Evaluation of brain injury in goats naturally infected with Coenurus cerebralis; brain specific biomarkers, acute inflammation, and DNA oxidation.

This investigate goals are to establish the utility of brain-specific biomarkers (GFAP and S100B) in vivo and to assess the brain damage in C. cerebralis-infected goats using histopathological and immunopathological methods. The animal material of the study consisted of 10 healthy and 20 Coenurus cerebralis infected female hair goats. Serum GFAP and S100B concentrations were measured to determine brain damage. Serum S100B (p < 0.037), GFAP (p < 0.012), urea (p < 0.045), GGT (p < 0.001) and ALT (p < 0.001) concentrations in the C.cerebralis group were significantly higher than the control group. There was no significant difference between the C.cerebralis group and the control group for hsTnI (p > 0.078), creatinine (p > 0.099) and CK-MB (p > 0.725). In the histopathological examination, pressure atrophy and related inflammatory changes were observed due to mechanical damage of the parasite. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed that the parasite stimulated inflammation with the expression of TNF-α and caused DNA damage with the expression of 8-OHdG. As a result, when the data collected for this study are assessed as a whole, it is thought that the use of brainspecific GFAP and S100B biomarkers may be beneficial in determining brain damage in naturally infected hair goats with C.cerebralis. Changes in the levels of brain-specific biomarkers contribute significantly to determining the prognosis of the disease in vivo. Measurement of GFAP and S100B concentrations from serum offers an important alternative to the CSF method.

The protective effect of Naringenin against ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a ubiquitous chronic disease with a growing incidence. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of naringenin against AR induced in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups of eight animals each. Group 1 represented the control group. The other 24 rats were sensitized with intraperitoneal 0.3 mg ovalbumin (OVA) and 30 mg aluminum hydroxide every other day for 14 days to induce AR. Ten microliters OVA was administered to both nostrils by inhalation for the following seven days to provoke AR. Group 2 represented the AR group and received no treatment. Group 3 was treated as the reference group and received 5 mg/kg desloratadine every day between days 15 and 21. Group 4 received 100 mg/kg naringenin orally between days 15 and 21. All animal's sneezing and nasal itching scores were recorded on day 22. The rats were then sacrificed. Serum total IgE, IL4 and IL5 values were studied, and nasal structures were extracted 'en bloc' for histopathological examination. RESULTS: Significant clinical recovery was achieved in the group treated with naringenin. Serum total IgE, IL4 and IL5 values in the naringenin group were significantly lower than in the AR group, and significant histopathological improvement was observed compared to the AR group. CONCLUSIONS: Naringenin produced significant clinical, biochemical and histopathological benefits in rats with induced AR. These effects suggest that naringenin is a promising agent for the treatment of AR.

The propolis and boric acid can be highly suitable, alone/or as a combinatory approach on ovary ischemia-reperfusion injury.

PURPOSE: Ovarian ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damage continues to be a serious infertility problem. The oxidative stress plays central role in the development of IR injuries. Activation of antioxidants decreases IR injuries; however, the efficacy of antioxidant agents remains controversial. Unfortunately, there has been no evidence for medicinal use of boric acid (BA) and propolis (Prop) on ovarian IR injury on rats so far. This study will provide to reveal the potential applications of the Prop and BA in ovarian IR therapy. METHODS: The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: I-control, II-IR, 3 h of ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion, III and IV-a signal dose of oral BA (7 mg/kg) and Prop (100 mg/kg) alone 1 h before induction of IR, V-Prop and BA together 1 h before induction of IR. SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (glutathione), MPO (myeloperoxidase), MDA (malondialdehyde), and IL-6 (interleukin-6) levels were quantified by ELISA and the TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), 8-OHdG (8-hydroxylo-2'-deoxyguanosin) and Caspase-3 expressions were performed by immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: BA and Prop pretreatment significantly reduced MPO, MDA, and IL-6 levels and pathologic score in IR rats, with no effects in control group. These agents used in therapy also decreased TNF-α, 8-OHdG and Caspase-3 protein expressions increased by IR. Furthermore, BA and Prop combination showed significant ameliorative effects on ovary injury caused by IR through acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic agent. CONCLUSION: BA and Prop alone and especially in combination could be developed as therapeutic agents against ovary IR injury.

Propolis and Its Combination with Boric Acid Protect Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis in Rats.

Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury which causes kidney dysfunction is one of the most studied diseases directly linked to oxidative stress. In this regard, it is important to protect cells against damage by inducing antioxidant response. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic roles and possible mechanisms of propolis and boric acid in kidney I/R injury based on relevant basic research and clinical studies. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 50 min of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Animals were randomly divided into a control group (the abdominal wall was just opened and closed), an I/R injury group, the propolis intervention group (200 mg/kg, intragastric administration, 1 h before ischemia), boric acid intervention group (14 mg/kg, intragastric administration 1 h before ischemia), and the propolis + boric acid intervention group (intragastric administration 1 h before ischemia). Kidney function, the antioxidant defensive system, and renal damage were assessed. In addition, the oxidative stress and inflammatory status were estimated in renal tissue. Furthermore, DNA damageand apoptosis were detected by immunohistochemistry. When compared with I/R group, propolis alone and especially propolis + boric acid groups significantly improved functional parameters. While the antioxidant response was increased, renal injury size and apoptosis were significantly decreased in both groups. Also, the MDA and TNF-α levels besides the 8-OHdG formation were downregulated. According to these outcomes, it can be said that especially propolis together with boric acid ameliorates kidney injury caused by I/R through acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agent. In conclusion, propolis alone and its combination with boric acid could be developed as therapeutic agents against serious renal I/R injuries.

The amendatory effect of hesperidin and thymol in allergic rhinitis: an ovalbumin-induced rat model.

PURPOSE: Allergic rhinitis is an immunoglobulin-E (Ig-E)-mediated response driven by type 2 helper T cells. Hesperidin and thymol are biological agents that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hesperidin and thymol in rats with ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Thirty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into five groups, each containing six animals. The first group constituted the negative control group, while the remaining groups were exposed to an ovalbumin-induced model of allergic rhinitis. In the provocation stage, 4 mL/kg saline was administered to the positive control group, 10 mg/kg desloratadine to the reference group, 100 mg/kg hesperidin to the hesperidin group, and 20 mg/kg thymol to the thymol group, all by gastric lavage for 7 days. Nasal symptoms were scored on day 22. Rats were then sacrificed, and intracardiac blood specimens were collected to measure plasma total Ig-E, IL-5, IL-13, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels. Nasal tissues were extracted for histopathological and immunochemical examination. RESULTS: Nasal symptom scores were highest in the positive control group, while hesperidin and thymol ameliorated these symptoms to the same extent as desloratadine. Ig-E, IL-5, IL-13, and TOS levels increased, while TAC levels decreased significantly in the allergic rhinitis group compared to the other groups. Significant improvement in these parameters was observed in both the hesperidin and thymol groups. At histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the nasal cavity, severe allergic inflammation and severe TNF-α expression was determined in rats from the allergic rhinitis group. Mild inflammatory changes and mild TNF-α expression were observed in all three treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Both hesperidin and thymol were effective in suppressing allergic symptoms and inflammation in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.