Can a genetic profile be related to performance in young talent track and field athletes? A pilot study

Abstract Aim: This study analyzed the influences of ACE and ACTN3 gene variants in sprinters, jumpers, and endurance young athletes of track and field. Methods: 36 school-level competitors of both sex (15 girls and 21 boys; aged 16.4 ± 1.2 years; training experience 4 ± 1.2 years) practitioners of different sport disciplines (i.e., sprint, jump, and endurance athletes) participated in the study. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from peripheral blood using a standard protocol. Anthropometric measurements, 30 m sprint, squat jump (SJ), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) tests were measured. Results: Genotype distribution of the ACE and ACTN3 genes did not differ between groups. In ACE DD and ACTN3 RX genotypes, the SJ test was bigger in sprinters and jumpers than in the endurance runners. In contrast, when analyzing the ACE ID genotype, sprinters had higher SJ than endurance athletes. Moreover, in the ACE DD genotype, the sprinters and jumpers' athletes had lower time in 30 m tests compared to endurance runners. However, the ACE ID and ACTN3 RX genotypes was greater aerobic fitness in endurance runners than in jumpers' athletes. Conclusion: Although the genetic profile is not a unique factor for determining athletic performance, the ACE DD and ACTN3 RX genotypes seem to favor athletic performance in power and sprint versus endurance sports. Thus, this study evidenced that assessing genetic variants could be used as an auxiliary way to predict a favorable profile for the identification of young talents of track and field.

Dose-Response Relationship Between Internal Training Load and Changes in Performance During the Preseason in Youth Soccer Players.

ABSTRACT: Figueiredo, DH, Figueiredo, DH, Moreira, A, Gonçalves, HR, and Dourado, AC. Dose-response relationship between internal training load and changes in performance during the preseason in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2294-2301, 2021-The aim of this study was to describe training intensity distribution based on the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and heart rate (HR) methods and examine the dose-response relation between internal training load (ITL) and change in performance of 16 youth soccer players (mean ± SD age: 18.75 ± 0.68 years, height: 175.3 ± 5.5 cm, body mass: 68.7 ± 6.5 kg, and body fat: 10.7 ± 1.2%) belonging to a Brazilian first division team during a 3-week preseason. The sRPE and HR data were registered daily to calculate the ITL and the training intensity distribution, in 3 intensity zones (low, moderate, and high). The Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-yo IR1) was evaluated before and after experimental period. The total time spent in the low-intensity zone (HR method) was greater (p < 0.01) compared with the moderate- and high-intensity zones. No difference was observed between training intensity zones determined by the sRPE method (p > 0.05). Negative correlations were observed between weekly mean sRPE-TL (r = -0.69), Edward's-TL (r = -0.50), and change in Yo-yo IR1. Linear regression indicated that weekly mean sRPE-TL (F1;14 = 13.3; p < 0.01) and Edward's-TL (F1;14 = 4.8; p < 0.05) predicted 48.7 and 25.5% of the variance in performance change, respectively. Stepwise linear regression revealed that these 2-predictor variables (F2;13 = 18.9; p < 0.001) explained 74.5% of the variance in performance change. The results suggest that the sRPE and HR methods cannot be used interchangeably to determine training intensity distribution. Moreover, sRPE-TL seems to be more effective than the HR-based TL method to predict changes in performance in youth soccer players.

Estacionalidade e a produção de oócitos e embriões in vitro em vacas Gir leiteiro na região sudeste do Brasil / Seasonality and the production of oocytes and in vitro embryos in Gir dairy cows in the southeast region of Brazil

A eficiência reprodutiva de doadoras de embriões Bos taurus é afetada pelas estações devido ao estresse calórico em países de clima tropical e temperado. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito das condições climáticas de verão e inverno na produção de oócitos e embriões in vitro na raça Gir Leiteiro (Bos indicus) em fazendas da região Sudeste do Brasil. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: total de oócitos recuperados (OT), oócitos viáveis (OV) e percentual de oócitos viáveis sobre o total (POV); embriões produzidos (EP) e percentual de embriões produzidos (PEP) sobre o total de estruturas recuperadas pela aspiração folicular guiada por ultrassonografia (OPU). Os oócitos foram obtidos de 153 doadoras pluríparas de diferentes idades e ordens de parição de 10 rebanhos. As médias obtidas em 380 aspirações foliculares (OPU) nos meses de verão foram: OT=14,8; OV=12,6; EP= 3,4; PEP=22,3%, e no inverno de OT=13,4; OV=10,8; EP=3,5; PEP=26,1%, apresentando coeficiente de variação de até 84%, porém sem diferença estatísticas (p<0,05) entre estes períodos, utilizando-se o teste de Kruscal Wallis s (p<0,05). Apenas a percentagem de oócitos viáveis foi maior (p<0,05) no período de verão (POV=84,4 vs. 80,0%), contudo, o total de embriões PIVE foi semelhante nos dois períodos. Conclui-se que a produção de embriões da raça Gir Leiteiro, criadas na região Sudeste do Brasil, não foi afetada pela sazonalidade climática.

