Defining criteria for disease activity states in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis based on the systemic Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate cutoff values in the systemic Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 10 (sJADAS10) that distinguish the states of inactive disease (ID), minimal disease activity (MiDA), moderate disease activity (MoDA), and high disease activity (HDA) in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), based on subjective disease state assessment by the treating pediatric rheumatologist. METHODS: The cutoffs definition cohort was composed of 400 patients enrolled at 30 pediatric rheumatology centers in 11 countries. Using the subjective physician rating as an external criterion, 6 methods were applied to identify the cutoffs: mapping, calculation of percentiles of cumulative score distribution, Youden index, 90% specificity, maximum agreement, and ROC curve analysis. Sixty percent of the patients were assigned to the definition cohort and 40% to the validation cohort. Cutoff validation was conducted by assessing discriminative ability. RESULTS: The sJADAS10 cutoffs that separated ID from MiDA, MiDA from MoDA, and MoDA from HDA were ≤ 2.9, ≤ 10, and > 20.6. The cutoffs discriminated strongly among different levels of pain, between patients with or without morning stiffness, and between patients whose parents judged their disease status as remission or persistent activity/flare or were satisfied or not satisfied with current illness outcome. CONCLUSION: The sJADAS cutoffs revealed good metrologic properties in both definition and validation cohorts, and are therefore suitable for use in clinical trials and routine practice.

Regulatory Role of circRNA-0067835 in Behcet Disease through Targeting Micro RNA-155: Implication of ATG1, AKT and MTOR.

Background: Autophagy has been proven to contribute to maintaining eukaryotic cells' normal intracellular homeostasis, whereas autophagy malfunction may predispose to Behcet Disease (BD). The accumulation of the products of autophagic degradation as well as impairment in autophagic flux in cases with BD, may be attributed to dysregulated miRNA-155 expression. This study attempts to determine the contribution of circRNA-0067835 in miRNA-155-mediated modulation of the autophagy axis as well as to investigate its impact on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BD. Methods: This study was carried out on 40 cases with BD and 40 healthy control subjects. The collection of serum samples was done before performing a real-time PCR to estimate the relative gene expression of ATG1, AKT, miRNA-155, mTOR, TAB2, and circRNA-0067835. Additionally, IL-1ß, IL-17, and TNF-α serum levels were determined by ELISA. Results: Behcet Disease (BD) patients had significantly upregulated circRNA-0067835, with subsequent downregulation of its target gene, miRNA-155 than controls (P<0.05). In addition, decreased miRNA-155 gene expression was correlated with significantly increased TAB2 gene expression levels in BD patients compared to the controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was detected in cases with BD than in controls. Conclusion: The correlation between circRNA-0067835 and miRNA-155 fairly contributes to the regulation of cytokine production in BD via the modulation of autophagy. The investigation of the circRNA-0067835 and the microRNA-155 and their downstream adaptor molecules could be a potential therapeutic agent for BD.

How to optimize recruitment strategies of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases for online surveys: experience from an international study.

The use of online surveys as a recruitment tool for clinical research has recently expanded; nevertheless, optimal recruitment strategies remain poorly identified. Objectives. The study aimed to identify the most effective recruitment strategies for online research studies and to determine the optimal survey channels for obtaining patients' responses. This is a post-hoc analysis of the ARCOVAX (ArLAR COVID Vaccination) study. Multiple recruitment strategies were disseminated in Arabic, English, and French. The proportion of enrolled patients was correlated with each strategy. Channels used by patients to complete the survey were divided into three categories (social media (SoMe), doctor, and patients' associations). These channels were correlated with the patients' characteristics and the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A total of 1595 patients from 19 Arab countries completed the survey. Patients' mean age was 39 years, 73.2% (1159) were females, 17.8% (284) had a university education level and 93.1% (1468) answered the survey in Arabic. The most effective recruitment strategies were personalized WhatsApp reminders to recruiters (30% of enrolled patients), technical support in response to access issues (27%) and sharing recruitment status by country on a WhatsApp group (24%). The channels used to complete the survey were: SoMe in 45% (711), doctor in 40% (647), and patients' associations in 8.5% (233), and correlated with age and GDP. To optimize recruitment, it is recommended to combine multiple strategies and channels, use the native language and be active (mobilize teams), reactive (provide prompt technical support), and proactive (share regular updates and reminders).

