Medical outcomes study social support survey (MOS-SSS) in patients with chronic disease: A psychometric assessment.

Purpose: Currently, information on the psychometric properties of the Medical outcomes study-social support survey (MOS-SSS) for patients with chronic disease in primary health care, suggests problems in the dimensionality, specifically predominant unidimensionality in a multidimensional measure. The aim of this study was to determine the internal structure (dimensionality, measurement invariance and reliability) and association with other variables. Methods: A total of 470 patients with chronic disease from a Family Medicine Unit at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, with a mean age of 51.51 years were included. Participants responded to the Questionnaire of Sociodemographic Variables (Q-SV), SF-36 Health-Related Quality of Life Scale-version 1.1, and MOS-SSS. Results: Non-parametric (Mokken scaling analysis) and parametric (confirmatory factor analysis) analyses indicated unidimensionality, and three-factor model was not representative. A new 8-item version (MOS-S) was developed, where measurement invariance, equivalence with the long version, reliability, and relationship with the SF-36 were satisfactory. Conclusion: The MOS-SSS scale is unidimensional, and the shortened version yields valid and reliable scores for measuring social support in patients with chronic disease at the primary health care.

Psychometric properties of a resilience scale in family caregivers of older adults / Propiedades psicométricas de una escala de resiliencia en cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores

Abstract Caring for an elder relative has been studied not only as a stress generating circumstance and a loss of well-being for the caregiver but also, from the perspective of positive psychology, as the study of caregivers' dispositions to respond to dif ficulties experienced in a resilient manner. The aim of this study was to test the construct validity of a resilience inventory employing exploratory and confirmatory procedures. To that end, data were collected from two independent samples of family caregivers of older adults in the city of Hermosillo, Mexico: 125 caregivers aged 19 to 73 years (M age = 47.8, SD = 12) to perform exploratory factor analyses and 160 caregivers aged 19 to 82 years (M age = 48.7, SD = 13) to conduct con firmatory factor analyses. The analyses revealed two clear and statistically robust dimensions in the RESI with 12 items: instrumental resilience and emotional resilience. This study shows that RESI is a valid instrument to assess resilience in a Mexican population of family caregivers of older adults.

Resumen El cuidado de un adulto mayor se ha estudiado no solo como una circunstancia generadora de estrés y deterioro del bienestar para el cuidador, sino también, desde la perspectiva de la psicología positiva, como la disposición de los cuidadores para reaccionar de manera resiliente ante las dificultades experimentadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar la validación de constructo del Inventario de Resiliencia (IRES) mediante algunos procedimientos exploratorios y confirmatorios. Para ello, se colectaron datos de dos muestras independientes de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores en la ciudad de Hermosillo, México: la primera con 125 cuidadores de 19 a 73 años (M edad = 47.8, DE = 12) para los análisis factoriales exploratorios; y la segunda con 160 cuidadores de 19 a 82 años (M edad = 48.7, DE = 13) para los análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los análisis revelaron dos dimensiones claras y robustas estadísticamente en el IRES con 12 ítems: la resiliencia instrumental y la resiliencia emocional. En conclusión, la presente investigación muestra que el IRES es un instrumento válido para la medición de la resiliencia en una población mexicana de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores.

Predictors of Quality of Life among Parents of Children with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Quality of life (QOL) is a key aspect of the health care process for children with chronic diseases and their families. Although clinical evidence regarding the impact of chronic disease on children exists, few studies have evaluated the effects of the interaction between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors on the family caregiver's QOL, indicating a significant gap in the research literature. The present study aimed to identify the predictors of the QOL of parents of children with chronic diseases. Three parental sociodemographic predictors (age, schooling, and family income) and four psychosocial predictors (family functioning, social support, depression, and resilience) were examined. In this cross-sectional study, 416 parents of children with chronic diseases who were hospitalized at a National Institute of Health in Mexico City were interviewed. The participants completed a sociodemographic variables questionnaire (Q-SV) designed for research on family caregivers of children with chronic disease. The predicted variable was assessed through the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire. The four psychosocial predictors were assessed through the Family Functioning Scale, Social Support Networks Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Measurement Scale of Resilience. The regression model explained 42% of the variance in parents' QOL. The predictors with positive weights included age, schooling, monthly family income, family functioning, social support networks, and parental resilience. The predictors with negative weights included depression. These findings suggest that strong social relationships, a positive family environment, family cohesion, personal resilience, low levels of depression, and a family income twice the minimum wage are variables associated with better parental QOL.

