. Aggregation of erythrocytes and platelets is in evidence when it is necessary to trigger reactions of changes in the hemodynamics of microcirculation to increase the efficiency of oxygen and trophic supply of tissues. The adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium determines the secretion of biologically active substances that contribute to a change in microcirculation and an increase in the migration of leukocytes into tissues for the implementation of phagocytic and cytolytic functions.

[Relationship Levels of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in the Blood and the Immune Response in Humans.]

Revealed elevated Nt-pro-BNP concentration in 11% of healthy people aged 19-24 years and 22% of middle-aged (34-55 years); in the case of the metabolic syndrome increasing Nt-pro-BNP concentration in blood is set to 90%. Elevated levels of Nt-pro-BNP in peripheral blood occurs with increasing age; set higher peptide concentration in women. Inhibition of lymphoproliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes with increasing content of Nt-pro-BNP in blood is associated with deficiency of IL-2 content due to increased concentration and IL-10. Immunosuppressive effect of IL-10 appears more at innate immune reactions decrease blood levels of naive T-lymphocytes CD45RA+, natural killer cells, T cell adhesion receptor (CD56+) and adhesion receptor ligand (CD62L+). To prevent loss of cell-cell pool, the effect is activated Nt-pro-BNP. No statistically significant correlation between increased Nt-pro-BNP concentration in blood and the content of serum IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CEC Clq and C3d, as well as glucose, hemoglobin, transferrin, iron and free fatty acids in healthy people.

[Role of shedding in the activity of immunocompetent cells with reagin protection mechanism].

In work the data on studying of a parity of the maintenance of the soluble and membrane form of antigen CD23 at almost healthy faces is cited. To the specified sign 3 groups are allocated: in parallel low maintenance membrane and free CD23 (1 group), simultaneous increase of their concentration (2 group) and increase CD23 against significant decrease in concentration sCD23 (3 group). The conclusion becomes that photolytic shedding CD23 is made by the activated cells at increase in the maintenance of phenotypes of lymphocytes CD23+. Increase of expression CD23 by lymphocytes is associated with concentration increase of cytokines IL-6 and IFN-gamma, and a natural mitogen an alpha-fetoprotein. Abscission of cells CD23 and increase of concentration sCD23 occurs at excessive increase in maintenance IgE and anti-inflammatory ofcytokine IL-10. The parity of membrane and free forms CD23 is defined by activity of an expression, shedding and an educational level association.

[Laboratory criteria of systemic inflammatory syndrome by surgical abdominal infections].

Results of treatment of 116 patients with acute appendicitis, cholecystitis pancreatitis and other inflammatory diseases of the abdominal cavity, complicated with peritonitis in 53 cases, are analyzed. The concentrations of interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor small be, Cyrillic (TNF-6) and its soluble receptor in peripheral blood were used as systemic inflammatory response indicators. The increase of IL-6 and soluble TNF-6 receptor concentrations correlated with the augmentation of inflammatory response. The Willebrand factor with plasma activity of 180-200% can be used as an early indicator of inflammatory response in patients with acute abdominal diseases. The higher activity of the Willebrand factor is associated with multiple organ failure syndrome.

Characteristics of the formation of systems activity in the brain and autonomic functions in children in conditions of the European North (discussion paper).

Results obtained from complex medical-physiological investigations performed during 10 scientific expeditions in the Arkhangel'sk Region in 2003-2005 are presented. The effects of climatological-geographic, biogeochemical, and social conditions of the conditions obtaining in the Far North region of Russia on sexual maturation, formation of the structural-functional organization of the brain, autonomic functions, and immunological and biochemical status of schoolchildren were studied using state-of-the-art neurophysiological methods (computerized electroencephalography, computerized rheoencephalography, computerized electric dipole origin tomography, etc.), psychophysiological and psychometric methods (assessment of the state of cognitive and memory functions, Wechsler intellectual scale), along with biochemical assay of monoamine oxidase (MAO, the key enzyme in adrenergic neurotransmitter metabolism) and the liver enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and physicochemical analysis of the levels of macroelements and trace elements in the body.

[Characteristics of the brain system activity and vegetative function formation in children under conditions of the European north (a problem study)].

Results of complex medical-physiological research performed during 10 scientific expeditions in Arkhangelsk region in 2003-2005 are presented. Influence of climatic-geographic, biogeochemical and social conditions of North-West region of Russia on sexual maturation, formation of the brain structural-functional organization, vegetative functions, immunological and biochemical status of schoolchildren was studied with the aid of modern neurophysiologic (computer electroencephalography, computer rheoencephalography, computed electric dipole origin tomography, etc.), psychophysiological and psychometric methods (evaluation of cognitive and mnestic functions, Vechsler 1Q estimation), biochemical assessment of monoamine oxidase and butyrylcholinesterase activity, physical-chemical analysis of macro- and microelements in the organism.

[Immune response to vaccination by Grippol in female northerners from Arkhagel'sk]. / Immunnyi otvet vaktsinirovannykh "Grippolom" zhenshchin-severianok, zhitel'nits Arkhangel'ska.

The immune-system condition of virtually healthy subjects (aged 35-45) was studied before vaccination ("Grippol") and 1 week later. An intense formation of antibodies to virus hemagglutinin is associated with lymphoproliferative reaction combined with differentiation of immune-competent cells (ICC) and with a higher phagocyte activity. A lack of any changed reactions to the administered antigen is interrelated with a deficit of phagocyte protection and with an activated ICC apoptosis.