Vitamin D and miRNA-155 in Behçet's Disease: Possible Association with the Disease and Disease Activity.

Background: Vitamin D (vit D) controls inflammation and immunity. In Behçet's disease (BD), microRNA-155 is recognized as a significant immune response regulator. We aimed to investigate the role of vit D on immunomodulation and downregulation of inflammatory pathways associated with BD and detect the role of miRNA-155 in BD. Methods: miRNA-155 expression by Real Time -Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), and vit D, nuclear factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and Tumor necrosis fact of TNF-α) expression by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were assessed. Results: BD patients had a significantly higher relative expression of microRNA-155 (P< 0.001), it was significantly related to vascular manifestations (P< 0.001). Vit D relative expression was significantly low in BD (P< 0.001). There was a significant rise in miRNA-155 in the active group compared to the inactive group (P< 0.001). A significant decrease in vit D levels (IU) was found in inactive and active individuals suffering from BD when compared to controls (P< 0.001). A significant rise was found in vit D levels in inactive BD cases (P< 0.001). A significant positive correlations were found between miRNA-155, NF-κB, TNF-α, and negative correlations with vit D relative expression in BD patients. Conclusions: miRNA-155 relative expression is higher in BD is significantly related to vascular manifestations. It may have a relationship to disease activity. Vitamin D relative expression is significantly low in BD patients, which can significantly influence immunomodulatory BD therapy. Vitamin D deficiency linked to active BD.

Consensus Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treat-To-Target Management of Osteoporosis in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages G4-G5D and Post-transplantation: An Initiative of Egyptian Academy of Bone Health.

Objective: The aim of this study was to reach a consensus on an updated version of the recommendations for the diagnosis and Treat-to-Target management of osteoporosis that is effective and safe for individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) G4-G5D/kidney transplant. Methods: Delphi process was implemented (3 rounds) to establish a consensus on 10 clinical domains: (1) study targets, (2) risk factors, (3) diagnosis, (4) case stratification, (5) treatment targets, (6) investigations, (7) medical management, (8) monitoring, (9) management of special groups, (10) fracture liaison service. After each round, statements were retired, modified, or added in view of the experts' suggestions, and the percent agreement was calculated. Statements receiving rates of 7-9 by more than 75% of experts' votes were considered as achieving consensus. Results: The surveys were sent to an expert panel (n = 26), of whom 23 participated in the three rounds (2 were international experts and 21 were national). Most of the participants were rheumatologists (87%), followed by nephrologists (8.7%), and geriatric physicians (4.3%). Eighteen recommendations, categorized into 10 domains, were obtained. Agreement with the recommendations (rank 7-9) ranged from 80 to 100%. Consensus was reached on the wording of all 10 clinical domains identified by the scientific committee. An algorithm for the management of osteoporosis in CKD has been suggested. Conclusion: A panel of international and national experts established a consensus regarding the management of osteoporosis in CKD patients. The developed recommendations provide a comprehensive approach to assessing and managing osteoporosis for all healthcare professionals involved in its management.

Potential Role of circRNA-HIPK3/microRNA-124a Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: Circular RNA-HIPK3 (CircHIPK3) has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in a variety of diseases, contributing to disease initiation and progression. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of the circHIPK3 RNA/microRNA-124a interaction in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: This study included 79 RA patients and 30 control individuals. The patients involved were classified according to the disease activity score (DAS28) into mild (24 patients), moderate (24 patients), and severe (31 patients). Serum samples were collected to estimate the relative gene expression of circHIPK3 RNA and its target gene microRNA-124a by quantitative real time-PCR. Moreover, ELISA was used to detect the serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Routine laboratory estimation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) was also done. Results: In all grades of RA groups, there was a significantly substantial elevation of circHIPK3 RNA gene expression, with subsequent downregulation of miRNA-124a when compared to the control group. CircHIPK3 and microRNA-124a expression have been established to be inversely linked. Also, estimation of serum levels of MCP-1, ESR, CRP, and RF exhibited a significant increase in all grades of RA as compared to the control group. Conclusion: CircHIPK3 and microRNA-124a might be regarded as key players in the pathogenesis of RA. The cross-talk between them appears to be responsible for inducing joint inflammation by increasing MCP-1 production. Targeting circHIPK3 and microRNA-124a, and their downstream adaptor molecules, poses a new challenge for RA therapy.