The reproductive performance of B.taurus embryo donors is affected in many tropical and temperate countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the climatic conditions of summer and winter climatic conditions on the production of oocytes and in vitro embryos in dairy cows of the breed Gir Leiteiro (Bos indicus) at farms in Southeast of the Brazil. The variable answers evaluated were the total oocytes recovered (TO) and percentage of viable oocytes over the total (PVO); embryo production (EP) and percentage of embryos in viable oocytes (PE) over the total of structures recovered by follicular aspiration guided by ultrasonography (OPU). The oocytes analyzed were obtained from 10 herds and 153 pubertal donors of different ages and orders of parturition. The average from 380 ovum pick up (OPU) during summer were: TO=14.8; PVO=12.6; EP=3.4; PE=22.3%, and TO=13.4; PVO=10.8; EP=3.5; PE=26.1%, with variation coefficient of up to 84%, and no differences evaluated through the Kruscal Wallis (p<0.05). Only the percentage of viable oocytes was higher (p<0.05) in the summer period (PVO=84.4 vs. 80.0%). However, the embryo production (IVEP) was similar in both seasons (summer and winter). Therefore, we could conclude that the embryo production of Dairy Gir cows in Southeast of the Brazil was not affected by weather seasonality.

Estacionalidade e a produção de oócitos e embriões in vitro em vacas Gir leiteiro na região sudeste do Brasil / Seasonality and the production of oocytes and in vitro embryos in Gir dairy cows in the southeast region of Brazil

A eficiência reprodutiva de doadoras de embriões Bos taurus é afetada pelas estações devido ao estresse calórico em países de clima tropical e temperado. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito das condições climáticas de verão e inverno na produção de oócitos e embriões in vitro na raça Gir Leiteiro (Bos indicus) em fazendas da região Sudeste do Brasil. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: total de oócitos recuperados (OT), oócitos viáveis (OV) e percentual de oócitos viáveis sobre o total (POV); embriões produzidos (EP) e percentual de embriões produzidos (PEP) sobre o total de estruturas recuperadas pela aspiração folicular guiada por ultrassonografia (OPU). Os oócitos foram obtidos de 153 doadoras pluríparas de diferentes idades e ordens de parição de 10 rebanhos. As médias obtidas em 380 aspirações foliculares (OPU) nos meses de verão foram: OT=14,8; OV=12,6; EP= 3,4; PEP=22,3%, e no inverno de OT=13,4; OV=10,8; EP=3,5; PEP=26,1%, apresentando coeficiente de variação de até 84%, porém sem diferença estatísticas (p<0,05) entre estes períodos, utilizando-se o teste de Kruscal Wallis s (p<0,05). Apenas a percentagem de oócitos viáveis foi maior (p<0,05) no período de verão (POV=84,4 vs. 80,0%), contudo, o total de embriões PIVE foi semelhante nos dois períodos. Conclui-se que a produção de embriões da raça Gir Leiteiro, criadas na região Sudeste do Brasil, não foi afetada pela sazonalidade climática.(AU)

The reproductive performance of B.taurus embryo donors is affected in many tropical and temperate countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the climatic conditions of summer and winter climatic conditions on the production of oocytes and in vitro embryos in dairy cows of the breed Gir Leiteiro (Bos indicus) at farms in Southeast of the Brazil. The variable answers evaluated were the total oocytes recovered (TO) and percentage of viable oocytes over the total (PVO); embryo production (EP) and percentage of embryos in viable oocytes (PE) over the total of structures recovered by follicular aspiration guided by ultrasonography (OPU). The oocytes analyzed were obtained from 10 herds and 153 pubertal donors of different ages and orders of parturition. The average from 380 ovum pick up (OPU) during summer were: TO=14.8; PVO=12.6; EP=3.4; PE=22.3%, and TO=13.4; PVO=10.8; EP=3.5; PE=26.1%, with variation coefficient of up to 84%, and no differences evaluated through the Kruscal Wallis (p<0.05). Only the percentage of viable oocytes was higher (p<0.05) in the summer period (PVO=84.4 vs. 80.0%). However, the embryo production (IVEP) was similar in both seasons (summer and winter). Therefore, we could conclude that the embryo production of Dairy Gir cows in Southeast of the Brazil was not affected by weather seasonality.(AU)

Características antropométricas e motoras em jogadores de futebol: diferenças entre categorias sub17. sub19 e profissional / Antrophometric and motor caratheristics in soccer players: differences between under 17. under 19 and professional categories

