[Natural pigments in fruit and vegetable juices: the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalaines].

The color of the juice is determined by the color of the corresponding fruit or vegetable from which the juice is made. The color of a fruit or vegetable, in turn, is determined by the presence of natural coloring pigments - secondary plant metabolites, which include mainly anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalains. These substances, in addition to bright colors, give the juices properties that largely provide a positive effect on health. The quantitative content of these pigments in juices (especially in commercially produced juices, the most commonly consumed by the population at present) is important for understanding of the contribution of that juices in real intake of these bioactive compounds with diet. The purpose of the work was to study the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and betalaines in juices a nd nectars (cherry, pomegranate, red grapes, tomato, carrot, peach and vegetable juices containing red beetroot) widely represented on the Russian market. Material and methods. The content of natural coloring pigments was determined by HPLC: anthocyanins - according to GOST 32709-2014 "Juice products. Methods for the determination of anthocyanins¼, carotenoids - in accordance with R 4.1.1672-03 "Guidelines for methods of quality control and safety of biologically active food supplements", betalains by revised IFU method of analysis No 71 (rev. 2023) "Anthocyanins and Betalains by HPLC". The results of measurements in 66 samples selected from Russian retail chains were analyzed. Results. The highest content of anthocyanins (in terms of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) was found in cherry nectars - an average of 11.4 mg/100 cm3, lower values were obtained for red grape juices (an average of 2.5 mg/100 cm3) and pomegranate juices (0.9 mg/100 cm3). In tomato juices, in addition to lycopene (7.0-14.1 mg/100 cm3), ß-carotene was found in an amount of 0.3- 1.2 mg/100 cm3. In carrot juices, the content of ß-carotene was at the level of 5.7-12.5 mg/100 cm3, in peach nectars - 0.14- 0.38 mg/100 cm3. The highest concentrations of betalains were found in directly pressed red beet juice at a level of 156.2 mg/100 cm3, with a predominance of betacyanins (99.4 mg/100 cm3) over betaxanthins (56.8 mg/100 cm3). The content of betacyanins decreased to 51.5 mg/100 cm3 in directly pressed lacto-fermented juice and to 2-3 mg/100 cm3 in multi-vegetable juices; betaxanthins were not detected in these samples. Conclusion. The study showed high levels of natural coloring substances - anthocyanins, carotenoids and in some extent betalains in juice products. A serving (200 cm3) of cherry nectar can provide up to 100% of an adequate daily intake of anthocyanins, a serving of red grape juice and a serving of pomegranate juice can provide up to 20% and up to 10%, respectively. The content of ß-carotene in a serving of carrot juice is several times higher than the daily requirement for adults; a serving of peach nectar contains up to 10% of the daily requirement for ß-carotene. Tomato juice is rich in lycopene, this carotenoid content in a serving is several times higher than the adequate daily intake, while the content of ß-carotene is also at a high level - up to 50% of the daily requirement for this substance. Despite the fact that direct data on the adequate daily intake of betalains have not yet been established, relatively high concentrations of betalains, especially in directly pressed red beet juices, determine their significant potential in increasing the nutritive value of the diet through beet-based juices intake.

[Comparative analysis of the total content of polyphenols in some types of industrial juice products].

Fruits are the most important source of polyphenols, substances that have a positive effect on human health. Modern technologies for the industrial processing of fruits into juice are aimed at preserving the useful components of the raw material in it. The issue of the content of polyphenols in industrial juice products, and, especially, changes in their concentration over time, is important for understanding the nutritional value of juice products and requires further study. The purpose of the work is to study the total content of polyphenols depending on the type of juice products and the time elapsed since the product was manufactured. Material and methods. The total content of polyphenols in terms of gallic acid was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method in four popular types of juice products (orange, grapefruit and apple juice, cherry nectar), various brands and with different production dates. The results of the determination in 60 product samples selected from Russian retail chains were analyzed. Results. Polyphenols are found in all types of products in significant amounts: in orange juices from 678 to 870 mg/kg, in grapefruit juices from 447 to 798 mg/kg, in apple juices from 264 to 1320 mg/kg, in cherry nectars from 696 to 1090 mg/kg. The highest average content was found in cherry nectars (859±106 mg/kg), followed by orange (781±54 mg/kg) and grapefruit juices (634±91 mg/kg). In apple juices, there is a significant variation in the content of polyphenols depending on the method of juice production - the highest content of polyphenols was found in straight-pressed apple juices (1119±124 mg/kg). The content of polyphenols in products stored for six months or more does not show any significant differences from the content in fresher products, which suggests a consistently high content of polyphenols in juice products throughout the entire shelf life. Conclusion. The study showed the presence of high concentrations of common polyphenols in juice products. The dependence of total polyphenol content on the time elapsed since the production of juice product was not found. Juice products of industrial production can make a significant contribution to the intake of polyphenols in the human body.

