Novel Cytochrome P450-3A4 Enzymatic Nanobiosensor for Lapatinib (a Breast Cancer Drug) Developed on a Poly(anilino-co-4-aminobenzoic Acid-Green-Synthesised Indium Nanoparticle) Platform.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common types of cancer disease worldwide and it accounts for thousands of deaths annually. Lapatinib is among the preferred drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. Possible drug toxicity effects of lapatinib can be controlled by real-time determination of the appropriate dose for a patient at the point of care. In this study, a novel highly sensitive polymeric nanobiosensor for lapatinib is presented. A composite of poly(anilino-co-4-aminobenzoic acid) co-polymer {poly(ANI-co-4-ABA)} and coffee extract-based green-synthesized indium nanoparticles (InNPs) was used to develop the sensor platform on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), i.e., SPCE||poly(ANI-co-4-ABA-InNPs). Cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were incorporated on the modified platform to produce the SPCE||poly(ANI-co-4-ABA-InNPs)|CYP3A4|PEG lapatinib nanobiosensor. Experiments for the determination of the electrochemical response characteristics of the nanobiosensor were performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The nanobiosensor calibration for 0-100 ng/mL lapatinib was linear and gave limit of detection (LOD) values of 13.21 ng/mL lapatinib and 18.6 ng/mL lapatinib in physiological buffer and human serum, respectively. The LOD values are much lower than the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of lapatinib (2.43 µg/mL), which is attained 4 h after the administration of a daily dose of 1250 mg lapatinib. The electrochemical nanobiosensor also exhibited excellent anti-interference performance and stability.

Bioanalytical methods encompassing label-free and labeled tuberculosis aptasensors: A review.

The high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) infection is of great concern world-wide. The traditional TB diagnostic techniques are not ideal for TB diagnosis in resource-poor countries. This is due to their high complexity, expensive nature, long time duration, poor sensitivity and specificity, as well as their requirement for sophisticated laboratories with special biosafety conditions. These limitations are major factors contributing to late diagnosis of TB and its continuous persistence. Biosensors offer several advantages as diagnostic tool due to their independence on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, simplicity, low-cost, high sensitivity and specificity. Likewise, the increasing interest on aptamers as biorecognition elements in biosensor application lies in their ease of synthesis and modification, chemical and thermal stability, low-cost, and high sensitivity and specificity towards their targets. Several research works have been done and many more are still on-going on fabrication and application of aptasensors for TB diagnosis. This review summarizes the label-free and label-based electrochemical, piezoelectric and optical aptasensors for TB diagnosis published in the last decade. It focuses on their various aptamer sequence modifications, assay formats, sensitivities, nanomaterial and enzyme-based signal amplification strategies, and the possibility of miniaturization and automation using microfluidic devices.