Review of the Association Between Long-Term and Current Systemic Steroid Use With Electromechanical Complications and Inpatient Mortality After ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Background The impact of long-term systemic steroid use on electrical and mechanical complications following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been extensively studied. Methods In a retrospective cohort study of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2018 to 2020, adults admitted with STEMI were dichotomized based on the presence of long-term (current) systemic steroid (LTCSS) use. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included a composite of mechanical complications, electrical, hemodynamic, and thrombotic complications, as well as revascularization complexity, length of stay (LOS), and total charge. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were used to adjust for confounders. Results Out of 608,210 admissions for STEMI, 5,310 (0.9%) had LTCSS use. There was no significant difference in the odds of all-cause mortality (aOR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.74-1.08, p-value: 0.245) and the composite of mechanical complications (aOR: 0.74, 95%CI: 0.25-2.30, p-value: 0.599). LTCSS use was associated with lower odds of ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular blocks, new permanent-pacemaker insertion, cardiogenic shock, the need for mechanical circulatory support, mechanical ventilation, cardioversion, a reduced LOS by 1 day, and a reduced total charge by 34,512 USD (all p-values: <0.05). There were no significant differences in the revascularization strategy (coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) vs. percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI)) or in the incidence of composite thrombotic events. Conclusion LTCSS use among patients admitted with STEMI was associated with lower odds of electrical dysfunction and hemodynamic instability but no difference in the odds of mechanical complications, CABG rate, all-cause mortality, cardiac arrest, or thrombotic complications. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate these findings further.

Impact of chronic thrombocytopenia on healthcare resource utilization, in-hospital outcomes, and costs following percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion: a nationwide propensity weighted analysis.

BACKGROUND: Data on the impact of chronic thrombocytopenia (CT) on outcomes following chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is limited. Most studies are case reports and focused on postprocedural thrombocytopenia. The purpose of this present study is to assess the impact of CT (> one year) on health resource utilization (HRU), in-hospital outcomes, and cost following CTO PCI. METHODS: We used discharge data from the 2016-2018 National Inpatient Sample and propensity score-weighted approach to examine the association between CT and HRU among patients undergoing CTO PCI. HRU was measured as a binary indicator defined as a length of stay greater than seven days and/or discharge to a non-home setting. The cost was measured as total charges standardized to 2018 dollars. Both outcomes were assessed using generalized linear models adjusted for survey year, and baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Relative to its absence, the presence of CT following CTO PCI was associated with a 4.8% increased probability of high HRU (Population Average Treatment Effect (PATE) estimate = 0.048; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.041-0.055; P<0.001) and approximately $18,000 more in total hospital charges (PATE estimate = +$18,297.98; 95% CI = $15,101.33-$21,494.63, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among chronic total occlusion patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, those with chronic thrombocytopenia had higher resource use, including total hospital charges, and worse in-hospital outcomes when compared with those without chronic thrombocytopenia.

Comparative Healthcare Resource Utilization of Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support Using Impella Versus Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Use for Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Cardiogenic Shock Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Insights From National Inpatient Sample.