[Synephrine in dietary supplements and specialized foodstuffs: biological activity, safety and methods of analysis].

Synephrine is a natural protoalkaloid of the bitter orange Citrus aurantium L., it has structural similarity to ephedrine and adrenaline. Synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract is widely used as an ingredient of dietary supplements (DS) and specialized foodstuffs (SF) intended for weight loss and fitness improvement. Along with thermogenic and lipolytic effects, synephrine can cause cardiovascular side effects, especially when combined with caffeine and physical activity. This aspect is important, insofar as the main consumers of weight loss products are overweight people who are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the research is a hygienic assessment of the usage of bitter orange extract and synephrine in DS and SF, which includes an analysis of approaches to technical regulation in the Russian Federation and abroad, a review of data on biological activity, safety, types of adulteration and methods for the determination of citrus protoalkaloids. Results. The adrenergic effect of bitter orange is caused by the presence of R-(-)-psynephrine, making up about 90% or more of the total protoalkaloids. Dry bitter orange fruit extracts, standardized to synephrine content, which can vary from 4 to 98%, are used in the production of DS and SF. Synephrine is a weak adrenergic agonist, acting primarily through ß3-adrenergic receptors, stimulating lipolysis. Because of insufficient safety data, the consumption of synephrine is regulated in the Russian Federation and abroad. The upper permissible level of synephrine consumption in the Russian Federation is 30 mg per day. Various cases of adulteration of DS and SF for weight loss and sport nutrition have been revealed: undeclared addition of synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract, addition of synthetic synephrine, its isomers or analogs. The main method for the determination of synephrine and other biogenic amines in DS and SF is high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and/or mass detection. Conclusion. The data presented in the review confirm the feasibility of developing an official method for determination of main protoalkaloids and monitoring of DS and SF for the content of synephrine and other citrus protoalkaloids on its basis.

[Biological value of fruits and berries of Russian production].

Fruits and berries are the most important sources of a wide range of biologically active substances, including vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins. In order to replenish and update data on the content of food and biologically active substances in the tables of the chemical composition of food products, a study of the content of mono- and disaccharides, dietary fiber was carried out; vitamins C, B1, B2 and E, minerals and trace elements; flavonoids (in terms of rutin), anthocyanins; organic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenoids in various varieties of 16 fruit and berry crops. Material and methods. The material for the study was the fruits of promising varieties and selected forms of pome fruit (apple, pear), stone fruit (cherry, plum, apricot), berry (garden strawberry, raspberry, black currant, red currant, gooseberry), non-traditional crops (actinidia, honeysuckle, cornelian cherry, viburnum, sea buckthorn, rosehip) - a total of 208 samples grown at the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center. The B vitamins were determined by the fluorometric method, and vitamin E, organic and hydroxycinnamic acids, carbohydrates, and stilbenoids were determined by HPLC. The amount of anthocyanin pigments was determined by pH differential spectrophotometry, dietary fiber - by enzymatic-gravimetric method, flavonoids - spectrophotometrically. Results and discussion. The main carbohydrate of apricot is sucrose, black currants, cherries, raspberries and honeysuckle contain mainly fructose and glucose. Raspberries and currants are high in fiber. Comparison of the obtained data on the content of vitamins B1, B2, E, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the studied population of varieties in comparison with the published data of tables of the chemical composition of food products in the USA and Russia was carried out. By the content of vitamin C in descending order, the fruits are arranged in a row: black currant > sea buckthorn > honeysuckle > strawberry > red currant > viburnum > gooseberry > raspberry > apple. Berries, making a significant contribution to providing the body with vitamin C, are not an essential source of vitamins B and E. The inclusion of 100 g of fresh fruit in the diet provides about 10% of the recommended dietary intake for potassium (apricot, gooseberry, cherry and black currant), magnesium (apple, cherry, strawberry) and dietary fiber. Honeysuckle and black currant are high in anthocyanins; consumption of 100 g of these berries will ensure adequate intake of these micronutrients. Some varieties of strawberries, apples and pears are rich in hydroxycinnamic acids. The data obtained can be used to refine the indicators in the existing tables of the chemical composition of food products. Conclusion. The obtained data on the composition of fruit and berry products will make it possible to more correctly calculate the nutritional value of rations using questionnaire-survey methods. Combined analysis of the composition of biologically active substances in berries and fruits makes it possible to more reasonably make the choice of a particular product in the dietary correction of the ration of healthy and sick people.

