The value of dynamic changes in FT3 level for predicting 90-day prognosis of HBV-ACLF patients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of dynamic changes in free triiodothyronine (FT3) level for predicting the 90 day prognosis of patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF). METHODS: The clinical data of 122 hospitalised patients with HBV-ACLF between September 2018 and January 2020 were collected and divided into a survival group (77 cases) and a death group (45 cases) according to the 90 day prognosis. We statistically analysed the characteristics of FT3 changes in the two groups of patients. Binary logistic regression one-way analysis was used to assess the degree of influence of each factor. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the effect of a single change in FT3 level difference (single △FT3) and the FT3 level change range (△FT3 range) in predicting the 90-day prognosis of patients. RESULTS: There were only three types of changes in FT3 levels, which included 19 (15.6%) cases of continuous normal type, 35 (28.7%) cases of continuous decrease type and 68 (55.7%) cases of U-shaped change type. The difference in survival curves between the three types of patients was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The dynamic change type of FT3 is related to the disease severity and 90-day prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF. The single FT3 value and FT3 range could be used as a predictive factor for the 90-day prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF. These results have a degree of research value and are worth further exploration in the future.

Impact of Onset Time, Number, Type, and Sequence of Extrahepatic Organ Failure on Prognosis of Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure.

Background and Aims: The impact of the characteristics of extrahepatic organ failure (EHOF) including the onset time, number, type, and sequence on the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the association between the characteristics of EHOF and the prognosis of ACLF patients. Methods: ACLF subjects enrolled at six hospitals in China were included in the analysis. The risk of mortality based on the characteristics of EHOF was evaluated. Survival of study groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests. Results: A total of 736 patients with ACLF were included. EHOF was observed in 402 patients (54.6%), of which 295 (73.4%) developed single EHOF (SEHOF) and 107 (26.6%) developed multiple EHOF (MEHOF). The most commonly observed EHOF was coagulation failure (47.0%), followed by renal (13.0%), brain (4.9%), respiratory (4.3%), and circulatory (2.3%) failure. Survival analysis found that MEHOF or SEHOF patients with brain failure had a worse prognosis. However, no significant outcome was found in the analysis of the effect of onset time and sequence of failed organs on prognosis. Patients were further divided into three risk subgroups by the EHOF characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that risk stratification resulted in the differentiation of patients with different risks of mortality both in the training and validation cohorts. Conclusions: The mortality of ACLF patients was determined by the number and type, but not the onset time and sequence of EHOF. Risk stratification applicable to clinical practice was established.

Beyond waste: understanding urine's potential in precision medicine.

Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are a promising source of stem cells for cell therapy, renal toxicity drug testing, and renal disease biomarker discovery. Patients' own USCs can be used for precision medicine. In this review we first describe the isolation and characterization of USCs. We then discuss preclinical studies investigating the use of USCs in cell therapy, exploring the utility of USCs and USC-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (u-iPSCs) in drug toxicity testing, and investigating the use of USCs as biomarkers for renal disease diagnosis. Finally, we discuss the challenges of using USCs in these applications and provide insights into future research directions. USCs are a promising tool for advancing renal therapy, drug testing, and biomarker discovery. Further research is needed to explore their potential.

