Population trends in achalasia diagnosis and management: a changing paradigm.

The Chicago Classification of esophageal motility disorders improved the differentiation of achalasia subtypes and tailored treatment. Heller myotomy (HM) and pneumatic dilation are two established treatments for achalasia. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has become a third definitive option and is on the rise. Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we evaluated patients hospitalized with achalasia and associated surgical and endoscopic interventions from 2013 to 2017 and compared patients undergoing HM versus POEM. The NIS database was queried to include patients with achalasia. Patients who underwent HM, POEM (only 2017 due to lack of distinct procedure code in 2013), pneumatic dilation, or esophagectomy were identified. Adverse events during the hospitalization were also queried using diagnosis codes. From 2013 to 2017, patients hospitalized with achalasia increased from 16 850 to 19 485. There were reductions in the number of esophageal dilations (10.6-5.4%, P < 0.001) and HM (18.7-13.1%, P < 0.001). In 2017, 580 POEMs were performed. Compared with patients undergoing HM in 2017, patients who had POEM had higher mean age > 64 (P = 0.004), Charlson comorbidity index (P < 0.001), disease severity (P < 0.001), and likelihood of mortality (P < 0.001). There were no differences in length of stay, mortality, or total costs between the HM and POEM groups. Patients hospitalized with achlasia increased from 2013 to 2017, possibly due to the growth and accessibility of high-resolution esophageal manometry. As expertise in POEM increases, the number of POEM performed is anticipated to rise with possible further reductions in other treatment modalities for achalasia.

Lesion Retrieval, Specimen Handling, and Endoscopic Marking in Colonoscopy.

Retrieval of lesions after endoscopic polypectomy enables histopathologic analysis and guides future surgical management and endoscopic surveillance intervals. Various techniques and devices have been described with distinct advantages and disadvantages to accomplish retrieval. Appropriate histopathologic analysis depends on lesion handling and preparation. How lesions are handled further depends on size, endoscopic appearance, and removal technique. Endoscopic marking or tattooing is a well-described process that uses dye mediums to leave longstanding marks in the colon. Techniques, dye mediums, and locations within the colon influence tattoo approach.

Older Age Reduces Upper Esophageal Sphincter and Esophageal Body Responses to Simulated Slow and Ultraslow Reflux Events and Post-Reflux Residue.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: It is not clear how age affects airway protective mechanisms. We investigated the effects of aging on upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and esophageal body pressure responses to slow and ultraslow simulated reflux events and post-reflux residue. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 11 elderly (74 ± 9 years old) and 11 young (28 ± 7 years old) healthy volunteers. Participants were placed in a supine position and evaluated by concurrent high-resolution impedance manometry and an esophageal infusion technique. Potential conditions of gastroesophageal reflux were simulated, via infusion of 0.1 N HCl and saline. UES and esophageal pressure responses were measured during the following: slow infusion (1 mL/s) for 60 seconds, 60 seconds of postinfusion dwell period, ultraslow infusion (0.05 mL/s) for 60 seconds, and 60 seconds of a postinfusion dwell period. All infusions were repeated 3 times. We used the UES high-pressure zone contractile integral (UES-CI) to determine responses of the UES. RESULTS: Young and elderly subjects each had a significant increase in the UES-CI during slow infusions and during entire passive dwell intervals compared with baseline (P < .01, both groups). Ultraslow infusions were associated with a significant increase in UES-CI in only the young group, in the late infusion period, and into the dwell interval (P < .01). During the slow infusions and their associated dwell periods, young subjects had a higher frequency of secondary peristalsis than elderly subjects (P < .05). There was more secondary peristalsis during active infusions than dwell intervals. Secondary peristalsis was scarce during ultraslow infusions in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: UES and esophageal body pressure responses to low-volume ultraslow reflux and associated post-reflux residue are reduced in elderly individuals. This deterioration could have negative effects on airway protection for people in this age group.

A Novel Protocol Obviates Endoscope Sampling for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Experience of a Center with a Prior Outbreak.