Telehealth in rheumatology: the 2021 Arab League of Rheumatology Best Practice Guidelines.

To develop Best Practice Guidelines (BPG) for the use of Telehealth in Rheumatology in the Arab region, to identify the main barriers and facilitators of telehealth, and to provide rheumatologists with a practical toolkit for the implementation of telehealth. Guidelines were drafted by a core steering committee from the Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology (ArLAR) after performing a literature search. A multidisciplinary task force (TF), including 18 rheumatologists, 2 patients, and 2 regulators from 15 Arab countries, assessed the BPG using 3 rounds of anonymous online voting by modified Delphi process. The statements were included in the final BPG without further voting if ≥ 80% of TF members indicated high agreement. The voting on barriers and facilitators was performed through one voting round. The toolkit was developed based on available literature and discussions during the Delphi rounds. Four General Principles and twelve Statements were formulated. A teleconsultation was specifically defined for the purpose of these guidelines. The concept of choice in telehealth was highlighted, emphasizing patient confidentiality, medical information security, rheumatologist's clinical judgment, and local jurisdictional regulations. The top barrier for telehealth was the concern about the quality of care. The toolkit emphasized technical aspects of teleconsultation and proposed a triage system. The ArLAR BPG provide rheumatologists with a series of strategies about the most reliable, productive, and rational approaches to apply telehealth.

Consensus evidence-based recommendations for treat-to-target management of immunoglobulin A vasculitis.

IgA vasculitis (IgAV), formerly known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, is the most common cause of systemic vasculitis in childhood. Given its potential life-threatening systemic complications, early and accurate diagnosis as well as management of IgAV represent a major challenge for health care professionals. This study was carried out to attain an evidence-based expert consensus on a treat-to-target management approach for IgAV using Delphi technique. The preliminary scientific committee identified a total of 16 key clinical questions according to the patient, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) approach. An evidence-based, systematic, literature review was conducted to compile evidence for the IgAV management. The core leadership team identified researchers and clinicians with expertise in IgAV management in Egypt upon which experts were gathered from different governorates and health centers across Egypt. Delphi process was implemented (two rounds) to reach a consensus. An online questionnaire was sent to expert panel (n = 26) who participated in the two rounds. After completing round 2, a total of 20 recommendation items, categorized into two sections were obtained. Agreement with the recommendations (rank 7-9) ranged from 91.7-100%. Consensus was reached (i.e. ⩾75% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed) on the wording of all the 20 clinical standards identified by the scientific committee. Algorithms for the diagnosis and management have been suggested. This was an expert, consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of IgAV and IgA vasculitic nephritis, based on best available evidence and expert opinion. The guideline presented a strategy of care with a pathway to achieve a state of remission as early as possible. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Given its potential life-threatening systemic complications, early and accurate diagnosis of immunoglobulin A vasculitis represents a major challenge for health care professionals. This work provided cornerstone principles for the management of the condition. Adopting PICO approach and implementing Delphi process a consensus was reached on evidence-based treat-to-target treatment recommendations. This will endorse enhancement and consistency of care of this cohort of patients in standard practice.

Psoriatic arthritis among Egyptian patients with psoriasis attending the dermatology clinic: prevalence, comorbidities, and clinical predictors.

OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis and treatment of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) help to prevent progressive joint involvement and disabilities. There is a problem in the early diagnosis of PsA worldwide, which may be attributed to the dermatologists missing PsA symptoms and signs and a lack of effective screening tools. AIM OF THE STUDY: The current study was designed to assess the prevalence, comorbidities, and clinical predictors associated with the development of PsA in psoriasis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was performed. Screening questionnaires - the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) and Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) - were applied to 200 psoriasis patients; among them n = 22 (11% of all tested patients) were in developmental age. Those with positive questionnaires were classified as having PsA or not according to the classification for psoriatic arthritis criteria. Body surface area, psoriasis area and severity index, and psoriasis disability index tools were used for assessing psoriasis patients. A full rheumatological and dermatological evaluation were carried out for PsA patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of PsA was found to be 30%, with a mean age of 45.48 ±10.79 years. Further, psoriasis preceded the onset of PsA in 46 patients (76.6%), arthritis began before psoriasis in 6 individuals (10%), and both psoriasis and arthritis coincided in 8 (13.3%) patients. Obesity (OR 7.0, 95% CI: 2.61-18.85), nail psoriasis (OR 5.02, 95% CI: 2.02-12.476), and intergluteal cleft site (OR 12.659, 95% CI: 4.302-37.255) were associated with increased risk of PsA. However, classic plaque psoriasis (OR 0.149, 95% CI: 0.051-0.433) and flexure site (OR 0.238, 95% CI: 0.076-0.746) were linked with a decreased risk of PsA development. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for PsA in patients with psoriasis revealed a significant number of undiagnosed cases of PsA that should be treated early. Obesity, nail psoriasis, and psoriasis at the intergluteal sites can help predict the PsA development.

Influence of glutathione S transferase A1 gene polymorphism (-69C > T, rs3957356) on intravenous cyclophosphamide efficacy and side effects: a case-control study in Egyptian patients with lupus nephritis.

OBJECTIVES: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is a cytotoxic drug of a narrow therapeutic window that is commonly used in lupus nephritis (LN) treatment. However, 30-40% of patients experience CYC resistance. CYC inactivation is mediated by the glutathione S transferases (GSTs) superfamily: GST class A (GSTA) has the greatest activity and contains 5 isoenzymes. Polymorphisms of genes involved in the drug metabolism could alter the drug pharmacokinetics and effectiveness. CYC pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics are extensively studied in malignancies; however, scarce data are available about this issue in the autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Prediction of the drug response helps the achievement of the highest benefit-to-risk ratio. The aim of this case-control study was to address the association between GSTA1 polymorphism (-69C > T, rs3957356), and the rate of response to and side effects of intravenous CYC in LN patients. METHODS: Ninety-four patients were included and divided into matched groups: resistant and responsive. Genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism method after amplification. RESULTS: A significant association between the TT genotype, and CYC resistance and partial response was observed. Concerning the recessive model, none of the patients within the TT group achieved complete remission. CYC side effects were more common with the polymorphism under the genotype, recessive model, and allele distributions. When patients' pre- and post-treatment characteristics were compared, patients with the TT genotype did not show any significant improvement. CONCLUSION: LN patients with GSTA1 (-69C > T, rs3957356) TT genotype have the highest risk of CYC unresponsiveness and toxicity. Key-Points • LN patients with the wild genotype of GSTA1 have the greatest probability of achieving a complete renal response to IV CYC. • The homozygous GSTA1 (-69C > T, rs3957356) TT genotype is associated with the highest risk of LN unresponsiveness to IV CYC. • The homozygous GSTA1 (-69C > T, rs3957356) TT genotype is associated with the highest risk of CYC-related side effects.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on rheumatology practice: a cross-sectional multinational study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on rheumatology practice. METHOD: A cross-sectional web survey was designed by the members of the Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology (ArLAR), validated by its scientific committee and disseminated through e-mail and social media. It included close-ended questions about the impact of the pandemic on the rheumatology activities, including outpatient visits and hospitalizations (in percentage, 100% corresponds to complete suspension) and open-ended questions about unmet needs. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictors of impact. Suggestions were developed to improve the practice. RESULTS: A total of 858 rheumatologists were included in the analysis (27.3% of registered in ArLAR), 37% were 35-44 years old, 60% were females, and 48% worked in the private sector. The impact of COVID-19 was a decrease of 69% in hospitalizations, 65% in outpatient clinic, 56% in infusion centers, and 43% in income. It was associated with the region (highest in the Gulf), use of telemedicine, impact on income and practice sector (lowest in private). There was a hydroxychloroquine shortage in 47%. Telemedicine was mostly based on traditional telephone contacts and e-mails and reimbursed in 12%. Fifteen rheumatologists (1.8%) were infected and 156 cases of COVID-19 were reported among patients. The top-cited unmet needs in rheumatology practice were access to drugs and a telemedicine platform. CONCLUSIONS: The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rheumatology practice may compromise rheumatic diseases control. Better access to drugs and providing telemedicine platforms are recommended to improve the practice. Key Points • The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on the rheumatology practice, including access to outpatient clinic, hospitalization, and to anchor drugs. • The compromised access to rheumatology care may jeopardize the control of chronic rheumatic diseases and the long-term prognosis. • Better access to drugs and providing telemedicine platforms are strongly recommended.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with chronic rheumatic diseases: A study in 15 Arab countries.