[Trends in the development of analytical methods for determination of the quality and authenticity of foodstuffs].

The review presents several results of investigations carried out at the Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety on the development and application of modern chemical-analytical methods for determining the quality indicators, nutritional and biological value of foodstuffs. Particular attention is paid to methodological approaches to the determination of biologically active substances of dietary supplements of plant origin, to the definition of criteria for authenticity and methods to disclose falsification of food and dietary supplements. The practical application of modern analytical techniques (capillary GLC, capillary electrophoresis, HPLC with a mass spectrometric detection, UV/VIS diode-array detection, etc.), combining high efficiency and selective separation and detection for identification and qualitative and quantitative determination of components in complex matrix of foodstuffs and dietary supplements is shown.

[Carrot juice nutritional profile].

Carrot juice is one of the main products of carrot processing and the second most popular vegetable juice after tomato. Due to the presence of a complex of various nutritive and biologically active substances (BAS) carrot juice can make a significant contribution to maintaining human healthy diet. The aim of the study was to establish the nutrient profile of carrot juice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study of parameters of carrot juice of industrial production, characterizing its nutritional and biological value was carried out. The results of these experiments were compared with the data of BAS profiles of carrot juice from reference books and scientific publications. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The established nutrient profile includes data about content of more than 30 nutritients and BAS. The sucrose is the predominant carbohydrate in carrot juice; glucose and fructose concentrations are substantially lower. Among organic acids predominates L-malic acid whereas content of citric acid is usually 5-10 fold lower than that of L-malic acid. The total acidity of carrot juice is low, on average 0.25 mg of organic acids is present in 100 cm3 of juice. Carrot juice is a relatively rich source of a number of vitamins and minerals. A serving (200-250 cm3) of industrial carrot juice on average contains around 18% of the recommended daily intake (RDI) for potassium, 9% for magnesium, 8% for iron, 12% for copper and 14% for manganese. Vitamins are represented to a large extent by ß-carotene and other carotenoids (more than 400% of the RDI in a serving), as well as niacin, biotin and pantothenic acid - about 7% of the RDI in a serving for each of these vitamins. The content of vitamins E and K in serving averages 17 and 10% of the RDI respectively. Not clarified carrot juice contains about 1.1 g of dietary fiber in 100 cm3, including pectins - about 0.2 g/100 cm3. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this investigation the carrot juice might be considered as a substantial source of minor BAS mostly carotenoids, vitamins E and K, group B vitamins: niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, mineral substances: potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, as well as dietary fiber.

[The study of the polyphenolic complex and iridoid glycosides in various cultivars of edible honeysuckle fruits Lonicera edulis Turcz. ex Freyn].

The high content of minor biologically active substances in the fruits of wild-growing and cultivated varieties of honeysuckle, along with the low knowledge of the chemical composition of domestic varieties, determines the relevance of the study of their qualitative and quantitative composition. The aim of the work was to study the detailed composition of the main groups of biologically active polyphenolic compounds [anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), proanthocyanidins] and iridoids in various cultivars of domestic edible honeysuckle fruits (Lonicera edulis Turcz. Ex Freyn). Material and methods. 15 samples of frozen fruits of edible honeysuckle harvested in Tambov, Voronezh, Moscow regions and Karelia were investigated. The total content of polyphenolic compounds (in terms of gallic acid equivalents) was determined by the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total content of monomeric anthocyanins (in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside) - by pH-differential spectrophotometry, proanthocyanidins (in terms of procyanidin B2) - by the modified Bate-Smith method. The profiles of individual anthocyanins, iridoids, flavonoids and HCAs was determined by HPLC-DAD/TOF-MS. The carbohydrate profile by capillary electrophoresis and antiradical activity in DPPH test in vitro were investigated as well. Results and discussion. The main groups of polyphenolic compounds were anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was found as predominant among anthocyanins (>85% of their sum). Substantial amounts of iridoids (from 78.0 till 341.8 mg/100 g) were found in the honeysuckle examined. The loganic acid and loganine prevailed among iridoids. The total content of flavonoids varied in the range of 9.2- 46.6 mg/100 g, the main of which was rutin. Among HCAs chlorogenic acid prevailed, which accounted for 85.7-90.4% of the total amount of HCAs (45.9-79.8 mg/100 g). A correlation was found between the amount of polyphenolic compounds and the antiradical properties of honeysuckle fruits in DPPH test. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study the most promising varieties of domestic honeysuckle in terms of the highest content of polyphenolic antioxidants and iridoids with potential anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial and other types of biological activity were determined for the first time.

