The effect of conjugated linoleic acids on inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition and physical performance: a comprehensive review of putative molecular mechanisms.

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are polyunsaturated fatty acids primarily found in dairy products and ruminant animal products such as beef, lamb, and butter. Supplementation of CLAs has recently become popular among athletes due to the variety of health-promoting effects, including improvements in physical performance. Preclinical and some clinical studies have shown that CLAs can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and favorably modulate body composition and physical performance; however, the results of previously published clinical trials are mixed. Here, we performed a comprehensive review of previously published clinical trials that assessed the role of CLAs in modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition, and select indices of physical performance, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms governing these changes. The findings of our review demonstrate that the effect of supplementation with CLAs on inflammation and oxidative stress is controversial, but this supplement can decrease body fat mass and increase physical performance. Future well-designed randomized clinical trials are warranted to determine the effectiveness of (1) specific doses of CLAs; (2) different dosing durations of CLAs; (3) various CLA isomers, and the exact molecular mechanisms by which CLAs positively influence oxidative stress, inflammation, body composition, and physical performance.

An Updated Systematic Review on the Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Human Blood Lipid Profile.

Sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia are well-recognized risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Changes in blood lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], and low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) due to the exercise may be beneficial for decreasing CVD-related events. In this review we aimed to investigate the effect of different types of exercise on lipid profile components in people with different health conditions and age ranges. A systematic search was performed covering PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for English articles from 2010 until November 2021. Finally, 31 studies were included in our study. Results showed that exercise in younger individuals sometimes resulted in no significant changes of any of the variables or some of them; however, efficient improvement was observed in all studies of older and middle-age groups. In terms of health condition and gender; healthy individuals, overweight people, subjects with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and male participants found to have benefited more from the exercise. In patients with chronic kidney diseases lipid profile improvement was not significant. The cardiac rehabilitation program, particularly comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation, proved to be more beneficial than exercise alone in the case of cardiovascular patients and those at elevated risk of CVD. In conclusion exercise is beneficial in terms of improving lipid profile but for younger population, and those with kidney problems and CVD patients, more further preparations are needed under the supervision of experts in the field of sports and medicine to achieve the desired result. Also, more studies are needed for these groups in order to provide a definite and reliable conclusion.

Effect of Different Types of Aerobic Exercise on Individuals With and Without Hypertension: An Updated Systematic Review.

High blood pressure (BP) is one of the main modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and preventing it greatly reduces the vascular consequences of aging and, along with intensive treatment of hypertension, eliminates a large portion of the burden of CVD-related mortality. Many meta-analyses and studies proved that regular aerobic exercise (AE) reduces BP but most of these studies consider only hypertensive populations or only AE but not resistant exercise or their combination. In this review, we aimed to study the effect of different types of physical activity (PA)/AE on various populations including normotensive, prehypertensive, primary hypertensive, and resistant hypertensive with different comorbidities. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for English articles with keywords for physical activity, aerobic exercise, and blood pressure from January 2010 until September 2021. Finally, 24 studies were included. Results showed that chronic or acute AE (long-term or short-term), either alone or as combined with different sessions and programs can reduce systolic and diastolic BP in every group including normotensive, prehypertensive, primary hypertensive, resistant hypertensive individuals and diabetic patients and those with kidney problems but not in people with chronic heart failure. Isometric exercise training showed to be useful in reducing BP in all groups either as low intensity or as high intensity but the rate of reduction was different in terms of gender. AE showed to be effective in terms of BP reduction in a different age range. It can be seen that different types and duration of AE independent of the modality and programs and independent of the BP medical situation of individuals have been successful in terms of BP reduction. For those with chronic heart failure, more concern and help might be needed to decrease BP via exercise.

Evaluation of the impact of different disinfectants on new coronavirus and human health.