Validity and Reliability of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for Family Caregivers of Children with Cancer.

Currently, information about the psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in family caregivers of children with cancer is not available; thus, there is no empirical evidence of its validity and reliability to support its use in this population in Mexico or in other countries. This study examined the psychometric properties of the BAI in family caregivers of children with cancer and pursued four objectives: to determine the factor structure of the BAI, estimate its internal consistency reliability, describe the distribution of BAI scores and the level of anxiety in the sample and test its concurrent validity in relation to depression and resilience. This cross-sectional study was carried out with convenience sampling. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the BAI, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Measurement Scale of Resilience were administered to an incidental sample of 445 family caregivers of children with cancer hospitalized at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. Confirmatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood method was performed to determine the factor structure and exploratory factor analysis using axis factorization with oblique rotation was conducted. The two-, three- and four-factor models originally proposed for the BAI did not hold. The exploratory factor analysis showed a model of two correlated factors (physiological and emotional symptoms). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a lack of discriminant validity between these two factors and supported a single-factor model. The internal consistency of the scale reduced to 11 items (BAI-11) was good (alpha = 0.89). The distribution of BAI-11 scores was skewed to the left. High levels of symptoms of anxiety were present in 49.4% of caregivers. The scale was positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with resilience. These findings suggest that a reduced single-factor version of the BAI is valid for Mexican family caregivers of children with cancer.

The measurement scale of resilience among family caregivers of children with cancer: a psychometric evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Resilience to disease is a process of positive adaptation despite the loss of health, it involves the development of vitality and skills to overcome the negative effects of adversity, risks, and vulnerability caused by disease. In Mexico, cancer is the leading cause of death in children. Both the diagnosis and the treatment of childhood cancer affect the health of family caregivers. However, resilience is a personality trait that can be protective in these situations. Therefore, resilience is an important psychological construct to measure, evaluate and develop in specific populations and contexts. In Mexico, a scale to assess this trait has been developed. This study aimed to test the reliability and factor structure of the Mexican Measurement Scale of Resilience (RESI-M), describe its distribution, evaluate its relationship with sociodemographic variables, and verify its concurrent validity with psychological well-being, depression, anxiety and parental stress and its independence from social desirability. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving an intentional nonprobability sample of 330 family caregivers of children with cancer hospitalized at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. The participants responded to a sociodemographic variables questionnaire, the Mexican Measurement Scale of Resilience RESI-M, and five other assessment scales. RESULTS: Overall internal consistency was very high (ordinal alpha = .976). The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the five-factor model had a close fit to the data: NFI = .970, CFI = .997, SRMR = .055, and RMSEA = .019. The distributions of the RESI-M total score followed a normal distribution. The RESI-M total score correlated positively with psychological well-being and negatively with depression, parental stress and anxiety. The overall RESI-M total score also correlated positively with age, but there was no difference in means between women and men. Resilience was independent of social desirability. CONCLUSIONS: The RESI-M shows reliability and construct validity in family caregivers of children with cancer and does not show a bias in relation to social desirability.