Muscle function is superior to muscle mass in predicting 90-day mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: A prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Low muscle mass has been found to be associated with adverse outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. However, data regarding the prognostic role of low muscle function are limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the predictive effect of low muscle function on 90-d mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. METHODS: This prospective study consecutively enrolled acute-on-chronic liver failure patients from March 2021 to October 2022. Muscle function was assessed using the liver frailty index, and the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve with the highest Youden index was used to determine the optimal cutoff values of liver frailty index for diagnosing low muscle function. RESULTS: The study included 126 acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. The median liver frailty index was 3.89 (0.83), with 51 (40.5) patients classified as having low muscle function. Multivariate Cox analysis identified low muscle function (hazard ratio = 4.309; 95% CI, 1.795-10.345; P = 0.001) and number of organ failures (hazard ratio = 4.202; 95% CI, 2.040-8.656; P < 0.001) as independent risk factors for 90-d mortality. However, the multivariate analysis did not retain the significant effect of low muscle mass. Furthermore, multivariable logistic analysis revealed that age (odds ratio = 1.042; 95% CI, 1.002-1.083; P = 0.038), organ failures (odds ratio = 2.572; 95% CI, 1.331-4.968; P = 0.005), and low muscle mass (odds ratio = 6.607; 95% CI, 2.579-16.927; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for low muscle function. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic value of low muscle function was found superior to that of low muscle mass in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Therefore, it is important to assess the muscle function and develop potential targeted treatment strategies in this population.

The potential serum sphingolipid biomarkers for distinguishing Wilson disease.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Wilson's disease (WD) remains a challenging endeavor in clinical practice. Serum sphingolipids play a significant role in the development of liver disease. In this study, we examined the serum sphingolipid profile in patients with WD and explored the potential diagnostic utility of serum sphingolipid metabolites. These metabolites may aid in distinguishing WD patients from healthy controls and identifying those with a risk of cirrhosis. METHODS: This study consecutively enrolled 26 WD patients and 88 healthy controls. We utilized high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze a panel of 88 serum sphingolipid metabolites. The data were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. RESULTS: Among the 88 sphingolipids metabolites analyzed, 17 sphingolipids were observed significant differences between WD and HC groups (all P < 0.05). Notably, five sphingolipids, namely S1P (d18:1), Cer (d18:2/21:0), SM41:2, sph(d18:1), and Cer (d18:2/22:0), each with an AUC exceeding 0.9, emerged as potential biomarkers for WD. Additionally, in the comparison between WD patients with and without cirrhosis, 24 sphingolipid metabolites exhibited significant differences (all P < 0.05). We identified Cer(d18:1/20:0), Cer(d18:2/22:0), Cer(d18:2/24:0), Cer(d18:2/20:0), and Cer(d18:2/18:0), each with an AUC exceeding 0.9, as potential serological markers for WD patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: For enhanced clinical applicability, we propose considering Cer (d18:2/22:0) as a predictive marker applicable to both WD patients and their susceptibility to cirrhosis. This particular ceramide has exhibited strong diagnostic and predictive performance. These findings have the potential to facilitate non-invasive WD diagnosis.

Diagnostic Efficacy of Serological Antibody Detection Tests for Hepatitis Delta Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and Aims Coinfection of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis, and the global prevalence of HDV infection is underestimated. Although serological testing of anti-HDV antibodies is widely used in the diagnosis of HDV, its diagnostic efficacy remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of HDV serological tests, the results of which may assist in the diagnosis of HDV. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched from the beginning to 31 May 2023. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. STATA SE was used for the meta-analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio. Results Among a total of 1376 initially identified studies, only 12 articles met the final inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.00-1.00) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.50-0.78) for HDV total antibodies, 0.96 (95% CI: 0.83-0.99) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.82-1.00) for anti-HDV IgM and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.86-0.98) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.67-1.00) for anti-HDV IgG. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for HDV serological tests were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96-1.00) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.79-0.96). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that serological tests have high diagnostic performance in detecting antibodies against HDV, especially in HDV IgM and IgG. However, this conclusion is based on studies of a limited number and quality, and the development of new diagnostic tools with higher precision and reliability is still necessary.

Precision nephrotoxicity testing using 3D in vitro models.

