RESUMEN
Efforts to identify a potent, reversible, nonsteroidal CYP17A1 lyase inhibitor with good selectivity over CYP17A1 hydroxylase and CYPs 11B1 and 21A2 for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) culminated in the discovery of BMS-351 (compound 18), a pyridyl biaryl benzimidazole with an excellent in vivo profile. Biological evaluation of BMS-351 at a dose of 1.5 mg in castrated cynomolgus monkeys revealed a remarkable reduction in testosterone levels with minimal glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid perturbation. Based on a favorable profile, BMS-351 was selected as a candidate for further preclinical evaluation.
RESUMEN
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine acid analogs as PPAR ligands is outlined. In both the 1,3- and 1,4-oxybenzyl pyrrolidine acid series, the preferred stereochemistry was shown to be the cis-3R,4S isomer, as exemplified by the potent dual PPARα/γ agonists 3k and 4i. The N-4-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidinyl pyrrolidine acid analog 4i was efficacious in lowering fasting glucose and triglyceride levels in diabetic db/db mice.
Asunto(s)
Hipoglucemiantes/síntesis química , PPAR alfa/agonistas , PPAR gamma/agonistas , Pirrolidinas/química , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diseño de Fármacos , Femenino , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Ligandos , Ratones , Ratones Obesos , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/síntesis química , Pirrolidinas/uso terapéutico , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Acylureas and acyclic imides are found to be excellent isosteres for 2-acylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole in the azaxanthene-based series of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists. The results reported herein show that primary acylureas maintain high affinity and selectivity for GR while providing improved CYP450 inhibition and pharmacokinetic profile over 2-acylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. General methods for synthesis of a variety of acylureas and acyclic imides from a carboxylic acid were utilized and are described.
Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/farmacología , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Urea/farmacología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/química , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiadiazoles/química , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/químicaRESUMEN
SAR was used to further develop an indazole class of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists aided by a GR LBD (ligand-binding domain)-agonist co-crystal structure described in the accompanying paper. Progress towards discovering a dissociated GR agonist guided by human in vitro assays biased the optimization of this compound series towards partial agonists that possessed excellent selectivity against other nuclear hormone receptors.
Asunto(s)
Indazoles/síntesis química , Indazoles/farmacología , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Amidas/química , Amidas/farmacología , Humanos , Indazoles/química , Modelos Moleculares , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Urea/química , Urea/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Modification of a phenolic lead structure based on lessons learned from increasing the potency of steroidal glucocorticoid agonists lead to the discovery of exceptionally potent, nonsteroidal, indazole GR agonists. SAR was developed to achieve good selectivity against other nuclear hormone receptors with the ultimate goal of achieving a dissociated GR agonist as measured by human in vitro assays. The specific interactions by which this class of compounds inhibits GR was elucidated by solving an X-ray co-crystal structure.
Asunto(s)
Amidas/química , Amidas/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Indazoles/química , Indazoles/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Esteroides/química , Esteroides/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A novel series of p38 MAP kinase inhibitors with high selectivity for the p38α isoform over the other family members including the highly homologous p38ß isoform has been identified. X-ray co-crystallographic studies have revealed an unprecedented kinase binding mode in p38α for representative analogs, 5c and 9d, in which a Leu108/Met109 peptide flip occurs within the p38α hinge region. Based on these findings, a general strategy for the rational design of additional promising p38α isoform selective inhibitors by targeting this novel binding mode is proposed.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Unión Proteica , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Structurally novel 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine (azaxanthene) selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulators have been identified. A screening paradigm utilizing cellular assays of GR-mediated transrepression of proinflammatory transcription factors and transactivation of GR-dependent genes combined with three physiologically relevant assays of cytokine induction in human whole blood has allowed for the identification of high affinity, selective GR ligands that display a broad range of pharmacological profiles. Agonist efficacy in reporter assays can be tuned by halogenation of a pendent phenyl ring and correlates well with efficacy for cytokine inhibition in human whole blood. A hypothetical binding mode is proposed, invoking an expanded ligand binding pocket resembling that of arylpyrazole-bound GR structures. Two compounds of close structural similarity (35 and 37; BMS-776532 and BMS-791826, respectively) have been found to maintain distinct and consistent levels of partial agonist efficacy across several assays, displaying anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of prednisolone 2 in suppressing cytokine production in whole blood and in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/síntesis química , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Tiadiazoles/síntesis