Outbreak of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in an immigrant community in Spain. / Brote de tuberculosis resistente a isoniacida en una comunidad de inmigrantes en España.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem. In 2013, 9 million new cases of active TB were estimated globally and the proportion of reported new cases with multi-drug resistance (MDR) was 3.5%. METHODS: Contact tracing of a case of pulmonary tuberculosis was performed in a Bolivian patient. Diagnostic tests were performed according to national and local protocols. RESULTS: An outbreak of tuberculosis in an immigrant community was detected, with 5 cases originating from one index case. Genotyping and drug susceptibility testing of the sputum samples determined Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid (KatG-msp unmutated/inhA 5RBS CT). Active case finding revealed a total of 39 contacts with an incidence of latent infection of 71.43%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the importance of active case finding through contact tracing as well as rapid laboratory diagnosis to achieve improvements in early detection of TB. Early diagnosis of the patient, compliance with appropriate treatment protocols and monitoring of drug resistance are considered essential for the prevention and control of TB.

[How to fight parasitic infectious diseases with bacteria. The case of Wolbachia pipientis]. / Cómo combatir con bacterias a las enfermedades infecciosas parasitarias. El caso de Wolbachia pipientis.

In Nature, no individual can live in isolation; hence, living organisms are forced to interact with each other. This necessity has led many organisms to establish heterogeneous relations to enhance their ability to adapt to the environment, thus acquiring evolutionary advantages. These relationships are sometimes so intense, that on the long term the organisms may lose their individual identity. An example of these associations is the endosymbiotic ones, where eukaryote organisms generally harbor different prokaryote organisms. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a species described by Hertig and Wolbach in 1924. This microorganism can be isolated in a large variety of eukaryote organisms, with which it maintains different links. Until now, this species has only been described with 11 serogroups numbered from A to K within the Wolbachia genus. This work is intended to illustrate the relationship of Wolbachia pipientis with human pathogenic filaria and with arthropods, as well as to describe the implications of this bacterium in the treatment of filariasis. Finally, this work tries to describe recent studies that have targeted the use of artificially-created Wolbachia pipientis virulent strains that, once inoculated in infectious diseases-transmitting vectors, develop negative effects within them in order to, in this way, erradicate mosquito-transmitted infectious diseases for which no treatment is available at the moment or the prevention of its transmissibility has not been achieved.

En la naturaleza ningún individuo puede vivir de forma aislada, de tal forma que los organismos vivos se ven obligados a interactuar unos con otros. Esta necesidad ha llevado a que diferentes organismos establezcan relaciones heterogéneas para mejorar su capacidad de adaptación al medio, obteniendo así ventajas evolutivas. Estas relaciones a veces son tan intensas que a la larga los organismos pueden perder su identidad individual. Un ejemplo de estas asociaciones son las endosimbióticas, en las cuales generalmente organismos eucariotas albergan a diferentes organismos procariotas. La bacteria endosimbiótica Wolbachia pipientis es una especie descrita en 1924 por Hertig y Wolbach. Este microorganismo se puede aislar en gran variedad de organismos eucariotas, con los que mantiene diferentes vínculos. Hasta el momento solo se ha descrito esta especie con 11 serogrupos enumerados de la A a la K dentro del género Wolbachia. En este trabajo se pretende ilustrar la relación de Wolbachia pipientis con las filarias patógenas humanas y con los artrópodos, así como describir las implicaciones de esta bacteria en el tratamiento de las filariasis. Finalmente, se pretende exponer los estudios recientes que han apuntado el uso de cepas virulentas de Wolbachia pipientis creadas artificialmente que una vez inoculadas en los vectores transmisores de enfermedades desarrollan efectos negativos en estos, para de esa forma lograr la erradicación de enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por mosquitos para las cuales de momento no existe tratamiento o no se ha logrado impedir su transmisibilidad.

[Co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Actinomyces naeslundii]. / Coinfección por Neisseria gonorrhoeae y Actinomyces naeslundii.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Actinomyces naeslundii in a woman with an intrauterine device. CASE REPORT: A 36-year-old woman with IUD, who entered to the hospital because of suprapubic abdominal pain, fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge. RESULTS: We identified Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Actinomyces naeslundii and despite antibiotic treatment, ultrasound allowed objectify pelvic inflammatory disease and appendiceal involvement, which led to its surgical removal and bilateral salpingectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical approach allowed to solve the box co.