[Implementation of early comprehensive rehabilitation of children with cleft lip and palate using the example of the Moscow region]. / Realizatsiya rannei kompleksnoi reabilitatsii detei s rasshchelinoi guby i neba na primere Moskovskoi oblasti.

Lack of early comprehensive rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip and palate, with age leads to aggravation of anatomical and functional disorders. Aesthetic external deformation is progressing, requiring multiple corrections. The absence of orthopedic correction in the pre-surgical period, functional correction of anatomically restored muscles in the postoperative period, exacerbates the pathology of the bite, causes persistent speech disorders. The pathology of speech adversely affects the general physical, intellectual development of the child, as well as his full adaptation in society. Problems not eliminated in childhood subsequently interfere in work and in everyday life. The patient should receive such medical care that would fill the health gap and contribute to the formation of socially significant personality traits. An integrated approach has become the only possible and only it brings optimal results. The organization of cooperation between specialists should be carried out on the basis of the Federal, Regional General Medical Profile of the medical institution.

[Influence of Fatty Acids on Oxygen Consumption in Isolated Cardiomyocytes of Rats with Ischemic or Diabetic Heart Disease].

BACKGROUND: one of the reasons of violation of the functional viability of the myocardium is considered to be the oxygen deprivation and lack of energy. The reason is the inhibitory effect of fatty acids on glucose oxidation. Recently, however, new data have been published proving the need for fatty acids and their importance in the maintenance and regulation of the functional activity of the myocardium in chronic pathology. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the influence of free polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FA) on the oxygen uptake of isolated cardiomyocytes in intact rats and animals with ischemic or diabetic heart disease. METHODS: the executed non-randomized controlled study. It includied 3 groups of male rats of Wistar line (weight 250-300g) with 10 animals in each group. Myocardial infarction ("heart attack" group) was caused by ligation of the left coronary artery, diabetes ("diabetes" group)--by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and "control" group (intact animals). Myocardial infarction caused by ligation of the left coronary artery, and diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Isolated cardiac myocytes were obtained by the enzymatic method. Oxygen consumption was assessed polarographically at different saturation incubation medium with oxygen ([O2] ≤ 8 mg/l and ([O2] ≥ 16 mg/l). Arachidonic and palmitic acids were applied as fatty acids. RESULTS: It is established that the introduction of the incubation medium 20 µm arachidonic or palmitic fatty acid significantly increased the oxygen consumption of intact cardiomyocytes of rats. Both at the ischemic and at the diabetic injury to the heart the opposite result was obtained. The most pronounced decrease in oxygen consumption was indicated in the group with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of LCD on the rate of oxygen consumption may be associated with the influence of the ischemic or diabetic injury to the heart on the barrierfunction ofmitochondrial membranes of cardiomyocytes, the activity of membrane-associated enzymes and their associated processes.

Effect of Arachidonic Acid on the Rate of Oxygen Consumption in Isolated Cardiomyocytes from Intact Rats and Animals with Ischemic or Diabetic Injury to the Heart.

We studied the rate of oxygen consumption by isolated cardiomyocytes from intact rats and animals with experimental myocardial infarction or streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. The measurements were performed in standard incubation medium under various conditions of oxygenation and after addition of arachidonic acid (20 µmol/liter). Under normoxic conditions, arachidonic acid improves respiration of cardiomyocytes from intact animals, but reduces this parameter in cells isolated from animals with pathologies. The intensity of O2 consumption by cardiomyocytes from intact rats and animals with pathologies was shown to decrease during hypoxia. Addition of arachidonic acid aggravated inhibition of respiration for cardiomyocytes from intact rats and specimens with myocardial infarction, but had no effect in diabetes mellitus. The effect of arachidonic acid on oxygen consumption rate is probably mediated by a nonspecific mechanism realized at the mitochondrial level.

Comparative study of changes in energy metabolism in rat cardiomyocytes in postinfarction cardiosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.

Cardiomyocyte energy metabolism in experimental unfolding postinfarction cardiosclerosis and diabetes mellitus was studied. Postinfarction cardiosclerosis formed 6 weeks after coronary artery occlusion. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The rate of oxygen consumption in postinfarction cardiosclerosis and diabetes increased by 3.4 and 4.2 times, respectively. Stimulation of mitochondrial respiration (ATP, palmitic acid) significantly increased oxygen consumption in animals with postinfarction cardiosclerosis and significantly reduced this process in diabetes. The content of LDH and SDH in the myocardium of animals with diabetes and postinfarction cardiosclerosis was significantly below the control. Hence, the development of postinfarction cardiosclerosis and diabetes mellitus were characterized by reduced generation of ATP in anaerobic and aerobic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes.