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar e comparar as características antropométricas e motoras de atletas pertencentes as categorias Sub17, Sub19 e Profissional. Todos os dados foram coletados anteriormente ao início da temporada competitiva. A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 48 futebolistas masculinos divididos em três grupos: Sub17 (n=16), Sub19 (n=16) e Profissional (n=16). Para avaliar as características antropométricas foram realizadas avaliações de estatura e de composição corporal por meio de Pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Já para determinação das características motoras foram realizados os testes de resistência aeróbia (Yo-Yo IR1); Counter movement jump (CMJ); Squat jump (SJ); performance de sprint 5m e 30m e potência anaeróbia (RAST teste) para determinação das potências máxima, média e mínima. Para determinar as diferenças entre as categorias no que se refere as características antropométricas e motoras uma ANOVA one way complementando-se com o teste posthoc de Bonferroni foi utilizado, levando-se em consideração um nível de significância de p>0,016. Atletas profissionais apresentaram maiores valores de peso corporal e massa magra absoluta se comparadas as categorias Sub17 e Sub19, não sendo identificadas diferenças para massa gorda absoluta e relativa e massa magra relativa. Não foram identificadas diferenças antropométricas entre os atletas das categorias Sub17 e Sub19. Atletas profissionais apresentaram valores de CMJ, SJ, sprint de 30m e potência máxima, média e mínima maiores do que atletas Sub17 e Sub19, não apresentando diferença em relação ao Yo-Yo IR1 e sprint de 5m. Atletas Sub19 apresentaram maiores valores de Yo-Yo IR1 se comparados ao Sub17 e Profissionais e maiores valores de CMJ, sprint de 30m e potência média e mínima se comparado aos atletas Sub17. Atletas de diferentes categorias apresentam características antropométricas e motoras distintas, enfatizando a importância em acompanhar o desenvolvimento destas características de acordo com a idade....(AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the anthropometric and motor characteristics of under 17, under 19 and Professional athletes. All data were collected prior to the beginning of the competitive season. The sample of this study was composed of 48 male soccer players divided into three groups: Under 17 (n=16), Under 19 (n=16) and Professional (n=16). To evaluate anthropometric characteristics, height and body composition were performed by means of air displacement pletismography. For determination of the motor characteristics the aerobic resistance test (Yo-Yo IR1), Counter movement jump (CMJ), Squat jump (SJ), performance of 5m and 30 m sprint and anaerobic power (RAST test) to determine the maximum, mean and minimum power were performed. To determine the differences between the categories regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics, a one-way ANOVA complemented with Bonferroni post-hoc test was used, with a level of significance of p>0,016. Professional athletes shown higher values of body weight and absolute lean mass compared to Under 17 and Under 19 categories, with no difference for absolute and relative fat mass and relative lean mass. No anthropometric differences were identified among athletes in the Under 17 and Under 19 categories. Professional athletes presented values of CMJ, SJ, sprint of 30m and maximal, mean, and minimum power higher than Under 17 and Under 19 athletes, with no difference in relation to Yo-Yo IR1 and sprint of 5m. Under 19 athletes presented higher values of Yo-Yo IR1 compared to Under 17 and Professionals, and higher values of CMJ, sprint of 30 m, mean and, minimum power compared to Under 17 athletes. Athletes of different categories present distinct anthropometric and motor characteristics, emphasizing the importance of accompanying the development of these characteristics according to playing age....(AU)

Análise de componentes principais na identificação de características físicas primordiais em esportes coletivos / Analysis of principal components in the identification of primordial physical characteristics in collective sports

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: demonstrar por meio da análise de componentes principais (ACP), quais as variáveis físicas que poderiam estar mais relacionadas com o desempenho de atletas de modalidades coletivas, podendo assim colaborar com uma maior caracterização das mesmas e testar se a utilização da técnica multivariada de análise por meio da ACP seria capaz de sintetizar essas variáveis. Fizeram parte do estudo 108 atletas (38 do sexo masculino e 70 do feminino) representantes da cidade de Londrina nos Jogos da Juventude do Paraná de 2008 e 2011 nas modalidades de futsal, handebol, basquetebol e voleibol. Foram realizadas medidas de composição corporal por meio de plestimografia por deslocamento de ar, estatura e massa corporal, saltos verticais em placa de contato, testes de agilidade e velocidade, flexões abdominais e o teste de corrida de Leger. A ACP foi utilizada na tentativa de sumarizar em fatores as variáveis investigadas para todas as modalidades investigadas. Foram identificados 4 componentes principais para as modalidades de Futsal e Voleibol, representando 79,7% e 77% da variância total e de 3 componentes para as modalidades Basquetebol e Handebol, respondendo por 77% e 81,6% da variância total. A ACP foi capaz de identificar e discriminar as variáveis que mais respondem pela variância total em modalidades coletivas. As variáveis que mais contribuíram para a formação dos componentes vão ao encontro com os principais atributos específicos das modalidades estudadas, identificando assim as principais variáveis que em tese poderiam contribuir para o sucesso esportivo nas modalidades em questão....(AU)

The objectives of the present study were: to demonstrate through the principal components analysis (PCA), which physical variables could be more related to the performance of athletes of collective modalities and, thus collaborate with a greater characterization of then and to test if the use of the multivariate analysis technique by the PCA would be able to synthesize these variables. Participated in the study 108 athletes that represents the city of Londrina at the Youth Games of Paraná in 2008 and 2011 in the modalities of futsal, handball, basketball and volleyball. Body composition, height, body mass, vertical jumps, agility, speed tests, abdominal flexions and the Leger running test were conducted. PCA was used to summarize the variables investigated. Four principal components were identified for futsal and volleyball, representing 79,7% and 77% of the total variance and 3 principal components for basketball and handball, accounting for 77% and 81,6% of the total variance. The PCA was able to identify and discriminate the variables that most respond by the total variance in collective modalities. The variables that contributed the most to the formation of the components are in agreement with the main specific attributes of the modalities studied, thus identifying the main variables that in theory contribute to the sporting success in the modalities in question....(AU)

Interrelationships among Jumping Power, Sprinting Power and Pubertal Status after Controlling for Size in Young Male Soccer Players.

This study examined power output on jumping and sprinting tests in young soccer players of differing pubertal status, while controlling for body size with allometric scaling exponents. A total of 46 males aged 12-18 years (14.17 years) were divided into three groups: pre-pubescent ( n = 12), pubescent ( n = 22), and post-pubescent ( n = 12). Participants performed a series of tests, including the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-meter and 30-meter sprint test protocols. The Post-PUB group was older ( F = 112.411, p < 0.001), more experienced in competitive soccer ( F = 8.055, p = 0.001), taller ( F = 28.940, p < 0.001), and heavier ( F = 20.618, p < 0.001), when compared to peers in the other groups. Mean differences in jumping and sprinting performances suggested a significant effect for pubertal status on performance in the 10-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.191, p < 0.001) and 30-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.093, p < 0.001) after allometric scaling. Power output derived from SJ (small effect size, F = 0.536, p = 0.001) and CMJ (small effect size, F = 1.058, p = 0.356) showed no significant differences across players of varying pubertal status. Biological maturation showed a large effect on maximal power output for sprints, but not for jumps, when the effect of body size was adjusted by statistically derived allometric exponents in young male soccer players.