[Peach juice-puree nutritional profile].

Peach fruits (Prunus persica L.) contain a complex of nutritive and biologically active substances. The extraction of juice from peaches is relatively difficult due to the high content of fruit pulp so for the purposes of the juice industry, most peaches are processed in puree which is the basis for the production of peach juice products. Data on the nutrient content in peach juices-purees are few and require clarification and addition as applied to industrial products. The aim of the study was to investigate and update the composition of main nutrients of peach juice-puree. Material and methods. The nutrient composition of peach juice products of industrial production has been studied. Analysis of the results obtained in conjunction with the analysis of the data of reference books and scientific publications regarding peach fruits and juices-purees from them has been performed. Results and discussion. Nutrient profile of peach juice-puree has been established. The nutrient profile shows the content of more than 30 nutritive and biologically active substances. The prevailing saccharide in peach juice-puree is sucrose; glucose and fructose are present in lower concentrations. In addition to sugars, peach juice-puree contains sorbitol - about 0.4 g per 100 g. The total acidity of peach juice-puree is low, in 100 g there is an average of 0.5 g of organic acids, most of which are L-malic and citric acids. Regarding the polyphenols of peach juice-puree, the most significant are hydroxycinnamic acids, mostly chlorogenic, at the concentration of about 10 mg/100 g. The main type of peach juice products on the market are peach nectars containing 40-50% of juicepuree. Peach nectar is rich in vitamin E - more than 20% of the daily requirement per serving, dietary fiber (15% of the daily requirement for pectins and 5% of total dietary fibers), and the content of hydroxycinnamic acids in it fully satisfies or exceeds the adequate daily intake. A serving of peach nectar also contains on average 7% of daily requirement for ß-carotene, 8% in copper, 6% in potassium. Conclusion. The most significant micronutrient and minor biologically active substances for peach juice products are dietary fibers, hydroxycinnamic (chlorogenic) acids, ß-carotene, vitamin E, and potassium and copper.

[Pomegranate juice nutritional profile].

Pomegranate juice is one of the main products of pomegranate processing with high content of a complex of polyphenolic compounds. It possesses high antioxidant activity. The aim of the study is to establish the nutritional profile of pomegranate juice. Material and methods. A research of nutrient composition of commercial pomegranate juice and analysis of the results in conjunction with the data of chemical composition present in reference books and scientific publications have been carried out. Results and discussion. The nutrient profile of pomegranate juice has been defined. The nutrient profile shows the content of more than 30 nutrients and biologically active substances. Sugars of pomegranate juice are represented by glucose and fructose in approximately equal concentrations. Citric and L-malic acids prevail of the organic acids in pomegranate juice while the content of citric acid, as a rule, is several times higher than the content of L-malic. The total acidity of pomegranate juice is high, on average 1.1 g of organic acids is present in 100 cm3 of juice. A portion of pomegranate juice of industrial production on average contains 15% of the recommended daily allowance of potassium, 5% of magnesium, about 10% of copper. Pomegranate juice is rich in polyphenolic compounds - flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as tannins, which are mainly represented by ellagotannins. The content of anthocyanins in pomegranate juice of industrial production on averages is 1 mg/100 cm3 (the majority is cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside - about 40% of the total content of anthocyanins), ellagic acid - on average 4 mg/100 cm3. The total concentration ellagotannins ( mostly punicalin and punicalagin ) is on average 40 mg/100 cm3. Conclusion. Polyphenolic compounds (ellagotanins, anthocyanins, ellagic acid) and minerals - potassium, magnesium, copper are the most significant for pomegranate juice from the point of view of providing human body with micronutrients and minor biologically active substances.