Nephrotoxicity is a significant concern during the development of new drugs or when assessing the safety of chemicals in consumer products. Traditional methods for testing nephrotoxicity involve animal models or 2D in vitro cell cultures, the latter of which lack the complexity and functionality of the human kidney. 3D in vitro models are created by culturing human primary kidney cells derived from urine in a 3D microenvironment that mimics the fluid shear stresses of the kidney. Thus, 3D in vitro models provide more accurate and reliable predictions of human nephrotoxicity compared to existing 2D models. In this review, we focus on precision nephrotoxicity testing using 3D in vitro models with human autologous urine-derived kidney cells as a promising approach for evaluating drug safety.

CRISPR/Cas13a-Assisted accurate and portable hepatitis D virus RNA detection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection accelerates the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, posing a large economic and health burden to patients. At present, there remains a lack of accurate and portable detection methods for HDV RNA. Here, we aim to establish a convenient, rapid, highly sensitive and specific method to detect HDV RNA using CRISPR-Cas13a technology. METHODS: We established fluorescence (F) and lateral flow strip (L) assays based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with RT-PCR and RT-RAA for HDV RNA detection, respectively. we conducted a cohort study of 144 patients with HDV-IgG positive to evaluate the CRISPR-Cas13a diagnostic performance for identifying HDV in clinical samples, compared to RT-qPCR and RT-ddPCR. RESULTS: For synthetic HDV RNA plasmids, the sensitivity of RT-PCR-CRISPR-based fluorescence assays was 1 copy/µL, higher than that of RT-qPCR (10 copies/µL) and RT-ddPCR (10 copies/µL); for HDV RNA-positive samples, the sensitivity of RT-RAA-CRISPR-based fluorescence and lateral flow strip assays was 10 copies/µL, as low as that of RT-qPCR and RT-ddPCR, and the assay took only approximately 85 min. Additionally, the positivity rates of anti-HDV IgG-positive samples detected by the RT-qPCR, RT-ddPCR, RT-PCR-CRISPR fluorescence and RT-RAA-CRISPR lateral flow strip methods were 66.7% (96/144), 76.4% (110/144), 81.9% (118/144), and 72.2% (104/144), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a highly sensitive and specific, as well as a portable and easy CRISPR-based assay for the detection of HDV RNA, which could be a prospective measure for monitoring the development of HDV infection and evaluating the therapeutic effect.

Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B (version 2022).

To facilitate the achieving of the goal of "eliminating viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030" set by the World Health Organization, the Chinese Society of Hepatology together with the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases (both are branches of the Chinese Medical Association) organized a panel of experts and updated the guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in China (version 2022). With the support of available evidence, this revision of the guidelines focuses on active prevention, large scale testing, and expansion of therapeutic indication of chronic hepatitis B with the aim of reducing the hepatitis B related disease burden.

Performance of Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) RNA Testing for the Diagnosis of Active HDV Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background and Aims: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus and causes severe liver disease. Several HDV RNA assays have been developed, however the diagnostic efficacy remains unclear.This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HDV RNA assays to aid in the diagnosis of active hepatitis D. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched from the beginning to June 31, 2022. Information on the characteristics of the literature and data on sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were extracted. Stata 14.0 was used for meta-analysis of the combined sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio. Results: A total of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The summary sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of HDV RNA assays for HDV diagnosis were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95), 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.93), 7.74 (95% CI: 5.31-11.29), 0.10 (95% CI: 0.06-0.18) and 99.90 (95% CI: 47.08-211.99), respectively. The AUC of the pooled ROC curve was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96). Conclusions: The results show that HDV RNA assays had high diagnostic performance. However, that is limited by the number and quality of studies. Standard protocols for the development of assays by manufacturers and larger studies on the use of the assays are needed.

ATP7B R778L mutant hepatocytes resist copper toxicity by activating autophagy and inhibiting necroptosis.

Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disease characterized by copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in the adenosine triphosphatase copper transporting ß gene (ATP7B). Currently, WD cell and animal model targeting the most common R778L mutation in Asia is lacking. In addition, the mechanisms by which hepatocytes resist copper toxicity remain to be further elucidated. In this study, we aimed to construct a novel WD cell model with R778L mutation and dissected the molecular basics of copper resistance. A novel HepG2 cell line stably expressing the ATP7B R778L gene (R778L cell) was constructed. The expression of necroptosis- and autophagy-related molecules was detected by PCR and Western blot (WB) in wild-type (WT) HepG2 and R778L cells with or without CuSO4 treatment. In addition, we detected and compared the levels of autophagy and necroptosis in CuSO4-treated R778L cells with the activation and inhibition of autophagy. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy and necroptosis signaling molecules were compared in R778L cells with the overexpression and knockdown of Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1) and Autophagy Related 16 Like 1 (ATG16L1). We successfully constructed an R778L mutation HepG2 cell line. CuSO4 triggered the enhanced expression of autophagy and necroptosis signaling molecules in WT HepG2 cells and R778L cells. Remarkably, higher levels of autophagy and necroptosis were observed in R778L cells compared with those in WT cells. Autophagy activation led to weakened necroptosis mediated by RIPK3 and MLKL, conversely, autophagy inhibition brought about enhanced necroptosis. At the molecular level, ULK1- and ATG16L1 overexpression resulted in reduced necroptosis levels and vice versa. ULK1- and ATG16L1-mediated autophagy activation protects hepatocytes against RIPK3- and MLKL-mediated necroptosis in our new WD cell model treated with CuSO4. Targeted therapy by autophagy activation or necroptosis inhibition may be a novel and effective strategy to treat WD.

Awareness of HBV Functional Cure and Attitude Toward Related Clinical Trials Among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B in China.

Purpose: HBV functional cure is an optimal treatment goal for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) at present and numerous new drugs aiming for HBV functional cure are in development. We carried out an internet-based survey to understand the treatment status, unmet needs, awareness of HBV functional cure and attitude toward related clinical trials among CHB patients in China. Patients and Methods: An internet-based anonymous survey was conducted on CHB patients who reside in mainland China. Determinants of awareness and attitude were identified by logistic regression models. Results: Of the 1220 CHB patients who completed the survey questionnaire, 11.1% (135/1220) were aware of HBV functional cure and 50.2% (612/1220) answered "definitely will" to participate in related clinical trials. Participants who knew their HBsAg level (HBsAg<1500 IU/mL: OR=3.03, 95% CI: 1.87-4.92; HBsAg≥1500 IU/mL: OR=2.57, 95% CI: 1.35-4.88), who expected to achieve HBsAg loss with treatment (OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.07-2.50) and who were dissatisfied with current treatment due to the failure of achieving HBsAg loss (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.10-2.53) had better awareness of HBV functional cure. Participants who had HBsAg level less than 1500 IU/mL (OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.05-1.99), treatment with pegylated interferon alpha with or without nucleos(t)ide (OR=1.68, 95% CI: 1.11-2.53) and better awareness of HBV functional cure (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.01-2.61) were more likely to say "definitely will" to participate in related clinical trials. Conclusion: Chinese CHB patients reported a low awareness of HBV functional cure. Although CHB patients in China reported a low rate of HBV functional cure awareness, they had a high acceptance of related clinical trials.

Corrigendum: Programmed cell death and lipid metabolism of macrophages in NAFLD.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118449.].

Consensus on the tertiary prevention of primary liver cancer.

To effectively prevent recurrence, improve the prognosis and increase the survival rate of primary liver cancer (PLC) patients with radical cure, the Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, invited clinical experts and methodologists to develop the Consensus on the Tertiary Prevention of Primary Liver Cancer, which was based on the clinical and scientific advances on the risk factors, histopathology, imaging finding, clinical manifestation, and prevention of recurrence of PLC. The purpose is to provide a current basis for the prevention, surveillance, early detection and diagnosis, and the effective measures of PLC recurrence.