Elaboração e validação de um teste de quadra específico para a determinação da potência aeróbia de tenistas / Processing and validation of a field test for determination of tennis players specific aerobic performance

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de desenvolver e validar um teste para estimar a potência aeróbia de jovens tenistas do sexo masculino. A amostra foi composta por 24 tenistas competitivos com média de idade de 15.58 ± 1.77 anos, os quais foram submetidos a dois tipos de testes máximos e diretos, um específico na quadra de tênis, e outro em esteira rolante no laboratório. A normalidade dos dados foi analisada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O teste "t" pareado para análise das diferenças entre cada teste bem como o teste de campo e o seu reteste. Correlação de Pearson analisou a relação do teste de laboratório com o de campo, e também entre o teste e o reteste de campo. O poder de explicação das variáveis preditoras do VO2 para o teste de campo foi determinado pela regressão linear simples e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças significativas para as variáveis, tempo total, distância percorrida, pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico) e quociente de trocas respiratórias entre o teste de campo e o de laboratório: correlação moderada entre o teste de campo e o de laboratório (r=0.539; p<0.05) para a variável VO2pico, e correlação moderada entre o VO2pico e a frequência cardíaca máxima obtidos no teste de campo (r=0.417; p<0.05), propondo uma equação preditiva do VO2pico (VO2pico= -15.125 + [0.334 x FCmáx]). Pode-se concluir que o teste proposto foi válido e pode ser utilizado para estimar a potência aeróbia de jovens tenistas de competição do sexo masculino...(AU)

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a test to estimate on court aerobic of competitive tennis players. The sample consisted of 24 competitive male tennis players (federate and/or confederate), with age average of 15.58 ± 1.77 years. They were be subject to the assessment of two types of maximal tests, a specific field test on the tennis court and the other conducted in a treadmill laboratory (gold standard), both with direct measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2). For the analysis of the blood lactate concentration, was used Accutrend® lactometer (ROCHE). The sample was characterized by descriptive statistics and measures of central tendency. The Shapiro Wilk test was applied to verify the data normality. The analyzes of differences between each test, and the test proposed and its retest is given by using the "t" paired test. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyze the relationship between the treadmill test with the court, and also between test and re-test. The explanatory power of predictor variables of VO2 for the specific test was determined by simple linear regression and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with a confidence interval of 95% applied to obtain the criteria of significance measures of the specific test. The statistical program used was SPSS 20.0. The results showed a moderate correlation between the proposed test and the laboratory (r = 0.539, p<0.05) for VO2peak variable, and a moderate correlation between VO2peak_court and Maximal Heart Rate_Court (r = 0.417, p<0.05), making it possible to propose a predictive equation by MHR variable obtained in the court test (VO2peak = -15.125 + (0.334 x MHR). Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed test was valid and can be used to estimate the aerobic power (VO2peak) in young male competitive tennis players...(AU)

Efeito da idade relativa nas categorias do futebol brasileiro: critérios de seleção ou uma tendência populacional? / The relative age effect on the categories of Brazilian soccer: selection criteria or a population trend? / Efecto de la edad relativa en futbolistas de la cantera en el fútbol brasileño: ¿criterios de selección o tendencia de la población?

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em comparar a frequência de datas de nascimento entre atletas de futebol e a população brasileira e verificar possíveis diferenças entre categorias. Participaram 868 atletas avaliados entre 2001 a 2009, pertencentes às categorias sub-15, sub-17, sub-20 e profissional. As datas de nascimento foram classificadas por trimestres. Usou-se o teste qui-quadrado para análise, adotou-se P < 0,05. Houve diferença significativa entre os quartos de ano, com tendência a nascimentos no primeiro semestre, similar à distribuição da população brasileira. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre as categorias. Concluiu-se que há uma tendência de nascidos no início do ano que desfavorece possíveis talentos nascidos no fim do ano competitivo.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the birth dates of soccer players and the Brazilian population as well as assess possible differences among categories. 868 players participated in this study, distributed according to the U-15, U-17, U-20 and professional categories. The birth dates were classified by quartiles. The chi-square test was used for the analyses, considering P < 0.05. Significant difference was identified among quartiles of births with a tendency to births in the first half, similar to the distribution of the Brazilian population. No differences were significant among categories. It was concluded that there is a tendency for births in the beginning of the year, discouraging potential talent ones who were born at the end of the competitive year.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la frecuencia de las fechas de nacimiento entre jugadores de fútbol y la población brasileña, e investigar las posibles diferencias entre categorías. Participaron 868 jugadores nacidos entre 2001 y 2009, y pertenecientes a las categorías sub-15, sub-17, sub-20 y profesional. Las fechas de nacimiento se clasificaron por trimestres. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado y se utilizó el valor de P < 0,05. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los diferentes cuatrimestres, con tendencia al nacimiento en el primer semestre, de forma similar a la distribución de la población brasileña. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las categorías. Se concluye que existe una tendencia de nacimientos a principios de año, lo cual trae consigo una desventaja para aquellos posibles talentos que nacen a finales del año competitivo.