BACKGROUND: Numerous published outbreaks, including one from our institution, have described endoscope-associated transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Individual centers have adopted their own protocols to address this issue, including endoscope culture and sequestration. Endoscope culturing has drawbacks and may allow residual bacteria, including MDROs, to go undetected after high-level disinfection. AIM: To report the outcome of our novel protocol, which does not utilize endoscope culturing, to address our outbreak. METHODS: All patients undergoing procedures with elevator-containing endoscopes were asked to permit performance of a rectal swab. All endoscopes underwent high-level disinfection according to updated manufacturer's guidance. Additionally, ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization was done in the high-risk settings of (1) positive response to a pre-procedure risk stratification questionnaire, (2) positive or indeterminate CRE polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from rectal swab, (3) refusal to consent for PCR or questionnaire, (4) purulent cholangitis or infected pancreatic fluid collections. Two endoscopes per weekend were sterilized on a rotational basis. RESULTS: From September 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016, 556 endoscopy sessions were performed using elevator-containing endoscopes. Prompted EtO sterilization was done on 46 (8.3%) instances, 3 from positive/indeterminate PCR tests out of 530 samples (0.6%). No CRE transmission was observed during the study period. Damage or altered performance of endoscopes related to EtO was not observed. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, prompted EtO sterilization in high-risk patients has thus far eliminated endoscope-associated MDRO transmission, although no CRE infections were noted throughout the institution during the study period. Further studies and a larger patient sample will be required to validate these findings.

Comparative effect of the sites of anterior cervical pressure on the geometry of the upper esophageal sphincter high-pressure zone.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: External cricoid pressure is increasingly used to augment the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). Our objective was to determine the effect of 1) pressures applied to cricoid, supracricoid, and subcricoid regions on the length and amplitude of the UES high-pressure zone (UESHPZ), and 2) the external cricoid pressure on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: We studied 11 patients with supraesophageal reflux (mean age 58 ± 12 years) and 10 healthy volunteers (mean age 47 ± 19 years). We tested 20, 30, and 40 mm Hg pressures to cricoid, 1 cm proximal and 1 cm distal to the cricoid. In an additional 15 healthy volunteers (mean age 46 ± 23 years), we studied the effect of external cricoid pressure on LES tone. UES and LES pressures were determined using high-resolution manometry. RESULTS: There was significant increase of UESHPZ length with application of pressure at all sites. The increase of UESHPZ length was relatively symmetric, more orad, and more caudad when the pressure was applied at the cricoid, supracricoid, and subcricoid levels, respectively. The magnitude of pressure increase was greatest at the middle and orad part of the UESHPZ when the pressure was applied at the cricoid and supracricoid levels, respectively. The corresponding magnitude of increase in the caudad part of the UESHPZ was not observed with pressure at the subcricoid level. There was no change of the LES pressure with application of cricoid pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of external pressure on the UESHPZ is site dependent. Subcricoid pressure has the least effect on UESHPZ. External cricoid pressure at 20 to 40 mm Hg has no effect on the LES pressure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b. Laryngoscope, 127:2466-2474, 2017.

Idiopathic spontaneous rupture of an intercostal artery.

Spontaneous rupture of an intercostal artery is exceptionally rare without an inciting event such as trauma or nontraumatic arterial wall weakening. This report details the diagnosis and treatment of a 47-year-old man who presented with a spontaneous hemothorax from an intercostal artery. There are very few reports in the literature documenting spontaneous intercostal artery rupture without associated illness or injury.

Surgical site infections after lower extremity revascularization procedures involving groin incisions.

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the incidence, epidemiology, and factors associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) after lower extremity revascularization procedures involving groin incisions and determine outcomes based on SSI status. METHODS: This is a single-institution, retrospective cohort study of 106 patients who underwent lower extremity revascularization procedures involving femoral artery exposure through a groin incision at a tertiary referral hospital. The primary outcome was occurrence of SSI at the groin wound. The duration of hospital stay, reoperation within 30 days, discharge disposition, and 30-day mortality were also evaluated. Independent variables included patient demographics and operative variables (i.e., procedure type, transfusion requirements, preoperative antibiotics, intraoperative vasopressors, and operative duration). Statistical analysis included chi-squared tests, t-tests, and multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 106 patients who underwent a lower extremity revascularization procedure with a groin incision for femoral artery exposure, 62% were male, and the mean age was 62 years. Comorbidities included hypertension (93%), dyslipidemia (65%), statin use (63%), active smoker (50%), diabetes (24%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (23%). All patients received preoperative antibiotics, 50% required intraoperative pressors, 21% received a blood transfusion, and the mean operative time was 296 min. The overall duration of stay was 10.7 days, the 30-day reoperation rate was 18%, and the 30-day mortality rate was 12%. Overall, 22% developed a seroma or hematoma, and 31% developed a SSI. Patients who developed an SSI compared with those who did not were more likely to have a postoperative seroma or hematoma (55% vs 5%) and to receive a blood transfusion (33% vs 15%), but less likely to be treated with a statin (47% vs 69%) or carry a diagnosis of dyslipidemia (50% vs 72%), respectively, all P < 0.05. Patients with an SSI had a longer duration of stay (14.5 vs 8.7 days) and a higher reoperative rate (49% vs 4%), but had a lower 30-day mortality (0% vs 18%) than those who did not develop an SSI (all P < 0.05). On multivariable regression analysis adjusting for differences in patient and operative variables, the occurrence of a wound seroma or hematoma remained an independent predictor for SSI (odd ratio: 27.6; 95% confidence interval: 5.4-139.6). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of postoperative surgical site complications after lower extremity revascularization procedures involving a groin incision was 31% and was significantly associated with blood transfusion, postoperative seroma or hematoma, dyslipidemia, and statin usage. After adjusting for differences in patient and operative variables, postoperative seroma or hematoma was an independent predictor of SSI. Patients with a SSI have a longer duration of hospitalization and higher reoperative rate. Additional prospective cohort studies are warranted to delineate ways to decrease the rate of SSI.

