Immunoglobulin G-4-Related Retroperitoneal Fibrosis.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is caused by the replacement of normal retroperitoneal tissue with fibrosis. The majority of the cases are idiopathic, but some secondary causes include malignancy, infection, drugs, and radiotherapy. Immunoglobulin G-4 (IgG-4) related disease is a relatively newer disease and one of the rarer causes of retroperitoneal fibrosis. It usually involves the pancreas, lungs, kidneys, aorta lacrimal and salivary glands, or extrapancreatic bile duct. Elevated serum IgG-4 is the biomarker of the disease and its levels correlate with disease activity. High-dose glucocorticoid is the treatment of choice.

Speaking Secrets: Epilepsy, Neurosurgery, and Patient Testimony in the Age of the Explorable Brain, 1934-1960.

This article examines the role of Wilder Penfield's patients in early neurosurgeries for epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute from the 1930s to 1950s. Shifting the focus from scientific discoveries that emerged as a result of Penfield's unprecedented "exploration" of the brain, this piece considers how patients contributed to the creation of such knowledge through their spoken feedback, both within and beyond the operating room. Correspondingly, it examines the personal and social contexts under which patients elected for surgery. Tracing an underexplored social history of Penfield's patients through more than sixty clinical records, it suggests that making knowledge about the brain was a multidirectional process in which patients meaningfully participated, and in which their experiences of epilepsy and motivations for surgery were significant.