Psychosocial factors related with caregiver burden among families of children with chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: The impact of looking after children who live with complex chronic conditions is a growing public health issue. However, it is unclear whether sociodemographic and psychosocial variables can be used to predict the burden on the caregiver and how the profiles of families of children with chronic diseases are defined and structured. The objective of this study was to identify multivariate sociodemographic and psychosocial variables as well as sociocultural and familial factors to analyze the caregiver burden of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 416 family caregivers of children with chronic diseases at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. The participants responded to a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables and a battery of 7 instruments that examined caregiver burden, family support, parental stress, anxiety, support networks, family functioning, historic-psycho-socio-cultural premises and the World Health Organization Well-Being Index. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis using hierarchical multiple regression models showed that the variables included in the psychosocial and sociodemographic profile as a whole explained 40% of the variance in caregiver burden, taking sociocultural historical premises, stressors and anxiety into account as positive individual predictors. Negative individual predictors for caregiver burden included upper secondary education, social support networks, family support, family functioning and well-being. The sociodemographic profiles of family caregivers were as follows: female (81.7%); mean age, 31.7 years (standard deviation [SD], 8 years); married (79.3%); nuclear family (60%); basic education (62.7%); unpaid work (66.3%); and a daily household income of approximately 4 USD (61.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The caregiver burden of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases is defined and structured based on personal, family, and sociocultural factors. These features provide evidence to conduct research and implement intervention strategies with regard to families facing adversity, risk and vulnerability during a child's disease.

Desafíos sociales del envejecimiento: Reflexión desde el derecho al desarrollo / Social Challenges of Aging: reflection from the right to development

El objetivo fue reflexionar sobre los desafíos sociales del proceso del envejecimiento poblacional desde la perspectiva del derecho al desarrollo social. Considerando los derechos humanos como máximo marco de legitimidad para definir los problemas sociales, en este trabajo se abordan argumentos sobre el derecho al desarrollo social para situar el estatus de bienestar al que se aspira cuando se asume el enfoque del derecho en la definición de necesidades sociales, concretando aspectos conceptuales para la comprensión del desarrollo social/humano, su abordaje en políticas/programas sociales para los grupos de atención considerados prioritarios; finalmente, se ofrecen argumentos que permiten identificar las necesidades y problemas sociales en relación al proceso de envejecimiento, ejemplificando con el caso de la sociedad mexicana.

The objective was reflecting on the challenges of the social process of population aging from the perspective of the right to social development. Considering the human rights framework as maximum of legitimacy to define social problems, in this research work deals with arguments on the right to social development in order to situate the status of the welfare that it sucks when you take the approach of the law in the definition of social needs, specifying conceptual aspects for the understanding of the social/human development, its approach in political/social programs for the groups of attention accorded priority; finally offered arguments that allow you to identify the needs, problems and social issues in relation to the aging process, exemplified with the case of the Mexican society.

Escala de abnegación en cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores / Elder´s family caregiver abnegation scale

La literatura sobre cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores señala que la abnegación es un atributo característico en quien asume el rol del cuidado aún a expensas del deterioro de la propia salud física y/o emocional; sin embargo, no se ha desarrollado un instrumento psicométrico que posibilite el estudio de la abnegación en muestras grandes de cuidadores y que genere evidencia que se pueda integrar a modelos comprehensivos del bienestar en cuidadores. Con el marco teórico y empírico de la etnopsicología mexicana, se diseñó una escala de abnegación que se aplicó a dos muestras de cuidadores (n1=115; n=351), mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. Análisis factoriales exploratorios revelaron dos dimensiones que explican 60% de la varianza del atributo: Auto-modificación para evitar tensiones familiares y Auto-sacrificio para satisfacer necesidades familiares. Análisis factoriales, vía ecuaciones estructurales, confirmaron el modelo de medida sometido, de acuerdo a los siguientes índices de bondad de ajuste: SRMR = .039, RMSEA = .062, CFI = .971, GFI = .975, NFI = .950. La escala mostró propiedades de validez y confiabilidad adecuadas, indicando factores culturalmente relevantes y conceptualmente claros

Literature about family caregivers of the elderly identify abnegation as a main attribute in those who assume the caregiving role. This characteristic comes at the expense of their own physical and/or emotional health; however, no psychometric instruments have been developed that study abnegation within large caregiver samples which can in turn generate evidence that could be integrated into comprehensive models of well-being in caregivers. Aided by the theoretical frame and empirical background of Mexican ethnopsychology, an abnegation scale was designed and applied to two caregivers samples (n1=115; n2=351), using non probabilistic sampling. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two dimensions that explained 60% of test variance: Self-modification to avoid familiar tension and Selfdenial to meet family needs. Factor analysis through structural equation modeling confirmed the submitted measure model, in accordance to the following goodness of fit indexes: SRMR = .039, RMSEA = .062, CFI = .971, GFI = .975, NFI = .950. The scale showed adequate validity and reliability properties, indicating culturally relevant and conceptually clear factors

Sociocultural and Familial Influences on the Well-Being of Mexican Older Adults' Family Caregivers.

