Tillandsia usneoides as biomonitors of trace elements contents in the atmosphere of the mining district of Cartagena-La Unión (Spain): New insights for element transfer and pollution source tracing.

Nowadays, atmospheric pollution has a major impact on the human health and the environment, encouraging the development of biomonitors of the air quality over a wide zone. In this study, the relevance of the epiphyte plants Tillandsia usneoides is studied to estimate the transfer of metal(loid)s from a former Zn and Pb mining zone in the Southeast of Spain (Cartagena-La Unión) to the local atmosphere. Biomonitoring was performed by installing plants in 5 sites along a transect from the main mining area to the urban and the coastal zones. An aliquot of plants was collected in every site every 2 months over 1 year. The Tillandsia usneoides have been observed with SEM-EDX, and analysed by ICP-MS to determine trace element concentrations, magnetic susceptibility signals and Zn and Pb isotopes ratios. Results show that atmospheric particles are distributed homogeneously at the plant surface. By comparing elemental contents in Tillandsia usneoides with regard to the values of the geochemical background of the region of Murcia, significant enrichments are observed in the epiphyte plants for Sb, As, Cd, Zn and Pb. The statistical analyses (decentred PCA and PLS) also suggest that the kinetics of dust deposition is slower for the urban and coastal sites compared to the mining sites and highlight an influence of agricultural activities in Cu deposition. The similarity of isotopic compositions (Zn and Pb) between Tillandsia usneoides, soils and atmospheric particles also put in evidence that these plants could be a powerful tool to trace the source of matter in the atmosphere. Finally, this experiment provides new insight to better understand the foliar absorption mechanisms.

Atmospheric dust characterisation in the mining district of Cartagena-La Unión, Spain: Air quality and health risks assessment.

Nowadays, air pollution has a major impact on the environment and human health. Owen gauges allow the sampling of atmospheric depositions in polluted sites for further characterisation. This paper shows the study of the air particles of an old mining zone in Cartagena-La Unión (South-east of Spain) in order to quantify their potential risk on human health. There were 4 strategic sites monitored: the main mining tailing (Avenque), the urban area (La Unión), an agricultural zone (formerly mining) and a site in the Mediterranean coast. Physico-chemical and mineralogical characterisation was applied to atmospheric fallouts. The granulometry revealed a dust particle size around 15 µm, with the coarsest particles in the urban area and the thinnest at the tailing site. XRD analyses showed the presence of quartz, carbonates, sulphides and sulphates. Observations with SEM-EDX confirmed chemical spectra and allowed us to classify the particles into well-crystallised minerals and heterogeneous dusts. Total metal content determination was carried out by ICP-MS analyses and results showed Zn, Pb, As and Cd fluxes (respectively 2549, 1275, 68 and 7 µg·m-2·d-1) exceeding the limit values set by European legislations in the mining area. The fluxes of Zn, Pb and As also exceed these standards in the urban area whereas the coastal zone only exceeds the thresholds in the case of As. Inhalation health risk (defined by US EPA, 2009) was quantified in the sites using total and bioaccessible metal contents of the dusts. Risk calculations using total metal content considering a residential scenario showed acceptable risk for all sites except for the mining tailing which presented non-acceptable cancer and hazard risk mainly due to the total As and Pb contents. When considering the bioaccessible fraction of As and Pb, the risk diminished to acceptable values, demonstrating the overestimation produced when using total metal contents.