Adaptations in the physical capacities of U-18 futsal athletes during a competitive season / Adaptações nas capacidades físicas de atletas de futsal da categoria sub 18 no decorrer de uma temporada competitiva

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify and to analyze adaptations on physical and physiological variables of futsal athletes during the pre-competitive and competitive phases of a training macrocycle. The sample was composed of nine Under-18 futsal athletes who performed the following tests: vertical jump, 10 and 30-meter linear sprint, repeated sprint ability test, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 and VO2máx. Based on the qualitative analysis of the change magnitude, it was possible to verify adaptations from training for the vertical jump test (certainly positive), 10-meter linear sprint (likely decrease), 30-meter linear sprint (irrelevant), repeated sprint ability test for best sprint (irrelevant), mean of sprints (likely decrease), fatigue index (likely decrease), YYIRI (likely increase), VO2máx (likely decrease) and speed of VO2máx (likely increase). Thus, it was possible to verify that training-induced adaptations were positive since athletes improved their performance for the most control tests for each physical capacities of futsal (vertical jumps, 10-meter linear sprint, and repeated agility sprint test for the mean of sprints and fatigue index and aerobic resistance. Therefore, data have shown that athletes improved their physical performance considering the characteristics of futsal during training throughout a macrocycle.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de verificar e analisar as adaptações nas variáveis físicas e fisiológicas de atletas de futsal durante as etapas pré-competitiva e competitiva de um macrociclo de treinamento. Participaram do estudo nove atletas de futsal da categoria sub-18, que realizaram os seguintes testes: saltos verticais, velocidade de 10 e 30 metros, resistência de velocidade, Yo-Yo intermitentt recovery test Level 1 (YYIR1) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx). Baseado na análise qualitativa da magnitude da mudança, foi possível verificar as adaptações advindas do treinamento para os testes de saltos verticais (certamente positivo), velocidade de 10 metros (provável diminuição), velocidade de 30 metros (irrelevante), resistência de velocidade para o melhor sprint (irrelevante), média dos sprints (provável diminuição) e índice de fadiga (possível diminuição), YYIR1 (possível aumento), VO2máx (provável diminuição) e velocidade do VO2máx(provável aumento). Foi possível verificar que as adaptações causadas pelo treinamento realizado foram positivas, já que os atletas melhoraram o desempenho na maioria dos testes de controle das capacidades físicas solicitadas na modalidade (saltos verticais, velocidade de aceleração 10 m, resistência de velocidade nas variáveis média dos sprints e índice de fadiga e na resistência aeróbia específica). Desta forma, os dados demonstraram que os atletas melhoraram suas condições físicas, considerando as características do treinamento do futsal durante um macrociclo.

Hipotensão pós-exercício aeróbio e resistido em indivíduos com lesão medular / Post-exercise hypotension following aerobic and resistance exercises in individuals with spinal cord injury

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE) aeróbio e resistido em cinco indivíduos com lesão medular torácica do sexo masculino e fisicamente ativos (28.6±6.2 anos; 57.4±13.2 kg; 1.71±0.04 m; VO2pico: 29.46±4.3 ml/kg/min). Primeiramente os participantes realizaram exercício aeróbio tocando a cadeira de rodas por 30 minutos em intensidade de 50-70% da frequência cardíaca de reserva. Após 48-72 horas, realizaram a sessão de exercício resistido, com 3 séries de 12 repetições a 60% de uma repetição máxima. Cada participante teve sua pressão arterial (PA) mensurada em repouso e recuperação. Para o exercício aeróbio, foi encontrada HPE para pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) depois dos 30 minutos de recuperação. Já para o exercício resistido não foi encontrada HPE em nenhum momento. Os resultados demonstram a importância do exercício aeróbio para o controle e redução da PA em indivíduos com lesão medular.

The objective of this study was to monitor the post-exercise hypotension (PEH) of five physically active men (28.6±6.2 years old; 57.4±13.2 kg; 1.71±0.04 m; VO2peak: 29.46±4.3 l/kg/min) with thoracic spinal cord injury following aerobic and resistance exercises. First, the participants performed aerobic exercise by pushing their wheelchairs for 30 minutes at an intensity of 50-70% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). After 48-72 hours, the men performed a session of resistance exercises, three sets of 12 repetitionsat 60% intensity. Each participant's blood pressure (BP) was checked at rest and recovery. For the aerobic exercise, PEH registered for the systolic blood pressure (SBP) after 30 minutes of recovery. For the resistance exercise, no PEH was found at any variable. These results convey the importance of aerobic exercise for controlling and reducing BP in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Validação dos limiares do acelerômetro Actical para a determinação do comportamento sedentário e da intensidade da atividade física em adolescentes / Validation of Actical accelerometer thresholds to determine the sedentary behavior and physical activity intensity in adolescents