A new health threat was appeared in 2019 known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus distributed all over the world and caused millions of deaths. One way to incomplete the process of COVID-19 transfer from one person to another is using disinfectants. A narrative review study was done on manuscript published documents about the stability of the virus, different types of disinfectants and the effects of disinfectants on SARS-CoV2 and environment from 2005 to 2022 based on Searched databases included Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2005 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 670 articles were retrieved. Thirty studies were screened after review and 30 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 14 articles were selected in this study. New coronavirus could survive until 9 days in room temperature; the surviving time decreases if temperature increases. The virus can survive in various plastic, glass, and metal surfaces for hours to days. Disinfectants, such as alcohol, isopropanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol, can kill 70-90% viruses in up to 30 s but should be noted that these disinfectants are recognized by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a potential carcinogen. According to the different reports, increased duration and level of disinfectant exposure can have negative impacts on human and animal health including upper and lower respiratory tract irritation, inflammation, edema, ulceration, and allergic reactions.

Biosensor development in sports doping with dexamethasone / Desenvolvimento de biossensor no doping esportivo com dexametasona / Desarrollo de un biosensor en el doping deportivo con dexametasona

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dexamethasone is a type of drug that is considered a steroid. It belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. Objective: Develop an electrochemical sensor of dexamethasone in a pharmaceutical sample using electrodes modified with nanostructures of MnO2 and reduced graphene oxide (MnO2/rGO). The glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) used to make the GO nanostructures were first modified using a modified Hummers technique before electrochemically reduced. Methods: MnO2 nanomaterials were electrochemically deposited on rGO/GCE. SEM structural investigation indicated vertical tetragonal crystal development of -MnO2 nanostructures in sprayed rGO nanostructures. Results: Because of the high composite surface area, multiple exposed active sites, and the synergistic effect of MnO2 and rGO, the electrocatalytic reaction to dexamethasone of MnO2/rGO/CPE was shown to be broad, selective, stable, and sensitive in electrochemical tests using amperometry. It was established that the linear range, sensitivities, and detection limit of the sensor are 0 to 260 µM, 4.6153µA/µM and 0.005 µM, respectively. The MnO2/rGO/CPE was tested for accuracy and applicability in determining dexamethasone in pharmacological and human urine samples. Conclusion: The results revealed that the sensor could prepare acceptable recovery (96.34%) and RSD (3.58%), suggesting that it could be used as a reliable dexamethasone sensor in clinical samples. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A dexametasona é um tipo de medicamento considerado um esteróide. Pertence a uma classe de medicamentos conhecida como corticosteróides. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um sensor eletroquímico de dexametasona em uma amostra farmacêutica utilizando eletrodos modificados com nanoestruturas de MnO2 e óxido grafeno reduzido (MnO2/rGO). Os eletrodos de carbono vítreo (GCE), que foram utilizados para fazer as nanoestruturas GO, foram primeiramente alterados através de uma técnica Hummers modificada antes de serem reduzidos eletroquimicamente. Métodos: Os nanomateriais de MnO2 foram depositados eletroquimicamente no rGO/GCE. A investigação estrutural do SEM indicou o desenvolvimento vertical do cristal tetragonal de -MnO2 nanoestruturas em nanoestruturas de rGO pulverizadas. Resultados: Em virtude da alta área de superfície composta, dos múltiplos locais ativos expostos e do efeito sinérgico de MnO2 e rGO, a reação eletrocatalítica à dexametasona de MnO2/rGO/CPE mostrou ser ampla, seletiva, estável e sensível nos testes eletroquímicos utilizando a amperometria. Foi estabelecido que o alcance linear, sensibilidades e limite de detecção do sensor são de 0 a 260 µM, 4,6153µA/µM e 0,005 µM, respectivamente. O MnO2/rGO/CPE foi testado para precisão e aplicabilidade na determinação de dexametasona em amostras farmacológicas e de urina humana. Conclusão: Os resultados revelaram que o sensor é capaz de preparar uma recuperação aceitável (96,34%) e RSD (3,58%), sugerindo que ele poderia ser usado como um sensor de dexametasona confiável em amostras clínicas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La dexametasona es un tipo de fármaco considerado como un esteroide. Pertenece a una clase de medicamentos conocidos como corticosteroides. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar un sensor electroquímico de dexametasona en una muestra farmacéutica utilizando electrodos modificados con nanoestructuras de MnO2 y óxido de grafeno reducido (MnO2/rGO). Los electrodos de carbono vítreo (GCE), que se utilizaron para fabricar las nanoestructuras de GO, se modificaron primero mediante una técnica de Hummers modificada antes de ser reducidos electroquímicamente. Métodos: Los nanomateriales de MnO2 se depositaron electroquímicamente sobre rGO/GCE. La investigación estructural por SEM indicó el desarrollo vertical del cristal tetragonal de las nanoestructuras de -MnO2 en las nanoestructuras de rGO pulverizadas. Resultados: En virtud de la elevada área superficial del compuesto, los múltiples sitios activos expuestos y el efecto sinérgico del MnO2 y el rGO, la reacción electrocatalítica a la dexametasona del MnO2/rGO/CPE demostró ser amplia, selectiva, estable y sensible en pruebas electroquímicas mediante amperometría. Se estableció que el rango lineal, las sensibilidades y el límite de detección del sensor son de 0 a 260 µM, 4,6153µA/µM y 0,005 µM, respectivamente. Se probó la precisión y aplicabilidad del MnO2/rGO/CPE en la determinación de dexametasona en muestras farmacológicas y de orina humana. Conclusión: Los resultados revelaron que el sensor es capaz de preparar una recuperación aceptable (96,34%) y una RSD (3,58%), lo que sugiere que podría utilizarse como un sensor fiable de dexametasona en muestras clínicas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Biomechanics analysis on Jejag kick of pencak silat.