The use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, including Impella and Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), in patients with cardiogenic shock has increased in recent times. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the choice of an MCS device on healthcare resource utilization. We queried the National Inpatient Sample registry between October 2016 and December 2018 to identify adults admitted for acute coronary syndrome-related cardiogenic shock and who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study population was segregated into Impella and IABP groups using ICD 10 diagnosis codes. The primary endpoint was high healthcare resource utilization (HRU), while secondary outcomes included periprocedural complications. Propensity scoring matching was used to determine which patients in the Impella cohort had similar health to IABP patients. During the study period, 439,610 patients were admitted who received hemodynamic support using, Impella or IABP on account of acute coronary syndrome complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). The median age (years) of the Impella cohort and IABP cohorts were similar (64.1 vs 65.1, P = 0.08). Gender distribution of the Impella CS patients was like IABP patients with female majorities in both groups, (71.9% vs 67.9%, P = 0.05). Impella CS patients had a higher representation of those with hypertension (P = 0.002), smoking (P = 0.040), obesity (P = 0.034), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.009), CHF (P = 0.030), COPD (P = 0.034), chronic liver disease (P = 0.028), and chronic kidney disease (P = 0.031). 1:1 Propensity score matching identified 2620 Impella patients' comparable severity index with the IABP patients. Patients with hemodynamic support using Impella had higher healthcare resource utilization, (HRU), the surrogate of length of stay (LOS) ≥7 or nonhome disposition at discharge, when compared with those with IABP (57.41% vs 42.76%, P < 0.0001). Impella CS patients had higher in-hospital mortality as compared to the IABP patients (55.45% vs 45.86%, P < 0.0001). Impella CS patients developed more periprocedural complications, including vascular injury (4.8% vs 1.4%, P < 0.0001), acute kidney injury (58.36% vs 41.64%, P < 0.0001), end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (8.75% vs 1.25%, P = 0.002) when compared to the IABP patients. Among patients with ACS undergoing PCI and receiving MCS devices, those receiving Impella demonstrated higher healthcare resource utilization, higher LOS ≥7 days, and more nonhome disposition at discharge compared to patients receiving IABP. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate factors associated with these findings.

The role of multidetector CT scan in the management of prosthetic aortic valve thrombosis: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: In this case report, the utility of MDCT in elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of prosthetic aortic valve dysfunction allowed us to distinguish thrombosis from pannus as an etiology of prosthetic valve dysfunction. MDCT also guided the success of therapy. Abstract: The diagnosis and management of prosthetic aortic valve thrombosis (PAVT) is challenging. The accurate diagnosis of this entity and its prompt management is vital to improving the prognosis of PAVT patients. Multidetector CT plays a central role in this effort. We present a case of PAVT in which the use of MDCT was useful in guiding management.

Disparities in Health and Healthcare: Impact of Race on Resource Utilization and Costs Following Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to investigate health and healthcare disparities in the management of severe mitral regurgitation with transcatheter edge-to-edge repair using MitraClip and how racial differences impact resource utilization and costs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for patients who underwent Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER) using MitraClip between 2016 and 2018. The patients were stratified into four racial cohorts and study outcomes included high resource utilization (HRU), periprocedural complications, and total procedural costs. High resource utilization (HRU) was defined as length of stay (LOS) ≥7 days or a nonhome disposition at discharge. Multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to determine independent predictors of HRU. RESULTS: 17,100 weighted TEER patients were segregated by race: Caucasian (n = 13,270), others (n = 1510), African Americans, AA (n = 1245) and Hispanics (n = 1075). More African Americans and Hispanics had TEER at Urban facilities (P < 0.001), which were teaching hospitals as well (P < 0.001) but were less likely to be covered by public insurance options -Medicare or Medicaid (P < 0.001). More AA (52.2 %) and Hispanics (27.6 %) were likely to be in the lowest median annual income quartile versus Caucasians (19.2 %) (P = 0.003). AA and Hispanics had higher resource utilization (HRU), prolonged length of stay, nonhome disposition at discharge, higher procedural costs and periprocedural complications versus Caucasians. The logistic regression model revealed acute kidney injury (AKI) and actual procedural costs as independent predictors of HRU in both African American and Hispanic groups. CONCLUSION: Significant Health and healthcare disparities do exist among underrepresented, racial minority patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair in the US. These disparities were associated with higher resource utilization and actual costs in patients with mitral regurgitation treated with TEER.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the setting of severe hyponatremia and beer potomania: A case report.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC), an acute cardiac event is often associated with acute emotional stress, usually in the setting of cardiovascular risk factors. This case report attempts to review one of the triggers of TC beer potomania-induce hyponatremia with imaging findings that shows the link between severe hyponatremia and TC.

Derivation and validation of the bridge to transplantation with left ventricular assist device score for 1 year mortality after heart transplantation. The BTT-LVAD score.