química , Fosfatasa Alcalina/biosíntesis , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Agonismo Parcial de Drogas , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa/biosíntesis , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/farmacología , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Interleucina-1beta/sangre , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas Lew , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Elementos de Respuesta , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiadiazoles/química , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/genética , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/metabolismo , Activación Transcripcional , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Tirosina Transaminasa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine based inhibitors of p38α have been prepared exploring functional group modifications at the C6 position. Incorporation of aryl and heteroaryl ketones at this position led to potent inhibitors with efficacy in in vivo models of acute and chronic inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/química , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Pirroles/química , Triazinas/química , Administración Oral , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Artritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Femenino , Ratones , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazinas/farmacología , Triazinas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A series of 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-propanamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration led to the identification of 4-hydroxyphenyl propanamide derivatives displaying good agonist activity in GR-mediated transrepression assays and reduced agonist activity in GR-mediated transactivation assays. Compounds 17 and 30 showed anti-inflammatory activity comparable to prednisolone in the rat carrageenan-induced paw edema model, with markedly decreased side effects with regard to increases in blood glucose and expression of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase. A hypothetical binding mode accounting for the induction of the functional activity by a 4-hydroxyl group is proposed.
Asunto(s)
Amidas/farmacología , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Amidas/química , Animales , Modelos Moleculares , RatasRESUMEN
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors based on a 5-amino-pyrazole scaffold are described. These studies led to the identification of compound 2j as a potent and selective inhibitor of p38α MAP kinase with excellent cellular potency toward the inhibition of TNFα production. Compound 2j was highly efficacious in vivo in inhibiting TNFα production in an acute murine model of TNFα production. X-ray co-crystallography of a 5-amino-pyrazole analog 2f bound to unphosphorylated p38α is also disclosed.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Pirazoles/farmacología , Animales , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Ratones , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirazoles/síntesis química , Pirazoles/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
The discovery and characterization of 7k (BMS-582949), a highly selective p38α MAP kinase inhibitor that is currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is described. A key to the discovery was the rational substitution of N-cyclopropyl for N-methoxy in 1a, a previously reported clinical candidate p38α inhibitor. Unlike alkyl and other cycloalkyls, the sp(2) character of the cyclopropyl group can confer improved H-bonding characteristics to the directly substituted amide NH. Inhibitor 7k is slightly less active than 1a in the p38α enzymatic assay but displays a superior pharmacokinetic profile and, as such, was more effective in both the acute murine model of inflammation and pseudoestablished rat AA model. The binding mode of 7k with p38α was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirroles/síntesis química , Triazinas/síntesis química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacocinética , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Disponibilidad Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Femenino , Humanos , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Técnicas In Vitro , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/química , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Unión Proteica , Pirroles/farmacocinética , Pirroles/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas Lew , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazinas/farmacocinética , Triazinas/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of 2-aminothiazol-5-yl-pyrimidines as novel p38α MAP kinase inhibitors are described. These efforts led to the identification of 41 as a potent p38α inhibitor that utilizes a unique nitrogen-sulfur intramolecular nonbonding interaction to stabilize the conformation required for binding to the p38α active site. X-ray crystallographic studies that confirm the proposed binding mode of this class of inhibitors in p38 α and provide evidence for the proposed intramolecular nitrogen-sulfur interaction are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitrógeno/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/química , Azufre/química , Tiazoles/química , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diseño de Fármacos , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Tiazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A series of dihydro-9,10-ethano-anthracene-11-carboxamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration identified compounds from this series displaying a promising dissociation profile in discriminating between transrepression and transactivation activities. 17a is a partial agonist of GR-mediated transactivation which elicits potent and efficacious transrepression in reporter gene assays. A hypothetical binding mode is provided which accounts for the induction of functional activity by a bridgehead methyl group.