The force in the pencak silat jejag kick is called the moment of force or torque. The force moment is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate around the axis where the axis of rotation is located at the knee joint with the length of the calf as the length of the arm (the radius of the rotation axis). This research was conducted using laboratory biomechanical analysis. The research sample consisted of three male athletes of pencak silat. Previously, anthropometric measurements were carried out in the form of measuring calf length and calf muscle mass, then taking videos of athletes doing jejag kick movements in a static state with targets, which were then analyzed by kinovea. Research results showed that the technique of the jejag kick pencak silat produces a force called the moment of force or torque. Sample 1 produces a force moment of -12.00 Nm, sample 2 produces -5.53 Nm, and sample 3 produces -8.73 (negative sign means the direction of the pencak silat jejag kick is counterclockwise). The magnitude of the force moment is influenced by the angle of knee extension and the radius of the rotation axis. The amount of force moment affects the kick speed. In the speed of a movement, there is a tendency to keep moving, which is called the moment of inertia. The fasterthe movement, the greater the moment of inertia. The result is a force moment, influenced by the rotational kinetic energy that is owned and requires effort. Every effort is made to produce a force moment; it takes power to drive the effort. This means that the greater the angle of extension and the longer the calf, the greater the force moment, the faster the kick speed, and the greater the moment of inertia. This requires a large amount of rotational kinetic energy, effort, and power.