BACKGROUND: To derive and validate a risk score that accurately predicts 1-year mortality after heart transplantation (HT) in patients bridged to transplant (BTT) with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). METHODS: The UNOS database was queried to identify patients BTT with an LVAD between 2008 and 2018. Patients with ⩾1-year follow up were randomly divided into derivation (70%) and validation (30%) cohorts. The primary endpoint was 1-year mortality. A simple additive risk score was developed based on the odds of 1-year mortality after HT. Risk groups were created, and survival was estimated and compared. RESULTS: A total of 7759 patients were randomly assigned to derivation (n = 5431) and validation (n = 2328) cohorts. One-year post-transplant mortality was 9.8% (n = 760). A 33-point scoring was created from six recipient variables and two donor variables. Risk groups were classified as low (0-5), intermediate (6-10), and high (>10). In the validation cohort, the predicted 1-year mortality was significantly higher in the high-risk group than the intermediate and low-risk groups, 14.7% versus 9% versus 6.1% respectively (log-rank test: p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The BTT-LVAD Score can serve as a clinical decision tool to guide therapeutic decisions in advanced heart failure patients.

Adverse Events Following Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER) Using MitraClip: Lessons Learned From the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Registry.

OBJECTIVE: The MitraClip from Abbott is FDA approved intracardiac implantable device for transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). Despite a few previously published studies, there is limited safety data for its use in clinical practice, hence, we designed this study using data obtained from a safety nationwide database to demonstrate the safety profile of MitraClip. METHODS: The first two of the five authors independently queried all reported adverse events from the United State Food and Drug Administration [FDA] Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience [MAUDE] registry from January 2014 to December 2020. The primary end point was trend in reported fatal events obtained from this database. The secondary end points included the causes of reported nonfatal reports from the MAUDE registry. The trend of reported fatal events was assessed using the Cochran Armitage trend test over the period of the study. RESULTS: During the study period, subjects included 3370 patients whose MitraClip-associated adverse events were reported and captured by MAUDE registry. Of these, 211 were fatal and 3159 nonfatal events. Fatal event reports resulted deaths and reported nonfatal events were from injuries and device system malfunction. This study demonstrated an initial upward trend from 2014 to 2015 then a subsequent statistically significant downward trend in reported fatal events from 2015 to 2020 (Cochran-Armitage test P = 0.039). The peak proportion of reported fatal events occurred in 2015, (n = 44; representing 1.25% of reported adverse events) and lowest proportion of reported fatal events took place in 2020 (n = 19; representing 0.56% of reported adverse events). The most reported nonfatal events were from malfunctioning of MitraClip system (n = 1170; representing 37% of reported nonfatal events), new unremarkable repolarization abnormalities on periprocedural EKG (n = 864; representing 27% of reported nonfatal events), leaflet rupture (n = 651; representing 21% of reported nonfatal events), and cardiogenic shock (n = 170; representing 5% of reported nonfatal events). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of the MAUDE Registry indicated, especially within the confines of this study's limitations and poor data quality of information, an apparent downward trend of reported fatal events over the study period. Even though conclusive attributions cannot be made regarding this important finding, perhaps, this points to early evidence of a potential institutional or operator learning curve with this device. However, in view of the inferior quality of the data accrued from the MAUDE Registry, more high-precision studies are needed to better understand these changes, as the utility of MitraClip, becomes more established in clinical practice.

Genomic Approaches to Hypertension.

Genomic insights and analyses of Mendelian hypertension (HTN) syndromes and Genome-Wide Association study (GWAS) on essential hypertension have contributed to the depth of understanding of the genetics origins of hypertension. Mendelian syndromes are important for the field, since such knowledge leads to specific insights about disease pathogenesis and the potential for precision medicine. The clinical impact of findings of on essential hypertension is continuously evolving, and the insights accrued will refine efforts to combat the societal impact of hypertension. Comprehensive identification of all genomic variants of hypertension, along with their individual associated mechanisms, is paving the way forward in the era of personalized medicine. The overriding challenge for care providers is to reduce health inequities through improved compliance and, perhaps, new paradigms for implementation science that incorporate genomic medicine.