The current study analyzed the influence of burden on the well-being of caregivers by exploring the mediating role of sociocultural and family factors. The study sample comprised 386 Mexican caregivers between ages 19 and 87 (mean age = 49.05; SD =12.41 years). The results from the current research showed that burden scores are negatively associated with well-being, sociocultural, and family scores. However, the effect of burden on subjective well-being is minimized by the mediation effect of sociocultural and family resources between burden and well-being. The complexities of sociocultural and family influences should be taken into account to change the prevailing individualistic approach within the current stress and family caregiver well-being paradigm.

Escala de Apoyo Social para cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores mexicanos / Social Support Scale for Family Caregivers of Elder Mexicans

Mediante análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, se validó la Escala de Apoyo Social para Cuidadores Familiares de Adultos Mayores. 23 ítems con cargas factoriales > 0.51, agrupados en cuatro factores explican 63% de la varianza del constructo, con valores de Alfa de Cronbach ≥ 0.85; se demostró que el apoyo social tiene una relación causal positiva y significativa con apoyo material (β = 0.66), apoyo práctico (β = 0.69), apoyo emocional (β = 0.6) y apoyo de orientación (β = 0.81); los valores de ajuste del modelo son ≥ 0.97. La escala validada puede ser aplicada junto con otras medidas que permitan valorar las necesidades que enfrentan las familias para generar acciones de apoyo dirigidas al adulto-mayor y a quien lo cuida.

Using exploratory and confirmatory analysis factor, was validated the Social Support Scale for Family Caregivers of Older Adults. 23 items with factor loadings ≥ 0.51, grouped into four factors it explain 63% of the variance of the construct, with Cronbach's alpha values ≥ 0.85; was shown that social support has a positive and significant causal relationship with material support (β = 0.66), practical support (β = 0.69), emotional support (β = 0.6), and counseling support (β = 0.81), the model fit values was ≥ 0.97. The validated scale can be applied together with other measures to assess needs faced by families to generate support actions aimed at adult-senior and caregiver.

Bienestar, apoyo social y contexto familiar de cuidadores de adultos mayores / Well-being, Social Support and Family Context in Caregivers of Older Adults

Objetivo: explorar el papel mediador de la percepción de apoyo social en la influencia que ejerce un contexto familiar problemático sobre el bienestar subjetivo de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores dependientes funcionales. Método: participó una muestra no probabilística de 464 cuidadores familiares, respondiendo instrumentos psicométricos previamente validados para la población de referencia. Resultados: Análisis Factoriales Confirmatorios indicaron la adecuación de las variables observadas para representar a los constructos bienestar subjetivo, percepción de apoyo social y contexto familiar problemático. Examinando cuatro modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se identificó un mejor ajuste en el caso de cuidadores que viven con el mayor dependiente funcional, en donde la influencia del contexto familiar estresor sobre el bienestar está mediada por la percepción de apoyo social. Conclusiones: se coincide con la literatura que documenta el efecto buffer del apoyo social, así como también se aportan datos que enriquecen el conocimiento sobre circunstancias familiares y sociales asociadas al bienestar de cuidadores familiares mexicanos.

Objective: to explore the perception of social support as a mediator of the influence from a problematic family context on the well-being of family caregivers of functionally dependent older adults. Method: a non-probabilistic sample of 464 family caregivers participated by answering a psychometric instrument that was previously validated for the population of reference. Results: a series of confirmatory factor analyses indicated the fit of observed variables to represent the constructs of subjective well-being, perception of social support and problematic family context. The case of caregivers who live with the dependent older adult, where the influence of the stressing family context on the caregiver's well-being is mediated by the caregiver's perception of social support was identified as the model with better fit after the review of four different models. Conclusions: this paper agrees with the buffer effect of social support documented in scientific literature, it also provides data to enrich the knowledge about the family and social circumstances associated to the Mexican family caregivers.

