Anti-inflammatory Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid N-Acylethanolamines Mediated by Macrophage Activity In Vitro and In Vivo.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in studying the anti-inflammatory activity of polyunsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (N-acylethanolamines, NAE), which are highly active lipid mediators. The results of this study demonstrate that a dietary supplement (DS) of fatty acid-derived NAEs reduces LPS-induced inflammation. The processes of cell proliferation, as well as the dynamics of Iba-1-, CD68-, and CD163-positive macrophage activity within the thymus and spleen were studied. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1ß, IL6, and INFγ), ROS, NO, and nitrites was evaluated in the blood serum, thymus, and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that DS (1) prevents LPS-induced changes in the morphological structure of the thymus and spleen; (2) levels out changes in cell proliferation; (3) inhibits the activity of Iba-1 and CD68-positive cells; (4) reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1ß, IL6, and INFγ), ROS, and CD68; and (5) enhances the activity of CD-163-positive cells. In general, the results of this study demonstrate the complex effect of DS on inflammatory processes in the central and peripheral immune systems.

Fatty Acid-Derived N-acylethanolamines Dietary Supplementation Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in LPS Murine Model.

Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of most neurological and neurodegenerative diseases and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target. In this regard, accelerating the resolution process in chronic neuroinflammation may be an effective strategy to deal with the cognitive consequences of neuropathology and generalized inflammatory processes. N-acylethanolamine (NAE) derivatives of fatty acids, being highly active lipid mediators, possess pro-resolving activity in inflammatory processes and are promising agents for the suppression of neuroinflammation and its consequences. This paper is devoted to a study of the effects played by dietary supplement (DS), containing a composition of fatty acid-derived NAEs, obtained from squid Berryteuthis magister, on the hippocampal neuroinflammatory and memory processes. By detecting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glial markers, a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity of DS was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. DS administration reversed the LPS-induced reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis and memory deterioration. LC-MS analysis revealed an increase in the production of a range of NAEs with well-documented anti-inflammatory activity in response to the administered lipid composition. To conclude, we found that tested DS suppresses the neuroinflammatory response by reducing glial activation, positively regulates neural progenitor proliferation, and attenuates hippocampal-dependent memory impairment.

Chimyl Alcohol Exhibits Proinflammatory Activity in vivo and in vitro.

Marine organisms are among the prominent and abundant sources of 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerols, including chimyl alcohol (CA), batyl alcohol and selachyl alcohol. These biologically active compounds are precursors in plasmalogen and phospholipid biosynthesis, which are the main irreplaceable components of cell membranes. The results of this study demonstrate that CA promotes the activation of immune processes in the mouse spleen and in the mouse macrophage cell culture RAW 264.7. We studied the effect of CA on the spleen weight, as well as on the proliferation process and expression of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and CD86 - a marker of the proinflammatory M1-type macrophage cell surface in experimental animals. We used the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell culture to assess the CA cytotoxicity, its effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production and lysosomal activity, as well as IL-1ß and CD86 expression in vitro. In vivoand in vitro experiments have shown that CA: (1) enhances cell proliferation without changing the spleen's weight, (2) increases the activity of the proinflammatory marker CD86, (3) increases the level of ROS/NO/lysosome activity, and (4) does not affect the level of IL-1ß. Our study reveals that CA has a complex immunostimulation effect in vitro and in vivo, which opens up prospects for further study of its biological activity.