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a validade de limiares para determinação de atividades sedentárias e atividades físicas de intensidade moderada a vigorosa para o acelerômetro Actical em adolescentes. Setenta e nove adolescentes (idade média 12,5 anoss; 50,5% meninos) foram monitorados por acelerometria e calorimetria indireta em repouso e durante quatro atividades sedentárias e sete atividades físicas com diferentes intensidades. Escores de METs e limiares específicos para counts do acelerômetro Actical propostos por Colley e Tremblay (CT), Puyau et al. (PU) e Evenson et al (EV) foram utilizados para classificar as atividades sedentárias (SED), moderadas a vigorosas (MOD-VIG) e vigorosas (VIG). A calorimetria indireta foi utilizada como método de referência e a validade dos limiares estimada por meio de curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves) e dos coeficientes de concordância de Kappa. Os limiares proposto por PU e EV apresentaram excelente acurácia de classificação das SED (ROC ≥ 0,96; κ ≥ 0,90). Os limiares de PU, EV e CT apresentaram acurácia elevada para classificação das atividades MOD-VIG (ROC = 0,89, 0,88 e 0,86, respectivamente; κ = 0,77, 0,75 e 0,73, respectivamente). A acurácia de classificação das VIG por meio dos limiares de EV e CT foi boa (ROC = 0,90 e 0,85;  = 0,69 e 0,67) e significantemente superior àquela apresentada pelo limiar de PU (ROC = 0,74 e  = 0,51). Conclui-se que limiares atualmente disponíveis para o acelerômetro Actical possuem boa validade para a determinação da

The aim of this study was to verify the validity of cut off points for the Actical accelerometer to estimate sedentary, moderate and vigorous physical activities among adolescents. Seventy-nine adolescents (mean age 12.5 years; 50.5% boys) were monitored by accelerometry and indirect calorimetry at rest and during four sedentary activities and eleven physical activities performed at different intensities. METs scores and specific thresholds for the Actical accelerometer counts proposed by Colley and Tremblay (CT), Puyau et al. (PU) and Evenson et al (EV) were used to classify sedentary activities (SED), physical activities from moderate to vigorous (MOD-VIG) and vigorous (VIG). The validity of thresholds was tested by means of Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves (ROC) and Kappa agreement coefficients. PU and EV thresholds showed excellent accuracy to classify SED (ROC ≥ 0.96, κ ≥ 0.90). Accuracy of the cut points of PU, EV and CT for MOD-VIG were high (ROC = 0.89, 0.88 and 0.86, respectively, κ = 0.77, 0.75 and 0.73, respectively). Accuracy to classify VIG through EV and CT thresholds was good (ROC = 0.90 and 0.85, k = 0.69 and 0.67) and significantly higher than that shown by the PU threshold (ROC = 0 .74 k = 0.51). It was concluded that thresholds currently available for the Actical accelerometer have good validity to estimate sedentary activities and physical activity from MOD to VIG intensities among adolescents.

Calibration of ActiGraph GT3X, Actical and RT3 accelerometers in adolescents.

The objective of this study was to develop count cut-points for three different accelerometer models: ActiGraph GT3X, RT3 and Actical to accurately classify physical activity intensity levels in adolescents. Seventy-nine adolescents (10-15 years) participated in this study. Accelerometers and oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) data were collected at rest and during 11 physical activities of different intensities. Accelerometers were worn on the waist and [Formula: see text] was measured by a portable metabolic system: Cosmed K4b2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine cut-points. Cut-points for sedentary (SED), moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) were 46, 607 and 818 counts·15s(-1) to the vertical axis of ActiGraph; 180, 757 and 1112 counts·15s(-1) to the vector magnitude of ActiGraph; 17, 441 and 873 counts·15s(-1) for Actical; and 5.6, 20.4 and 32.2 counts·s(-1) for RT3, respectively. For all three accelerometer models, there was an almost perfect discrimination of SED and MVPA (ROC >0.97) and an excellent discrimination of VPA (ROC>0.90) observed. Areas under the ROC curves indicated better discrimination of MVPA by ActiGraph (AUC=0.994) and Actical (AUC=0.993) when compared to RT3 (AUC=0.983). The cut-points developed in this study for the ActiGraph (vector magnitude), RT3 and Actical accelerometer models can be used to monitor physical activity level of adolescents.

Efeitos do treinamento pliométrico sobre a potência de membros inferiores e a velocidade em tenistas da categoria juvenil / Effects of plyometric training in power of lower limbs and peed of junior tennis players

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar a influência do treinamento pliométrico nas variáveis de potência de membros inferiores e de velocidade em tenistas. Participaram do estudo 11 atletas, sendo 5 do "grupo controle" e 6 do "grupo intervenção". Ambos os grupos realizaram treinamento em quadra e treinamento de força geral em academia. Os testes realizados foram: squat jump, salto contra movimento, salto contra movimento com auxílio dos braços, drop jump, impulsão horizontal e velocidade, sendo estes aplicados pré e pós treinamento pliométrico. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e ANOVA para medidas repetidas para diferença entre o pré e pós-teste, p<0,05. O grupo de intervenção apresentou diferenças entre o pré e pós-teste para todas as variáveis, diferentemente do grupo controle. E entre o grupo controle e o de intervenção, verificou-se que, no pré-teste, não houve diferença entre as variáveis. A utilização do treinamento pliométrico de 10 semanas induziu a adaptações importantes no desempenho dos sujeitos acompanhados.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training on the power of lower limbs and speed of tennis players. Participated 11 athletes, 5 were "control group" and 6 "experimental group". The both groups were conducted to training on court and strength training. The abilities investigated were: squat jump, counter movement jump, counter movement jump using the arms, drop jump, broad jump and speed. Shapiro-Wilk test for evaluating the normality and ANOVA two way repeted-measures for evaluating the differences between pretest and posttest, p<0.05. Results comparing pretest and posttest showed a significant improvement in all variables for experimental group, different of the control group. And between control group and experimental, verified no differences to pretest. The plyometric training by 10 weeks induced an performance improvement of the subjects.