Dynamic changes of phenotype and function of natural killer cells in peripheral blood before and after thermal ablation of hepatitis B associated hepatocellular carcinoma and their correlation with tumor recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Thermal therapy induces an immune response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the dynamic characteristics of the natural killer (NK) cell immune response post-thermal ablation remain unclear. We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study to observe the dynamic changes of phenotype and function of NK cells in peripheral blood before and after thermal ablation of hepatitis B-associated HCC and their correlation with tumor recurrence. METHODS: Fifty-six patients clinically and pathologically confirmed with hepatitis B-associated HCC were selected for thermal ablation. Peripheral blood was collected on day 0, day 7, and month 1. NK cell subsets, receptors, and killing function were detected by flow cytometry, and the LDH levels were examined. Overall recurrence and associated variables were estimated using Kaplan-Meier, log-rank, and Cox proportional-hazards analyses. RESULTS: The frequency of CD3-CD56+ cells was increased on day 7 (P < 0.01) without significant differences between D0 and M1. NKG2D, NKp44, NKp30, CD159a, and CD158a expression was increased on M1 (all P < 0.05). The granzyme B and IFN-γ expression in NK cells were higher on M1 vs. D0 (P < 0.05). On day 7, the NK cell lysis activity of the target K562 cells was increased (P < 0.01) but decreased on M1 (P < 0.05). Survival analysis showed that CD158a expression and IFN-γ and perforin release on day 0 were associated with the risk of HCC recurrence. Cox regression analysis showed that the expression changes in CD56, NKp46, granzyme B, and perforin (D7-D0) induced by thermal ablation were associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with HCC. CONCLUSION: Thermal ablation increased the frequency and function of CD3-CD56+ NK cells in the peripheral blood of patients with HCC. These cells tended to be more differentiated and activated. Notably, expression levels of NK cell receptors NKp46, perforin, and granzyme B were associated with RFS.

Comparison of NK cell subsets, receptors and functions induced by radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation in HBV-associated primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Topical therapy has been shown to induce an immune response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, a prospective parallel group control experiment was conducted to compare the differences between radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation in inducing the immune regulation of NK cells. Methods: Sixty patients with clinically and pathologically confirmed hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were selected for thermal ablation. Patients were randomly assigned into the MWA group (n = 30) and the RFA group (n = 30). Patient's peripheral blood was isolated on days D0, D7, and month M1. NK cell subsets, receptors, and killing function were detected by flow cytometry and LDH. Student t test and rank sum test were used to compare the statistical differences between the RFA (radio frequency) and MWA (microwave) groups. The Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test were used to calculate the difference between the two survival curves. Results: Comparison of the frequency of CD3-CD56+ and CD3-CD56+CD16+ in NK cells between the RFA and WMA groups showed that there was no difference in the D0, D7, M1, D7-D0, M1-D0, and M1-D7 groups. The changes of the inhibitory NK cell receptor CD159A were significantly different at D7 (P<0.05). CD107a were compared between the RFA and WMA groups, indicating that CD107a changes induced by NK cells were significantly different at D7-D0 (P<0.05). Comparison of NK cell lysis activity of target K562 cells between the RFA and WMA groups showed that there was no difference at D0, D7, D7-D0. There was no difference in recurrence-free survival (RFS) between the RFA and WMA groups (P=0.11). Conclusions: The difference between MWA and RFA-induced NK cell changes was mainly manifested in the inhibitory receptors CD159a and CD107a 1 week after surgery, with microwave-induced changes being more severe. Comparison of the NK cell lysis activity of the target K562 cells between the RFA and WMA groups showed that there was no difference in D0, D7, D7- D0. Survival analysis showed that these differences did not affect the recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the two groups.

Serum HBsAg and HBcrAg is associated with inflammation in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients.