Analysis of dribbling-distance coverage performed by futsal athletes indonesian futsal league 2021 / Análise na distância da cobertura do drible efetuado por atletas de futsal da liga indonésia de futsal 2021 / Análisis sobre la distancia de cobertura del regateo realizado por los atletas de fútbol de salón de la liga indonesia de futsal 2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: Futsal players must master dribbling in attack and defense positions for a more significant competitive advantage. Optimizing technical control can positively influence decision-making. However, the literature lacks comparative analyses focused on the coverage distance of this technique in sports finals and semifinals. Objective: Analyze the coverage distance of dribbling by futsal players, comparing semifinals and finals results in the Indonesian Futsal League 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional research design method is used in this research. The samples consisted of four games (two semifinal games and two final games) played by four teams (40 players). Movie Maker software was used to cut videos on each dribbling movement, and Kinovea software analyzed dribbling distance. Dribbling-distance differences between the first and second halves of the games were calculated using Wilcoxon's test. Results: The results show no statistically significant difference in dribbling distances between the first and second halves of the semifinals and finals (p = 0.402 for the semifinals dan p = 0.090 for the finals). Regarding the team analysis, most of the dribbling distances covered in the first and second halves of the semifinals and finals by players from each team were not statistically different, except those covered by Team BTS players in the finals. In all, there were 712 dribbling occurrences in the semifinals and finals, covering 5621.98 meters. The average dribbling distance was 7.90 meters and SD 4.41. Conclusions: The dribbling-distance coverage in the semifinals and finals of the Indonesian Futsal League 2021 was an average of 7.90 meters; no statistically significant difference was found between the finals and semifinals results.Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: Para maior vantagem competitiva, os jogadores de futsal devem dominar os dribles nas posições de ataque e defesa. A otimização do domínio técnico pode influenciar positivamente a tomada de decisões. Porém, a literatura carece de análises comparativas focadas na distância de cobertura dessa técnica em finais e semifinais esportivas. Objetivo: Analisar a distância de cobertura do drible por jogadores de futsal comparando o resultado das semifinais e finais da Liga Indonésia de Futsal 2021. Métodos: A pesquisa utilizou método de desenho de pesquisa transversal. As amostras consistiam em quatro jogos (dois jogos semifinais e dois jogos finais) disputados por quatro equipes (40 jogadores). O software Movie Maker foi usado para cortar vídeos em cada movimento de drible, e o software Kinovea foi usado para analisar a distância de drible. As diferenças na distância de drible entre a primeira e a segunda metades dos jogos foram calculadas usando o teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa nas distâncias de drible entre a primeira e a segunda metades das semifinais e finais (p = 0,402 para as semifinais dan p = 0,090 para as finais). Em relação à análise da equipe, a maioria das distâncias de drible cobertas na primeira e segunda metades das semifinais e finais pelos jogadores de cada equipe não foram estatisticamente diferentes, exceto aquelas cobertas pelos jogadores do Time BTS nas finais. Ao todo, foram 712 ocorrências de dribles nas semifinais e finais, cobrindo 5621,98 metros. A média de drible percorrido foi de 7,90 metros (±4,41). Conclusões: A média de distância da cobertura do drible nas semifinais e finais da Liga Indonésia de Futsal 2021 foi de 7,90 metros, não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o resultado das finais e semi-finais. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: Para obtener una mayor ventaja competitiva, los jugadores de fútbol de salón deben dominar el regateo en posiciones de ataque y defensa. La optimización del dominio técnico puede influir positivamente en la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, la literatura carece de análisis comparativos centrados en la distancia de cobertura de esta técnica en las finales y semifinales deportivas. Objetivo: Analizar la distancia de cobertura del regateo por los jugadores de fútbol de salón comparando el resultado de las semifinales y finales de la Liga Indonesia de Futsal 2021. Métodos: La investigación utilizó el método de diseño de investigación transversal. Las muestras consistieron en cuatro partidos (dos semifinales y dos finales) disputados por cuatro equipos (40 jugadores). Se utilizó el software Movie Maker para cortar los vídeos de cada movimiento de regateo y el software Kinovea para analizar la distancia de regateo. Las diferencias en la distancia de regateo entre la primera y la segunda parte de los partidos se calcularon mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las distancias de regateo entre el primer y el segundo tiempo de las semifinales y las finales (p = 0,402 para las semifinales dan p = 0,090 para las finales). En cuanto al análisis por equipos, la mayoría de las distancias de regateo cubiertas en el primer y segundo tiempo de las semifinales y las finales por los jugadores de cada equipo no fueron estadísticamente diferentes, excepto las cubiertas por los jugadores del equipo BTS en las finales. En total, se produjeron 712 regateos en las semifinales y en la final, cubriendo 5621,98 metros. La distancia media regateada fue de 7,90 metros (±4,41). Conclusiones: La distancia media de cobertura del regateo en las semifinales y en la final de la Liga de Futsal de Indonesia 2021 fue de 7,90 metros y no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los resultados de las finales y de las semifinales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Development of a test instrument to measure the basic pass technique in futsal / Desenvolvimento de instrumento de teste para medir a técnica básica de passe no futsal / Desarrollo de un instrumento de prueba para medir la técnica básica de pase en el futsal