Características antropométricas, morfológicas e somatotípicas de atletas da seleção brasileira masculina de voleibol: estudo descritivo de 11 anos / Anthropometric, morphological and somatotype characteristics of athletes of the Brazilian Men's volleyball team: an 11-year descriptive study

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar, no período de 11 anos, as características antropométricas e morfológicas de atletas da seleção brasileira masculina de voleibol. A amostra foi composta por 92 atletas convocados entre os anos de 1995 a 2005. Foram coletadas medidas antropométricas e estimados valores de composição corporal e componentes do somatotipo. Para a análise dos dados, usou-se a estatística descritiva, a ANOVA one-way e Bonferroni, com significância de p < 0,05. Ao longo dos 11 anos, houve aumento significativo nos perímetros do braço contraído, no diâmetro do úmero e na massa livre de gordura. Além disso, a espessura de pregas cutâneas e o percentual de gordura tenderam a diminuir. Estatura elevada foi uma característica presente, ultrapassando, na média, 1.97 m. O somatotipo dos atletas da Seleção Brasileira modificou-se ao longo dos anos. As configurações mais presentes nos atletas foram ectomorfismo e mesomorfismo. Conclui-se que, ao longo dos 11 anos, os atletas selecionados apresentaram um aumento da massa muscular, diminuição na espessura das pregas cutâneas e no percentual de gordura. As classificações antropométricas mais frequentes foram: Mesomorfo-ectomorfo durante cinco anos, seguida da classificação meso-ectomorfo com três anos. Sugerindo que nas convocações dos atletas, a estatura elevada e o baixo componente de gordura corporal foram considerados.

This study analyzed the anthropometric and morphological characteristics of the adult male players in the Brazilian volleyball team for 11 years. The sample comprised 92 athletes selected for the national team from 1995 to 2005. Anthropometric measures were collected and body composition and somatotype components were estimated. One-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test were used for descriptive statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. Along the 11 years, there was a significant increase in the flexed arm perimeter, humerus diameter and lean mass. Skinfold thickness and percent body fat tended to decrease. Height increased and was greater than 1.97 m. The somatotype of the volleyball players in the Brazilian team changed along the years. Ectomorphic and mesomorphic somatotypes were the most frequent. In 11 years, the athletes selected for the Brazilian team had an increase in body mass and a decrease in skinfold thickness and percent body fat. The most frequent anthropometric classifications were mesomorph-ectomorph for five years, followed by mesomorphic-ectomorph for three years, which suggests that taller athletes and those with a low body fat percentage were more frequently selected for the national team.

Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate energy system contributions and energy costs in combat situations. The sample consisted of 10 male taekwondo athletes (age: 21 ± 6 years old; height: 176.2 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 67.2 ± 8.9 kg) who compete at the national or international level. To estimate the energy contributions, and total energy cost of the fights, athletes performed a simulated competition consisting of three 2 min rounds with a 1 min recovery between each round. The combats were filmed to quantify the actual time spent fighting in each round. The contribution of the aerobic (W(AER)), anaerobic alactic (W(PCR)), and anaerobic lactic [Formula: see text] energy systems was estimated through the measurement of oxygen consumption during the activity, the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and the change in blood lactate concentration in each round, respectively. The mean ratio of high intensity actions to moments of low intensity (steps and pauses) was ~1:7. The W(AER), W(PCR) and W([La(-)]) system contributions were estimated as 120 ± 22 kJ (66 ± 6%), 54 ± 21 kJ (30 ± 6%), 8.5 kJ (4 ± 2%), respectively. Thus, training sessions should be directed mainly to the improvement of the anaerobic alactic system (responsible by the high-intensity actions), and of the aerobic system (responsible by the recovery process between high-intensity actions).

O esporte na qualidade de vida de indivíduos com lesão da medula espinhal: série de casos / Sports on quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury: a case series

INTRODUÇÃO: A lesão da medula espinhal é um trauma de impacto físico e social ao indivíduo, que acarreta profundas modificações na vida de seus portadores pela paraplegia ou tetraplegia resultante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida de indivíduos com lesão da medula espinhal, antes e após um período de treinamento esportivo. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 16 indivíduos paraplégicos por lesão da medula espinhal, que realizaram treinamento esportivo da modalidade basquetebol em cadeira de rodas, com duração de duas horas por dia e frequência de duas vezes por semana, por um período de um ano. Para avaliação da qualidade de vida PRÉ e PÓS o período de treinamento, foi utilizado o questionário SF-36. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora geral na qualidade de vida (p = 0,006) dos participantes quando considerados os escores de todos os domínios do questionário somados PRÉ (605,7) e PÓS (651,9) treinamento. Ainda, analisando de forma específica, foi observada melhora com significância estatística na capacidade funcional (p = 0,004), estado geral de saúde (p = 0,001) e aspectos emocionais (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento esportivo mostrou-se benéfico, promove melhora na qualidade de vida de pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal que necessitam de cadeira de rodas para mobilidade e representa novos objetivos e desafios na continuidade no processo de reabilitação.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The spinal cord injury is a trauma of physical and social impact to the individual, which causes profound changes in the lives of those affected by the resultant paraplegia or quadriplegia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injury before and after a period of sport training. METHODS: The study included 16 people with paraplegia by spinal cord injury, who underwent sports training of basketball in wheelchairs, with a frequency of 2 times per week for a period of 1 year. To assess the quality of life before and after the training period, we used the SF-36. RESULTS: There was overall improvement in quality of life (p = 0.006) when considering the average of all areas of the questionnaire combined scores PRE (605.7) and POST (651.9) training. Additionally, the analysis of the results showed statistically significant improvement in functional capacity (p = 0.004), general health (p = 0.001) and emotional aspects (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The sport can promote improvement in quality of life for people who need a wheelchair for mobility, and represents new goals and challenges in continuing the process of rehabilitation.