National trends in utilization of inferior vena cava filters in the United States, 2000-2009.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize national trends over a decade in utilization of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in the U.S. by year, indication, hospital, and patient demographics. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database, 2000 to 2009. IVC filter placement was identified with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition codes. Survey weighting, bivariate, and multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: The number of IVC filters placed in the U.S. increased by 234% over a decade, from 56,380 in 2000 to 132,049 in 2009. A total of 84.7% of patients had a pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis. A total of 94.6% of IVC filters were placed in urban hospitals. The largest number of IVC filters was placed in the South, followed by the Northeast, Midwest, and Western regions (38.7%, 25.8%, 22.4%, and 13%, respectively). Adjusting for other patient and hospital factors, independent predictors of IVC filter placement were year, hospital size, location, teaching status, patient age group 50 to 79 years, insurance status, and urgency of admission. CONCLUSIONS: The use of IVC filters has dramatically increased over the last decade in the U.S., with variation in utilization based on patient and hospital characteristics. The largest utilization of IVC filters was among patients aged 50 to 79 years, Medicare recipients, and the Southern region of the U.S. The majority of patients receiving IVC filters have a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis.

Gender based differences in management and outcomes of cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: During the reproductive years, women have a 4-fold higher prevalence of gallstones than men, making gallbladder disease a critically important topic in women's health. Among age-matched women and men hospitalized for cholecystitis, gender based differences in demographics, management, and economic and clinical outcomes were identified. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Outcomes were mortality, complications, length of stay, and cost. RESULTS: Women accounted for 65% of admissions for cholecystitis, with women more likely to have shorter time to surgery (1.6 vs. 1.9 days) and laparoscopy (86 vs. 76%) (P < .05). After cholecystectomy, women had lower mortality (.6% vs. 1.1%), fewer complications (16.9 vs. 24.1), shorter lengths of stay (4.2 vs. 5.4 days), and lower costs ($10,556 vs. $13,201) (P < .05). On multivariate analysis of age-matched patients, women had lower odds of mortality (odds ratio [OR], .75), complications (OR, .86), length of stay (OR, .95), and cost (OR, .93). Longer time to surgery and open cholecystectomy were independent predictors of worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In cholecystitis and cholecystectomy, women have better clinical and economic outcomes then age-matched men.

Predicting outcomes using the National Trauma Data Bank: optimum management of traumatic blunt carotid and blunt thoracic injury.

INTRODUCTION: We used the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) to examine the incidence of blunt thoracic and carotid trauma nationally and survival outcomes based on treatment approach. METHODS: All vascular traumas were identified from the 2008 NTDB. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis coding was used to identify 178 blunt thoracic aortic injuries and 313 traumatic blunt carotid injuries. RESULTS: In all, 2089 vascular traumas were identified. Patients with blunt thoracic trauma within the highest injury severity score (ISS) range (61-75) had a significant survival advantage when observation was compared with endovascular management (P < .05). In the carotid trauma cohort, those with the highest ISS range (61-75) had a significant survival advantage with open surgery compared with observation (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Patients with traumatic blunt thoracic injury and an ISS > 61 appeared to benefit from endovascular approaches compared with open management. Patients with blunt carotid trauma and an ISS > 61 appeared to benefit from open surgical management.