[Regression analysis in the assessment of the state of the immune system]. / Regressionnyi analiz v otsenke sostoianiia immunnoi sistemy.

Optimal assessment of the immune status is one of the key problems in modern clinical immunology. Mathematical methods of diagnosis help select the minimal number of the most informative tests. Regression analysis of linear relationship permitted determining the regression coefficients and correlation pairs of equations which may be used for predicting, with few reference monoclonal sera (CD3 and CD5), the lacking cellular phenotype in immunogram. The resultant correlation pairs of equations were tried in a large number of examinees at laboratory of ecological immunology and are recommended for clinical diagnostical laboratories.

[Immunologic characteristics of individuals working on the archipelago Spitzbergen]. / Immunologicheskie osobennosti u rabotaiushchikh na apkhipelage Shpitsbergen.

A complex effect with photo-periodic components and depending on the duration of stay on Shpitzbergen Archipelago of people working there, was revealed in respect to the serum concentration of Ig A, G, M. The monocytes, autoantibodies, and circular immune complexes were increased, whereas lymphocytes, T-cells, and natural killers were decreased in winter time.

[Role of fungi belonging to the genus Candida in the etiology of nonspecific pulmonary diseases]. / Rol' gribov roda Candida v étiologii nespetsificheskikh zabolevanii legkikh.

The sputum specimens from 1363 patients at the age of 16 to 65 years with nonspecific pulmonary diseases and the pleural exudate specimens from 325 patients were tested for fungi in 1989-1994. The etiological significance of Candida was stated at a concentration of > 10(5) GFU per 1 ml of the sputum. The identification was performed by the routine methods. An increase in the rate of the fungi isolation was studied in the time course of the observation: 15.3 +/- 1.9 per cent in 1989 and 31.6 +/- 3.4 per cent in 1994. The fungi were more frequently isolated from the patients with lung abscesses (38.0 +/- 4.1 per cent of the cases). In the patients with pyothorax the fungi were isolated from the pleural exudate specimens only in 6.8 +/- 1.4 per cent of the cases. The groups of risk of the susceptibility to Candida were revealed. They included patients at the age of 21 to 30 years and above 60. Out of 484 Candida isolates 80.7 per cent belonged to C. albicans, 4.2 per cent to C. tropicalis, 2.1 per cent to C. kefyr and 1.8 per cent to C. krusei. The isolates of C. parapsilosis, C. guillermoudii, C. utilis and C. brumptii were rate. The isolates were highly susceptible to nystatin (91,8 per cent) and lowly susceptible to levorin (35.4 per cent), amphoglucamine (24.7 per cent) and ketokonazol (16.8 per cent).

[Microflora of the bronchial contents in chronic lung diseases]. / Mikroflora bronkhial'nogo soderzhimogo u bol'nykh s khronicheskimi zabolevaniiami legkikh.

The parallel bacteriological and mycological study of the contents of the bronchi in patients with various forms of chronic pneumonia provided a clearer picture of the causative agents of the disease. The composition of microflora in the bronchial contents corresponded to the severity of the process. Uncomplicated chronic pneumonia took its course with a bacterial monoculture, belonging predominantly to the family of pyogenic cocci, present in the discharges. The formation of abscesses and the development of bronchioectases proceeded of bacterial and mycotic associations. The development of malignant tumors was accompanied by the colonization of the pulmonary ways by a variety of organisms, including bacteria of the fecal flora.

[Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated in association with fungi]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' lc antibiotikam bakterii, vydelennykh v assotsiatsii s gribami

Sensitivity of bacteria isolated from the bronchial contents of 414 patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases was studied with respect to 8 antibiotics. A significant decrease in the antibiotic sensitivity of cocci, i. e. staphylococci and streptococci isolated in association with fungi, i. e. Candida, Aspergillus and Penicillium was shown. The results of the study were confirmed experimentally in mixed incubation of the staphylococci with Candida albicans in vitro.

[Comparison of the immunodepressant effect of antimacrophage, antilymphocyte and antithymocyte sera following immunization with influenza virus A2]. / Sravnenie immunodepressivnogo deistviia antimakrofagal'noi, antilimfotsitarnoi i antitimotsitarnoi syvorotok pri immunizatsii virusom grippa A2

An immunodepressive action of the anticellular sera was cause by the competition of the serum and viral antigens, as well as by the specific influence of the sera on the corresponding cells. The antimacrophagal serum decreased the monocyte content in the peripheral blood, peritoneal exudate, and retarded the antibody formation in the lymphoid organs. The antilymphocytic serum depressed the development of the plasma cell reaction in the lymph nodes and the spleen, this being expressed in a depression of the increase of the serum antihemagglutinin titre. The antithymocytic serum shortened the period of the active antibody formation.

[Effect of antimacrophage serum on immunologic responsiveness in mice vaccinated against influenza]. / Vliiani antimakrofagal'noi syvorotki na immunologicheskuiu perestroiku u myshei, vaktsinirovannykh protiv grippa

Inoculation of mice with antiserum to peritoneal exudate cell on the eve of intraperitoneal immunization with influenza A2 virus delays an immunologic response as manifested by an increase in the inductive phase of antibody formatin and a slower rise of antibody titre. The immunodepressive effect of the anti-macrophage serum corresponds to inhibition of the activity of macrophages and the lack of plasma cell reaction in the thymus. The anti-macrophage serum does not influence the development of secondary immune response which indicates that it affects the antigen-reacting cells.