Cardiovascular and autonomic responses after exercise sessions with different intensities and durations.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported the phenomenon of post-exercise hypotension. However, the factors that cause this drop in blood pressure after a single exercise session are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on the acute blood pressure response and to investigate the indicators of autonomic activity after exercise. METHODS: Ten male subjects (aged 25 ± 1 years) underwent four experimental exercise sessions and a control session on a cycle ergometer. The blood pressure and heart rate variability of each subject were measured at rest and at 60 min after the end of the sessions. RESULTS: Post-exercise hypotension was not observed in any experimental sessions (P > 0.05). The index of parasympathetic neural activity, the RMSSD, only remained lower than that during the pre-exercise session after the high-intensity session (Δ = -19 ± 3.7 for 15-20 min post-exercise). In addition, this value varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the high- and low-intensity sessions (Δ = -30.7 ± 4.0 for the high intensity session, and Δ = -9.9 ± 2.5 for the low intensity session). CONCLUSION: The present study did not find a reduction in blood pressure after exercise in normotensive, physically active young adults. However, the measurements of the indicators of autonomic neural activity revealed that in exercise of greater intensity the parasympathetic recovery tends to be slower and that sympathetic withdrawal can apparently compensate for this delay in recovery.

Cardiovascular and autonomic responses after exercise sessions with different intensities and durations

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported the phenomenon of post-exercise hypotension. However, the factors that cause this drop in blood pressure after a single exercise session are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on the acute blood pressure response and to investigate the indicators of autonomic activity after exercise. METHODS: Ten male subjects (aged 25 ± 1 years) underwent four experimental exercise sessions and a control session on a cycle ergometer. The blood pressure and heart rate variability of each subject were measured at rest and at 60 min after the end of the sessions. RESULTS: Post-exercise hypotension was not observed in any experimental sessions (P > 0.05). The index of parasympathetic neural activity, the RMSSD, only remained lower than that during the pre-exercise session after the high-intensity session (Δ = -19 ± 3.7 for 15-20 min post-exercise). In addition, this value varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the high- and low-intensity sessions (Δ = -30.7 ± 4.0 for the high intensity session, and Δ = -9.9 ± 2.5 for the low intensity session). CONCLUSION: The present study did not find a reduction in blood pressure after exercise in normotensive, physically active young adults. However, the measurements of the indicators of autonomic neural activity revealed that in exercise of greater intensity the parasympathetic recovery tends to be slower and that sympathetic withdrawal can apparently compensate for this delay in recovery.

Peso e condição corporal, contagem de OPG e perfil metabólico sanguíneo de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês no periparto, criadas na região da Baixada Litorânea do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Body weight and body condition, EPG couting and blood metabolic profile of Santa Ines ewes in the peripartum kept in the coastal plains of Rio de Janeiro

O presente trabalho descreveu mudanças do peso, da condição corporal (CC), da contagem de ovos por grama (OPG) defezes e do perfil metabólico de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês em diferentes tempos do periparto. Análise de variância foiefetuada considerando 5% de significância e aplicação da equação de regressão nas variáveis significativas. A condiçãocorporal diminuiu após o parto. As concetrações de hemoglobina diminuíram entre T+20 e T+30 coincidente com o aumentodo OPG. As concentrações de albumina e ureia apresentaram equações de regressão lineares com decréscimo dos valoresdo pré-parto para o pós-parto. As equações de regressão para o beta-hidroxibutirato, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio apresentaramum comportamento quadrático. As concentrações de beta-hidroxibutirato e cálcio foram mais elevados tanto nos dias queantecederam quanto nos que sucederam ao parto. Os valores mais elevados de fósforo foram observados nos tempospróximos ao parto, decrescendo aos 30 dias do pós-parto. O magnésio apresentou um aumento de seus valores no pósparto.A manutenção do ECC entre 3,0 e 2,5 no período periparto garantiu parâmetros hematológicos compatíveis com aprodução e saúde dos animais. Os valores baixos de albumina sérica e ureia evidenciaram um balanço proteico inadequado.O OPG foi sensível a variações no periparto(AU)

Changes in weight, body condition (BC) and eggs per gram (EPG) in the feces and the metabolic profile of Santa Ines ewes in different peripartum times were described in this study. Analysis of variance was used considering a 5% significance and the application of regression equation for the significant variables. Body condition declined after birth.Hemoglobin concentrations decreased between T+20 and T+30, coincidently with the increase of EPG. Albumin and urea concentration  had linear regression equations together with the decline of pre- and postpartum values. Regression equations for betahydroxybutyrate,   calcium, phosphorus and magnesium had quadratic behavior. Beta-hydroxybutyrate and calcium concentrations were higher in the days pre- and postpartum. Highest values of phosphorus were observed in the times close to birth, declining at 30 days postpartum. Increased values of magnesium were observed postpartum. Maintenance in ECC between 3.0 and 2.5 in the peripartum maintained the blood parameters compatible with the production and health of these animals. Low values of serum albumin and urea evidenced inadequate protein balance. EPG was sensitive to peripartum variations(AU)