ABSTRACT Introduction: The passing technique requires a high skill level because the futsal field is narrow, and the distance between players is short, demanding strength and accuracy. An instrument of performance test is necessary to verify the evolution of this technique among the players. Objective: This study aims to develop a test instrument to measure the performance of futsal passing. Methods: Instrument preparation and reliability validity tests were applied in 120 athletes. Results: The results evidenced validity in the instrument with one minute passing time; that is, pass one is 0.855, and pass two is 0.857. The reliability value of the first Pass is 0.81, and the second Pass is 0.812. Conclusion: The development of the pass test tool is valid and reliable for its use in measuring the basic passing technique in soccer. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: A técnica de passe requer um alto nível de habilidade pois o campo de futsal é estreito e a distância entre jogadores é pequena, demandando força e precisão. Um instrumento de teste de desempenho é necessário para verificar o desenvolvimento na evolução dessa técnica entre os jogadores. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver um instrumento de teste para mensurar o desempenho no passe de futsal. Métodos: Testes de preparação de instrumentos e validade de confiabilidade foram aplicados em 120 atletas. Resultados: Os resultados evidenciaram validade no instrumento com um minuto no tempo do passe, isto é, a validade de um passe é de 0,855 e de dois passes é de 0,857. O valor de confiabilidade do primeiro passe é de 0,81 e do segundo passe é de 0,812. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento da ferramenta no teste de passe é válido e confiável para sua utilização no aferimento da técnica básica de passe no futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La técnica del pase pide un alto nivel de habilidad porque el campo de fútbol de salón es estrecho y la distancia entre los jugadores es pequeña, lo que exige fuerza y precisión. Es necesario un instrumento de prueba de rendimiento para comprobar el desarrollo en la evolución de esta técnica entre los jugadores. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un instrumento de prueba para medir el rendimiento en el pase del futsal. Métodos: Se aplicaron pruebas de validez del instrumento y de fiabilidad en 120 atletas. Resultados: Los resultados evidenciaron la validez en el instrumento con un minuto en el tiempo de la pasada, es decir, la validez de una pasada es de 0,855 y de dos pasadas es de 0,857. El valor de fiabilidad de la primera pasada es de 0,81 y de la segunda de 0,812. Conclusión: El desarrollo de la herramienta en el test de pase es válido y fiable para su uso en la medición de la técnica básica de pase en el fútbol. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Moderating role of compassion in the link between fear of Coronavirus disease and mental health among undergraduate students.

Background: The societal challenges presented by fear related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic may present unique challenges for an individual's mental health. However, the moderating role of compassion in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health has not been well-studied. The present study aimed to explore the association between fear of COVID-19 and mental health, as well as test the buffering role of compassion in this relationship. Methods: The participants in this study were 325 Iranian undergraduate students (228 females), aged 18-25 years, who completed questionnaires posted on social networks via a web-based platform. Results: The results showed that fear of COVID-19 was positively related with physical symptoms, social function, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. The results also showed that compassion was negatively associated with physical symptoms, social function, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. The interaction-moderation analysis revealed that compassion moderated the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and subscale of mental health. Conclusion: Results highlight the important role of compassion in diminishing the effect of fear of COVID-19 on the mental health (physical symptoms, social function, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms) of undergraduate students.

Effect of tomato consumption on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation is a major cause of chronic diseases. Several studies have investigated the effects of tomato intake on inflammatory biomarkers; however, the results are equivocal. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically review and analyses randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of tomato intake on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to find RCTs related to the effect of tomato intake on inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), up to November 2021. Meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 465 subjects sourced from seven eligible RCTs (8 treatment arms) were entered into the analysis. Pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake was not significantly effective on CRP (WMD: 0.13 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.09 to 0.36; P = 0.23, I2: 83.9%) and IL-6 (Hedges' g = -0.12; 95% CI -0.36, 0.13; P = 0.34, I2: 0.0%) levels compared to the control group. But it can significantly reduce TNF-α (Hedges' g = -0.45; 95% CI -0.76, -0.13; P = 0.005, I2: 0.0%) levels. CONCLUSION: Generally, the present study showed that tomato intake has no significant effect on serum CRP, and IL-6 concentrations, but can reduce serum TNF-α levels significantly. However, additional well-designed studies that include more diverse populations and longer duration are warranted.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) update: From metabolic reprogramming to immunometabolism.