Necessidades de apoio social em cuidadores de familiares idosos mexicanos / Social support needs of Mexican elders family caregivers

Conforme aumenta a quantidade de idosos, incrementa o número de pessoas que assumem o cuidado de um familiar idoso dependente funcional. As tarefas do cuidado demandam recursos econômicos, tempo, organização familiar e pessoal que geram uma sobrecarga que pode repercutir negativamente no cuidador. Um recurso que pode amenizar esses impactos é a existência de redes de apoio social, dentro das quais os familiares encontrem ajuda para satisfazer suas necessidades em situações cotidianas e de crise. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as necessidades de apoio social experimentadas por cuidadores de familiares idosos com problemas de saúde. Análises de conteúdo revelaram as seguintes categorias temáticas: Necessidades emocionais pessoais e interpessoais, Necessidades de apoio econômico, Necessidades de apoio prático-instrumental, Necessidades de orientação e Percepção de recursos para responder às demandas do cuidado. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de outros estudos qualitativos sobre necessidades de cuidadores de idosos.

With the increase of elders, increases the number of family members that take care of functional dependent elders. the duties of caregivers demand economic resources, time, personal and familiar organization that generate a burden that can negatively impact the caregiver. One resource that can withhold this impact is the social support network, where the family members can find help to satisfy their daily needs and crises. The objective of this study was to identify social support needs experienced by family caregivers of functional dependent elders. the content analysis revealed the following thematic categories: Emotional personal and interpersonal support needs, Economic support needs, Practical-instrumental support needs, Orientation support needs and Perception of resources to respond to the caregiver's activities demands. the results were discussed compared to other qualitative studies about the needs of caregivers of elders.

Necessidades de apoio social em cuidadores de familiares idosos mexicanos / Social support needs of mexican elders family caregivers

Conforme aumenta a quantidade de idosos, incrementa o número de pessoas que assumem o cuidado de um familiar idoso dependente funcional. As tarefas do cuidado demandam recursos econômicos, tempo, organização familiar e pessoal que geram uma sobrecarga que pode repercutir negativamente no cuidador. Um recurso que pode amenizar esses impactos é a existência de redes de apoio social, dentro das quais os familiares encontrem ajuda para satisfazer suas necessidades em situações cotidianas e de crise. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as necessidades de apoio social experimentadas por cuidadores de familiares idosos com problemas de saúde. Análises de conteúdo revelaram as seguintes categorias temáticas: Necessidades emocionais pessoais e interpessoais, Necessidades de apoio econômico, Necessidades de apoio prático-instrumental, Necessidades de orientação e Percepção de recursos para responder às demandas do cuidado. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de outros estudos qualitativos sobre necessidades de cuidadores de idosos.(AU)

With the increase of elders, increases the number of family members that take care of functional dependent elders. the duties of caregivers demand economic resources, time, personal and familiar organization that generate a burden that can negatively impact the caregiver. One resource that can withhold this impact is the social support network, where the family members can find help to satisfy their daily needs and crises. The objective of this study was to identify social support needs experienced by family caregivers of functional dependent elders. the content analysis revealed the following thematic categories: Emotional personal and interpersonal support needs, Economic support needs, Practical-instrumental support needs, Orientation support needs and Perception of resources to respond to the caregiver's activities demands. the results were discussed compared to other qualitative studies about the needs of caregivers of elders.(AU)

Autoconcepto, locus de control y orientación al éxito: sus relaciones predictivas en adultos mayores del nordeste brasileño / Autoconcept, locus de contrôle et orientation dirigée vers la réussite: ses relations predictives chez les adultes qui habite le Nordest brésilien / Self concept, locus of control and orientation to exit: their predictive relationships in brasilian northeast adults