Asunto(s)
Antracenos/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Antracenos/química , Línea Celular , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Glucocorticoides/química , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Humanos , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Unión Proteica/fisiología , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/agonistas , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/fisiología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of N-phenyl-substituted pyrrole, 1,2-pyrazole and 1,2,3-triazole acid analogs as PPAR ligands are outlined. The triazole acid analogs 3f and 4f were identified as potent dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists both in binding and functional assays in vitro. The 3-oxybenzyl triazole acetic acid analog 3f showed excellent glucose and triglyceride lowering in diabetic db/db mice.
Asunto(s)
Azoles/síntesis química , Diseño de Fármacos , PPAR alfa/agonistas , PPAR gamma/agonistas , Animales , Azoles/farmacología , Línea Celular/enzimología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Femenino , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Humankind has been in the business of discovering drugs for thousands of years. At present, small-molecule drug design is based on specific macromolecular receptors as targets for inhibition or modulation. To this end, a number of clever approaches have evolved over time: computer-aided techniques including structure-activity relationships and synthesis, high-throughput screening, quantitative structure-activity relationships, hypotheses derived from ligand- and/or structure-based information and focused library approaches. In recent years, several alternative strategies have appeared in the form of the emerging paradigms of polypharmacology, systems biology and personalized medicine. These innovations point to key challenges and breakthroughs likely to affect the future of small-molecule drug discovery.
Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Descubrimiento de Drogas/tendencias , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Diseño Asistido por Computadora , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional , Estructura Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Medicina de Precisión , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Biología de SistemasRESUMEN
The concept of quantitative SAR (QSAR) is inherently imbued with an expectation of predictivity, novel insights and the generation of useful hypotheses, particularly as applied to the drug discovery process. However, even recently developed QSAR models often appear to be flawed, characterized by mediocre predictive power and undecipherable descriptors. As a result, users may be able to derive only a vague notion of which molecular features are correlated to activity. Consideration of several precautions is necessary to attempt to circumvent the misuse and misunderstanding of the QSAR technique. Issues related with QSAR include an erroneous association of correlation with causation, the close relationship between large numbers of descriptors and the effect of chance factor, the misuse of the 'leave-one-out' paradigm, and finally, the QSAR enigma, wherein the predictivity of a model is not necessarily a measure of a model's utility.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Farmacología Clínica/tendencias , Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Biología Computacional , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Investigación , DescriptoresRESUMEN
A novel series of compounds based on the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine ring system have been identified as potent p38 alpha MAP kinase inhibitors. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo activity of selected analogs from this class of inhibitors are reported. Additional studies based on X-ray co-crystallography have revealed that one of the potent inhibitors from this series binds to the DFG-out conformation of the p38 alpha enzyme.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirroles/química , Triazinas/síntesis química , Triazinas/farmacología , Amidas/química , Animales , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazinas/química , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesisRESUMEN
A novel structural class of p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors has been identified via iterative SAR studies of a focused deck screen hit. Optimization of the lead series generated 6e, BMS-640994, a potent and selective p38alpha inhibitor that is orally efficacious in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Tiazoles/farmacología , Animales , Artritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Células CACO-2 , Permeabilidad de la Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio Éter-A-Go-Go/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Quinasa 14 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Monocitos/citología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas Lew , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Tiazoles/farmacocinética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of p38 alpha MAP kinase inhibitors based on a pyrazolo-pyrimidine scaffold are described. These studies led to the identification of compound 2x as a potent and selective inhibitor of p38 alpha MAP kinase with excellent cellular potency toward the inhibition of TNFalpha production. Compound 2x was highly efficacious in vivo in inhibiting TNFalpha production in an acute murine model of TNFalpha production. X-ray co-crystallography of a pyrazolo-pyrimidine analog 2b bound to unphosphorylated p38 alpha is also disclosed.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirazoles/química , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Pirimidinas/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/químicaRESUMEN
Rational design, synthesis, and SAR studies of a novel class of benzothiazole based inhibitors of p38alpha MAP kinase are described. The issue of metabolic instability associated with vicinal phenyl, benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl oxazoles/imidazoles was addressed by the replacement of the central oxazole or imidazole ring with an aminopyrazole system. The proposed binding mode of this new class of p38alpha inhibitors was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies of a representative inhibitor (6a) bound to the p38alpha enzyme.