AIM: To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (COVID-19) on the access to rheumatology care for patients with chronic rheumatic diseases (CRD) in the Arab countries. METHOD: A web-based cross-sectional survey was designed by the Arab Adult Arthritis Awareness group (AAAA) consisting of 16 rheumatologists representing countries from the Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology (ArLAR) and was validated by the ArLAR scientific committee. The survey was disseminated online through social media and patients' association channels between May 8 and May 22, 2020. The steering committee developed recommendations to improve the care of patients with CRD during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 2163 patients were included in the analysis; 72% were female; mean age was 40 years (SD 11.9). The Levant, the Gulf, and North Africa contributed almost equally to the sample. The pandemic had a significant negative impact on rheumatology visits in 82% of cases, access to hydroxychloroquine (47%), and chronic medication persistency (28%). The negative impact on rheumatology visits was associated with female gender, country, medication non-persistency, isolation due to COVID-19, and impact on mental health. Sixty-one patients (2.8%) stated that they had COVID-19, 5% said that a close contact was infected, and 47% were in isolation because of COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The current study highlights the deleterious consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the continuity of rheumatology care. Therefore, an action plan, including establishing a telemedicine platform, securing drug availability, and promoting medication persistence through the appropriate communication channels, is strongly recommended.

Development and initial validation of a composite disease activity score for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a composite disease activity score for systemic JIA (sJIA) and to provide preliminary evidence of its validity. METHODS: The systemic Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (sJADAS) was constructed by adding to the four items of the original JADAS a fifth item that aimed to quantify the activity of systemic features. Validation analyses were conducted on patients with definite or probable/possible sJIA enrolled at first visit or at the time of a flare, who had active systemic manifestations, which should include fever. Patients were reassessed 2 weeks to 3 months after baseline. Three versions were examined, including ESR, CRP or no acute-phase reactant. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients were included at 30 centres in 10 countries. The sJADAS was found to be feasible and to possess face and content validity, good construct validity, satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.64-0.65), fair ability to discriminate between patients with different disease activity states and between those whose parents were satisfied or not satisfied with illness outcome (P < 0.0001 for both), and strong responsiveness to change over time (standardized response mean 2.04-2.58). Overall, these properties were found to be better than those of the original JADAS and of DAS for RA and of Puchot score for adult-onset Still's disease. CONCLUSION: The sJADAS showed good measurement properties and is therefore a valid instrument for the assessment of disease activity in children with sJIA. The performance of the new tool should be further examined in other patient cohorts that are evaluated prospectively.