El objetivo fue analizar las relaciones predictivas entre el autoconcepto, locus de control, orientación al éxito y evitación al fracaso en una muestra de adultos mayores de João Pessoa, Brasil. Participaron en este estudio 123 personas adultos mayores con edades entre 60 y 93 años, de las cuales, la mitad era del sexo masculino y la otra mitad de sexo femenino. Se utilizaron escalas de locus de control, autoconcepto y orientación al éxito validadas en población pessoense, así como un cuestionario sociodemográfi co diseñado exprofesso. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión jerárquica, encontrando diversas relaciones predictivas entre aspectos de personalidad, confi rmando el poder explicativo de las variables locus de control interno y externo, autoconcepto positivo y negativo y evitación al fracaso (AU)

The objective of this work is to analyze predictive relationships between the locus of control, self-concept and the orientation toward achievement in 123 seniors' residents from João Pessoa, Paraiba Brazil. Their ages are between 60 and 93 years olds, the half of them was masculine sex and the other half was feminine sex. The used instruments were: locus of control, self-concept and orientation toward achievement scale, plus a social-demographic questionnaire. Analysis of regression were used, fi nding diverse predictive relations between personality aspects, confi rming the explanatory power of the variables locus of internal and external, autoconcepto positive and negative control and avoidance to failure (AU)

L'objetif de cet article est d'analiser les relations predictives entre locus de contrôle, autoconcept et orientation dirigées la réussite de 123 agés entre 60 et 93 ans, moitié du sexe féminin et moitié du sexe masculin. Les instruments apliqués sont les suivantes: locus de contrôle, autoconcept et orientation dirigé au réussite validés dans la population qui habite la ville de João Pessoa, et aussi un questionnaire socialdemographique. Ce travail a eté soumis à une analyse de regression hierarchique, dont les résultats ont montré des rélations predictives divers entre les aspects de la personnalité, en entérinant le pouvoir explicatif des variables de locus de contrôle interne et externe, autoconcept positif et negatif et évitement de l´échec (AU)

Autoconcepto, locus de control y orientación al éxito: sus relaciones predictivas en adultos mayores del nordeste brasileño / Autoconcept, locus de contrôle et orientation dirigée vers la réussite: ses relations predictives chez les adultes qui habite le Nordest brésilien / Self concept, locus of control and orientation to exit: their predictive relationships in brasilian northeast adults

El objetivo fue analizar las relaciones predictivas entre el autoconcepto, locus de control, orientación al éxito y evitación al fracaso en una muestra de adultos mayores de João Pessoa, Brasil. Participaron en este estudio 123 personas adultos mayores con edades entre 60 y 93 años, de las cuales, la mitad era del sexo masculino y la otra mitad de sexo femenino. Se utilizaron escalas de locus de control, autoconcepto y orientación al éxito validadas en población pessoense, así como un cuestionario sociodemográfi co diseñado exprofesso. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión jerárquica, encontrando diversas relaciones predictivas entre aspectos de personalidad, confi rmando el poder explicativo de las variables locus de control interno y externo, autoconcepto positivo y negativo y evitación al fracaso.

The objective of this work is to analyze predictive relationships between the locus of control, self-concept and the orientation toward achievement in 123 seniors' residents from João Pessoa, Paraiba Brazil. Their ages are between 60 and 93 years olds, the half of them was masculine sex and the other half was feminine sex. The used instruments were: locus of control, self-concept and orientation toward achievement scale, plus a social-demographic questionnaire. Analysis of regression were used, fi nding diverse predictive relations between personality aspects, confi rming the explanatory power of the variables locus of internal and external, autoconcepto positive and negative control and avoidance to failure.

L'objetif de cet article est d'analiser les relations predictives entre locus de contrôle, autoconcept et orientation dirigées la réussite de 123 agés entre 60 et 93 ans, moitié du sexe féminin et moitié du sexe masculin. Les instruments apliqués sont les suivantes: locus de contrôle, autoconcept et orientation dirigé au réussite validés dans la population qui habite la ville de João Pessoa, et aussi un questionnaire socialdemographique. Ce travail a eté soumis à une analyse de regression hierarchique, dont les résultats ont montré des rélations predictives divers entre les aspects de la personnalité, en entérinant le pouvoir explicatif des variables de locus de contrôle interne et externe, autoconcept positif et negatif et évitement de l´échec.