Backgrounds & aims: Liver inflammation is the main risk factor for developing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. To replace biopsy, additional non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose and grade liver necroinflammation are urgently required in clinical practice. Method: Ninety-four CHB patients, including 74 HBeAg-positive and 20 HBeAg-negative patients, were enrolled and started entecavir or adefovir therapy. Serum HBV RNA, HBV DNA, HBsAg, hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), ALT and AST levels, as well as intrahepatic HBV DNA and cccDNA were measured at baseline and during treatment. Liver inflammation was assessed at baseline and month 60 by liver biopsy. Inflammation regression was defined as a ≥1-grade decrease according to the Scheuer scoring system. Results: In HBeAg-positive CHB patients, at baseline, serum HBsAg and HBcrAg levels negatively correlated with inflammation grade, while ALT and AST levels positively correlated with inflammation grade. AST plus HBsAg exhibited excellent diagnostic ability for significant inflammation with an AUROC of 0.896. After 60 months of antiviral treatment, almost all the patients' liver inflammation ameliorated to G1, and no patients had inflammation progression. Conclusion: Besides ALT and AST, serum HBsAg and HBcrAg correlated with inflammation grade in HBeAg-positive CHB patients before NAs treatment. Moreover, the combination of HBsAg and AST exhibited excellent diagnostic ability for significant inflammation.

Booster Vaccination in Infancy Reduces the Incidence of Occult HBV Infection in Maternal HBsAg-positive Children.

Background and Aims: Occult HBV infection (OBI) in children has proven to be associated with their immune response to hepatitis B vaccine (HepB). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a booster HepB on OBI, which is rarely investigated. Methods: This study enrolled 236 maternal HBsAg-positive children who were followed up annually until 8 years of age and were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. Of those 100 received a booster HepB between 1 and 3 years of age (booster group), and 136 were never boosted (non-booster group). Serial follow-up data of children and baseline data of their mothers were collected and between-group differences were analyzed. Results: The incidence of OBI varied dynamically during follow-up, with 37.14% (78/210), 19.09% (42/220), 20.85% (44/211), 31.61% (61/193), 8.65% (18/208) and 12.71% (30/236) at 7 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 years of age. At 8 years of age, the negative conversion rate of HBV DNA in the booster group was significantly higher than that in non-booster group [57.89% (11/19) vs. 30.51% (18/59), p=0.032]. For children without OBI at 7 months old, the incidence of OBI in booster group was significantly lower than that in non-booster group [25.64% (10/39) vs. 67.74% (63/93), p<0.001]. Conclusions: The incidence of OBI in maternal HBsAg-positive children was high, serum HBV DNA in children with OBI was intermittently positive at low levels, and a booster HepB in infancy reduced the incidence of OBI in children with HBsAg-positive mothers.

Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (2021).

In 2015, the Chinese Society of Hepatology and the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology published a consensus on primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). In the past years, numerous clinical studies have been published in the field of PBC. To guide the clinical diagnosis and management of PBC patients, the Chinese Society of Hepatology invited a panel of experts to assess the new clinical evidence and formulate the current guidelines.

Programmed cell death and lipid metabolism of macrophages in NAFLD.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has now become the leading chronic liver disease worldwide with lifestyle changes. This may lead to NAFLD becoming the leading cause of end-stage liver disease in the future. To date, there are still no effective therapeutic drugs for NAFLD. An in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of NAFLD can help to provide a basis for new therapeutic agents or strategies. As the most important immune cells of the liver, macrophages play an important role in the occurrence and development of liver inflammation and are expected to become effective targets for NAFLD treatment. Programmed cell death (PCD) of macrophages plays a regulatory role in phenotypic transformation, and there is also a certain connection between different types of PCD. However, how PCD regulates macrophage polarization has still not been systematically elucidated. Based on the role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization, PCD may alter the phenotype by regulating lipid metabolism. We reviewed the effects of macrophages on inflammation in NAFLD and changes in their lipid metabolism, as well as the relationship between different types of PCD and lipid metabolism in macrophages. Furthermore, interactions between different types of PCD and potential therapeutic agents targeting of macrophages PCD are also explored.