Factors contributing to disability in rheumatoid arthritis patients: an Egyptian multicenter study / Factores que contribuyen a la discapacidad en pacientes con artritis reumatoide: un estudio multicéntrico egipcio

OBJECTIVE: Minimizing disability and enhancing physical function to its optimal levels is still a challenge in management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim is to identify factors leading to disability in RA. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional Egyptian multicenter study carried out on 215 RA patients attending to our inpatient and outpatient rheumatology clinics during 4 months starting from April to July 2017 who agreed to participate in the study; 170 patients were from Cairo University hospitals and 45 from Zagazig University hospitals. We recorded a number of possible risk factors including demographic, clinical, serological and therapeutic factors. The assessment of patients' disability was done using Modified HAQ (MHAQ). RESULTS: A significant positive correlation was found between MHAQ and different markers of activity in addition to age and depression score (P<0.001). Illiteracy accounted for higher MHAQ scores (P=0.001). A higher MHAQ was found in patients with ischemic heart disease (P<0.05). Patients with erosions on X-rays had significantly higher MHAQ scores. Subluxations also accounted for higher MHAQ scores (P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Aging, illiteracy, disease activity, erosions, subluxations, depression and ischemic heart disease were all related to higher disability. Good control of disease activity which in turn reduces erosions and subluxations is mandatory. Screening for depression and proper use of anti-depressants is of great value. Proper screening and prophylaxis is recommended against ischemic heart disease by controlling modifiable risk factors like obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking and sedentary lifestyle

OBJETIVO: Minimizar la discapacidad y mejorar la función física hasta sus niveles óptimos sigue siendo un desafío en el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide (AR). El objetivo es identificar los factores que conducen a la discapacidad en la AR. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio multicéntrico egipcio de corte transversal llevado a cabo en 215 pacientes con AR que asisten a nuestras clínicas de reumatología para pacientes internados y ambulatorios durante 4 meses, desde abril a julio de 2017, que aceptaron participar en el estudio; 170 pacientes eran de hospitales de la Universidad de El Cairo y 45 de hospitales de la Universidad de Zagazig. Registramos una serie de posibles factores de riesgo que incluyen factores demográficos, clínicos, serológicos y terapéuticos. La evaluación de la discapacidad de los pacientes se realizó utilizando HAQ modificado (MHAQ). RESULTADOS: Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre MHAQ y diferentes marcadores de actividad además de la puntuación de edad y depresión (p < 0,001). El analfabetismo representó un puntaje MHAQ más alto (p = 0,001). Se encontró un MHAQ más alto en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica (p < 0,05). Los pacientes con erosiones en los rayos X tuvieron puntajes de MHAQ significativamente más altos. Las subluxaciones también representaron puntuaciones más altas de MHAQ (p = 0,000). CONCLUSIÓN: El envejecimiento, el analfabetismo, la actividad de la enfermedad, las erosiones, las subluxaciones, la depresión y la cardiopatía isquémica se relacionaron con una mayor discapacidad. El buen control de la actividad de la enfermedad que a su vez reduce las erosiones y las subluxaciones es obligatorio. La detección de la depresión y el uso adecuado de antidepresivos es de gran valor. Se recomienda la detección y profilaxis adecuada de la cardiopatía isquémica controlando los factores de riesgo modificables como la obesidad, la dislipidemia, la hipertensión, el tabaquismo y el estilo de vida sedentario

Assessment of superficial and deep retinal vessel density in systemic lupus erythematosus patients using optical coherence tomography angiography.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the retinal microvascular density in SLE patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to correlate vascular density with the disease activity and damage risk. METHODS: Twenty eyes of 20 SLE patients were compared with 20 eyes of normal subjects. The retinal capillary plexuses were examined by OCTA. The disease activity and damage risk were evaluated by the SLEDAI-2 K and SLICC/ACR SDI scoring systems. RESULTS: No difference was found between SLE patients' central foveal thickness (CFT) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and the normal (P > 0.05). SLE patients had slightly lower superficial vessel densities than normal in the upper and lower macular regions (P < 0.05), sparing the middle sectors (P > 0.05). In the deep plexus, vessel density loss was detected in all sectors (P < 0.001). The vessel density in 300-µm-wide region around the FAZ (FD-300) and the acircularity index (AI) were affected in the SLE in comparison to the normal group (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the SLEDAI-2 k and the retinal vessel density in either layer, while the SLICC/SDI had moderate inverse correlation with vessel density in some sectors (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the deep capillary plexus had high sensitivity and specificity for detecting vascular damage in SLE patients. CONCLUSIONS: OCTA permits noninvasive quantitative assessment of retinal vessel density in SLE, allowing early detection of altered retinal circulation. Vessel density could be included in future assessment of SLE activity and damage scores.