Cell-free collagen-based scaffolds used for making blood vessels in cardiovascular surgery.

The present article deals with the technology of obtaining decellularized cell-free collagen-based scaffolds from arterial vessels and surgical assessment of the possibility of experimentally implanting them into the blood system of laboratory animals for experimental purposes. The study was performed on arterial vessels (n=60) and fragments of the human internal thoracic artery (n=20). Described herein is a method of obtaining a connective-tissue matrix of a blood vessel by means of vessel's perfusion for 2-3 hours with detergent solutions. Cell-free collagen-based conduits were implanted to a total of ten dogs. After the operation, the blood flow remained functional. The anastomoses established turned out to be leak-proof and the acellular vessels were able to withstand the haemodynamic load of the arterial blood flow.

Economical technology of creation of cell-free matrix of animal and human arterial vessels.

We present a technology of creation of blood vessel connective tissue framework by 2-3-h vessel perfusion with detergents. The technology ensures effective removal of vascular cells without damaging collagen and elastic fibers. The connective tissue frameworks prepared by this method can the used for restoring blood flow in various vascular pathologies. The presented approach attenuates the damaging effect of treatment on the vascular framework due to maximum simplification and shortening of the duration of treatment and is universal for human and animal vessels.

Manifestation of adaptive changes during combined development of postinfarction remodeling of the heart and diabetes mellitus.

Oxidative phosphorylation in isolated cardiomyocytes was studied under conditions of postinfarction remodeling and diabetes mellitus. Oxidation-phosphorylation uncoupling in the mitochondria in this disease combination was less pronounced than in each of these diseases alone. Combined development of the diseases was paralleled by less severe hyperglycemia and myocardial hypertrophy and lesser body weight loss. Presumably, combination of coronary occlusion and diabetes mellitus stimulates the adaptive changes in cardiomyocytes as early as at the level of mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Role of phospholipase A2 in activation of isolated cardiomyocyte respiration in postinfarction cardiosclerosis.

The rate of oxygen consumption by isolated cardiomyocytes was studied in rats with experimental postinfarction cardiosclerosis. The increase in oxygen consumption under these condition was comparable to that in melittin- and arachidonic acid-induced activation of phospholipase A2 in cardiomyocytes of intact animals. Bromophenacyl bromide inhibition of phospholipase A2 in cardiomyocytes of rats with postinfarction cardiosclerosis led to reduction of oxygen consumption rate to values characteristic of intact animal cardiomyocytes. The results confirm the hypothesis according to which high oxygen consumption in postinfarction cardiosclerosis is related to increased activity of phospholipase A2.

A simple method for isolation of cardiomyocytes from adult rat heart.

A simple, economic, and sparing method for isolation of cardiomyocytes from adult rat heart is proposed. Ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes from suspension of freshly isolated cells was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The isolated cardiomyocytes were viable, had characteristic shape and size, and retained their normal structure.

[Methodical approaches to obtaining of isolated cardiomyocytes].

Isolated cardiac cells represent a unique model system for the study of many aspects of myocardial function. In this paper, several procedures for isolation ofmyocytes from adult animals and human hearts are described and discussed. They are based on successive treatments with Ca(2+)-free medium, disaggregating enzymes and/or mechanical agiatation.

[Methodological aspects of gas-mercury monitoring of non-industrial areas]. / Metodicheskie aspekty gazortutnogo monitoringa neproizvodstvennykh ob"ektov.

The paper presents new methodological approaches to gaseous mercury monitoring whose key link is to record the territorial background level of air pollution, which is calculated by using the frequency distribution diagrams of single measurements for uniform objects within an area by comparing them with logarithmically normal random distribution. The methodological approach has been used during surveys of schools and preschool children establishments in Moscow, Kaluga, and the Kaluga Region.

[Signalling during radiation-induced apoptosis of thymocytes]. / Signalizatsiia pri radiatsionnom apoptoze timotsitov.