The field of immunometabolism investigates and describes the effects of metabolic rewiring in immune cells throughout activation and the fates of these cells. Recently, it has been appreciated that immunometabolism plays an essential role in the progression of viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Regarding COVID-19, the aberrant immune response underlying the progression of diseases establishes two major respiratory pathologies, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Both innate and adaptive immunity (T cell-based) were impaired in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Current findings have deciphered that macrophages (innate immune cells) are involved in the inflammatory response seen in COVID-19. It has been demonstrated that immune system cells can change metabolic reprogramming in some conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious disease, including COVID-19. The growing findings on metabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 allow an exploration of metabolites with immunomodulatory properties as future therapies to combat this hyperinflammatory response. The elucidation of the exact role and mechanism underlying this metabolic reprograming in immune cells could help apply more precise approaches to initial diagnosis, prognosis, and in-hospital therapy. This report discusses the latest findings from COVID-19 on host metabolic reprogramming and immunometabolic responses.

The effects of aerator masks and medical masks on oxygen saturation (SO2) on mentally retarded athletes.

The study purpose was investigated the effect of aerator masks on the oxygen saturation (SO2) of mentally retarded athletes compared to medical masks. The researcher used a comparative study. Parametric test was used to test the difference in SO2 percent and evaluate the questionnaire in the two groups. The results showed after undergoing exercise, SO2 percent in participants was 94.60±0.55 for aerator masks and 96.60±0.55 for medical masks. The study also showed that there was no significant difference in SO2 percent of participants wearing aerator masks and medical masks. However, the decrease in oxygen saturation percent of participants wearing aerator masks experienced a lower decrease, 1.60±0.55 compared to medical masks of 2.00±1.00. On the other hand, wearing an aerator mask is better because it does not prevent maximum performance, better comfort, the mask material feels better on the skin, does not experience difficulties breathable, and suitable for exercise. An aerator mask is a mask with an adequate supply of oxygen so that every breath is maintained even when used during sports activities.

The relationship between exercise and Physical Fitness towards Economic Survival: A Comparative Study of Gender discrimination / La relación entre el ejercicio y la aptitud física para la supervivencia económica: un estudio comparativo de la discriminación de género

Everyone's health is critically important. Managing health problems is just as critical as surviving economically. Any country's economic survival is entirely contingent upon its economic strategy. The study of the relationship between exercise and fitness and its impact on economic survival has as its primary objective educating us about the significance and necessity of exercise and physical fitness in our lives. Exercise and physical activity have unquestionable health benefits. The comparative study of differences in physical fitness and activity between men and women. The study's independent variables include exercise and physical fitness, while the dependent variable is economic survival. The data analysis was performed using AMOS 26v. Because this study contained three hypothesis statements, the results suggested a positive and significant link between the variables.(AU)

Nexus between Organizational Behavior and Managerial Skill of Sports Clubs in Olympic Games / Nexo entre Comportamiento Organizacional y Habilidad Gerencial de Clubes Deportivos en Juegos Olímpicos

Volunteers in sports, full-time employees, trainers, coaches, and administrative support personnel all have varying degrees of commitment to their careers and organizations. Athletes are encouraged to participate actively in sports by coaches, parents, and trainers. This benefits players by promoting physical fitness and a healthy lifestyle to increase international and local collaboration. A sports organization comprises a championship, players, managing board, local cooperation, leagues, sports clubs, and men's and women's teams that oversee and conduct the organization's activities. Whether temporary or permanent, sports organizations are tasked with the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of their members. The research design was chosen to collect data using a combination of purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Purposive sampling enabled researchers to select respondents familiar with the requisite degree of knowledge. A questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Fifty respondents took part in this study. Out of 50 responders, 35 were male, and 15 were female. SEM PLS 3.3.7v was used to evaluate the collected data. The findings demonstrated a high positive correlation between the factors.(AU)