Probiotics as a prophylaxis to prevent oral candidiasis in patients with Sjogren's syndrome: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.

Patients with Sjögren's syndrome are at a higher risk to develop oral candidiasis than the general population. As antifungals have many side-effects, new approaches are needed to address this problem. This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of probiotics in the reduction of oral candidal growth in patients with SS. Thirty-two Sjogren's syndrome patients were randomly allocated in two groups receiving either Probiotics or placebo capsules twice a day for 5 weeks. The strains included in the probiotic capsule were Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacteriumbifidum. Oral rinse solution samples were collected and candidal levels were determined (CFU/mL) at baseline and after the 5-week experimental period. Pain, erythema and angular cheilitis were also assessed at baseline and after 2, 4 and 5-week. In the probiotic group, there was a statistically significant reduction of the candidal load from baseline to the 5th week respectively. However, the change in candidal load at the same time in the placebo group was not statistically significant. The tested probiotic product may represent an unconventional method to reduce candidal colonization, to prevent oral candidosis in patients with Sjogren's syndrome.Clinical trials registration ID NCT03840538 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03840538).

Factors contributing to disability in rheumatoid arthritis patients: An Egyptian multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: Minimizing disability and enhancing physical function to its optimal levels is still a challenge in management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim is to identify factors leading to disability in RA. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional Egyptian multicenter study carried out on 215 RA patients attending to our inpatient and outpatient rheumatology clinics during 4 months starting from April to July 2017 who agreed to participate in the study; 170 patients were from Cairo University hospitals and 45 from Zagazig University hospitals. We recorded a number of possible risk factors including demographic, clinical, serological and therapeutic factors. The assessment of patients' disability was done using Modified HAQ (MHAQ). RESULTS: A significant positive correlation was found between MHAQ and different markers of activity in addition to age and depression score (P<0.001). Illiteracy accounted for higher MHAQ scores (P=0.001). A higher MHAQ was found in patients with ischemic heart disease (P<0.05). Patients with erosions on X-rays had significantly higher MHAQ scores. Subluxations also accounted for higher MHAQ scores (P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Aging, illiteracy, disease activity, erosions, subluxations, depression and ischemic heart disease were all related to higher disability. Good control of disease activity which in turn reduces erosions and subluxations is mandatory. Screening for depression and proper use of anti-depressants is of great value. Proper screening and prophylaxis is recommended against ischemic heart disease by controlling modifiable risk factors like obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking and sedentary lifestyle.

Combined gemfibrozil (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist) with reduced steroid dose gives a similar management picture as the full steroid dose in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model.

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined gemfibrozil with prednisolone in the management of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model. Methods: Seventy two adult male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into 1-control group, three diseased groups: 2- Adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA), 3- high fat diet (HF), and 4- combined AIA-HF, and treated groups: 5- gemfibrozil 30 mg/kg treated AIA group (AIA-G) and the combined AIA-HF treated groups: 6- prednisolone equivalent to human 10 mg (AIA-HF-P10), 7- prednisolone equivalent to human 5 mg (AIA-HF-P5) 8- gemfibrozil (HF-AIA-G) and 9- combined treatment (HF-AIA-G-P5) Results: HF diet represents a precipitating factor for knee arthritis. Gemfibrozil improved the inflammatory findings in both AIA and AIA-HF groups. Combined administration of gemfibrozil with reduced steroid dose gave a similar therapeutic effect to the full steroid dose. Fortunately, we reported more reduction in the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the HF-AIA-G-P5 compared with the HF-AIA-P10 group. The improvement was proved by the histological findings. Conclusion: Combined reduced prednisolone dose with gemfibrozil potentiates its anti-inflammatory activity. This could be a target in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.