The mechanisms of signal triggering, enhancement and transduction during radiation-induced apoptosis of the thymocytes are discussed. Apoptosis is triggered by aggregation of receptors accompanied by activation of protein tyrosine kinases. The receptor aggregation is caused by radiation-induced cross-links. The signal is transduced to the gene from protein tyrosine kinase through Ras-proteins, protein kinase C, and transcription factors. The necessity of the lipoxygenase gene expression and synthesis of this enzyme for support and enhancement of the apoptotic signal is postulated.

[Proliferation and death of thymocytes caused by phospholipase A2 activator--melittin]. / Proliferatsiia i gibel' timotsitov pri deistvii aktivatora fosfolipazy A2--melittina.

The effects of mellitin, a component of bee venom activating phospholipase A2, on proliferation and death of the rat thymocytes were studied in a wide concentration range. Cell proliferation was estimated by the accumulation of colchicine metaphases, Necrosis was estimated by cell lysis and Trypan blue staining. Apoptosis was estimated by the type of DNA fragmentation, amount of fragmented DNA, and percentage of cells with hypodiploid DNA set. Low concentrations of mellitin (below 5 micrograms/ml) stimulated proliferation. At higher mellitin concentrations, the thymocytes die by the primary necrosis type. Mellitin did not induce apoptosis in the thymocytes within the concentration range used: on the contrary, at high concentrations, it inhibited apoptosis of the thymocytes in the control and after irradiation. Actinomycin D, inhibitor of RNA synthesis, exerted no effect on the thymocyte death in the presence of mellitin. It has been concluded that activation of phospholipase A2 may induce necrosis, rather than apoptosis, and consequently, activation of phospholipase A2 is not a necessary step in the signalling cascade that initiated apoptosis in the thymocytes.

The effect of melittin on proliferation and death of thymocytes.

The effect of melittin, an activator of phospholipase A2, on proliferation and death of rat thymocytes in a broad concentration range was studied. Cell proliferation was estimated by the accumulation of colchicin metaphases, necrotic death was determined from lysis and staining of cells with trypan blue, and apoptosis was assessed from the type of DNA fragmentation, the amount of fragmented DNA, and the percentage of cells with subdiploid DNA. It was shown that low melittin concentrations (below 5 microg/ml) stimulate thymocyte proliferation. At high melittin concentrations, thymocytes die by the primary necrosis type. Throughout the concentration range studied, melittin does not produce apoptosis in thymocytes. Conversely, high melittin concentrations even inhibit thymocyte apoptosis in the control and after irradiation. An inhibitor of RNA synthesis actinomycin D does not affect thymocyte death in the presence of melittin. It is concluded that the activation of phospholipase A2 can induce necrosis but not apoptosis and thus is not a necessary step in the signaling cascade that initiates apoptosis in thymocytes.

The mechanism of calcium-dependent activation of respiration of liver mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels, Citellus undulatus.

1. It is shown that Ca(2+)-dependent activation of respiration of liver mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels is accompanied by mitochondrial swelling. 2. The swelling of mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels, as well as the activation of mitochondrial respiration, is precluded by cyclosporin A, p-bromphenacylbromide and oligomycin. Carboxyatractiloside, on the contrary, under these conditions favors the swelling and the acceleration of respiration. 3. It was concluded that Ca(2+)-dependent activation of hibernating ground squirrel liver mitochondrial respiration resulted from the appearance of a non-specific permeability pathway and from swelling of mitochondria.

Relationship between structure and function of liver mitochondria from hibernating and active ground squirrels, Citellus undulatus.

1. Electron microscopy of liver tissue preparations, obtained from hibernating ground squirrels, reveals mitochondria in a condensed state. 2. When kept on ice, mitochondria isolated from the livers of hibernating and active ground squirrels are in a shrunken state. 3. Incubation of mitochondria isolated from the livers of active ground squirrels in the presence of succinate, at 27 degrees C, results in mitochondrial swelling, while mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels under the same conditions remain relatively shrunken. 4. The swollen mitochondria from active ground squirrels show high oxidative activity, while the shrunken mitochondria from hibernating animals show low oxidative activity. 5. Swelling of mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels in a hypo-osmolar medium is accompanied by a significant increase in oxidative activity. 6. It is inferred that the shrinkage of hibernating ground squirrel mitochondria is one of the main causes of the inhibition of oxidative activity and other mitochondrial functions during hibernation.