[Pineapple juice nutritional profile].

Knowledge about food composition is necessary both for specialists to assess the state of nutrition of the population and develop recommendations on nutrition, as well as for consumers to organize healthy individual nutrition. Russian Union of Juice Producers together with research organizations is working to systematize and expand knowledge about the composition of juices, as one of the important elements in the structure of human nutrition. Aim is to establish the nutrient profile of pineapple juice. Material and methods. Data analysis of reference books and scientific publications, conducting physic-chemical studies of industrially produced pineapple juice. Results and discussion. The nutrient profile shows the content of more than 30 nutritive and bioactive compounds in pineapple juice. Sugars in pineapple juice are represented by glucose, fructose and sucrose in an average ratio of 1:1:1.6, organic acids are mainly citric and L-malic acids, while the content of citric acid is 2-4 times higher than that of L-malic. A portion of industrially produced pineapple juice on average contains 10% of the daily human requirement for potassium and magnesium, about 15% for copper, 60-70% for vitamin C. The content of vitamin B1 and folate is about 7% of daily recommended level, vitamin B6 - about 12%. Pineapple juice is a source of manganese - a portion contains more than 100% of the adequate level of daily consumption of this trace element. Polyphenolic compounds are mainly represented by hydroxycinnamic acids, among which synaptic acid and its derivatives and p-coumaroyl chinic acid predominate (45-80% of all hydroxycinnamic acids in total). The content of hydroxycinnamic acids per serving averages 30% of the adequate level of their daily intake. Pineapple juice shows proteolytic activity (about 1 pe per 1 g of dry matter), which is associated with the content of the complex of proteolytic enzymes in pineapples. Conclusion. The most significant from the point of view of providing a human body with micronutrients and minor bioactive compounds for pineapple juice are manganese, vitamin C, hydroxycinnamic acids, copper, potassium, magnesium, and B vitamins (B1, B6, folates).

[Investigation of lignans and anthocyanins as the main biologically active polyphenols of Schizandra chinensis fruits].

For the first time the content and composition of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans and anthocyanins in 10 samples of Chinese magnolia-vine fruits (Schizandra chinensis) collected in the Moscow Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai were studied. The determination of the profile of lignans was carried out according to the our original HPLC technique with diode-array spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric detection. The validation of the methodology for linearity, accuracy and precision was carried out. 11 characteristic for Schizandra chinensis lignans were found in all samples. In dried fruits the main lignan was schisandrine, in fresh-frozen fruits - angeloylgomizin O. The total content of lignans in fresh-frozen fruits was 5.50 mg/g, in dried fruits - from 12.50 to 18.95 mg/g. Anthocyanins of Chinese magnolia-vine were mainly represented by cyanidin glycosides, among which cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside was predominated. The total content of anthocyanins determined by pH-differential spectrophotometry was from 0.21 mg/g in fresh-frozen fruits to 0.35-0.72 mg/g in dried fruits. The results obtained can be used to identify and standardize the fruits of Chinese magnolia- vine and the products of their processing.

[Grapefruit juice nutritional profile].

Based on the published data on the content of nutritive (NS) and biologically active substances (BAS) and the results of studies of various samples of domestic industrial grapefruit juice, the article presents the nutrient profile of grapefruit juice containing data about more than 30 NS and BAS. Grapefruit juice is one of the relatively low-calorie fruit juices - 100 ml of grapefruit juice contains an average of 39 kcal. Like other citrus juices, it is rich in organic acids, the main of which is citric acid (0.8-2 g/100 ml). Potassium, magnesium, vitamin C, as well as flavonoids (mostly narigin) are the most significant for the estimation of nutritional and biological value of grapefruit juice of industrial production. A glass of grapefruit juice contains, on average, about 10% of the daily requirement in potassium, 6% - in magnesium and about 100% - in vitamin C. The amount of flavonoids in a glass of grapefruit juice provides up to 60% of the adequate daily intake. Conducted studies of fresh grapefruits purchased in the trade network show that the content of potassium, magnesium and vitamin C in grapefruit juice of industrial production is comparable to the content of these micronutrients in fresh fruits.

[Sour cherry juice nutritional profile].

Russia is one of the main producers of sour cherry, along with Turkey and Poland, and juice products from sour cherry are widely represented in the trade network. Sour cherry contains practically no sucrose, has a high content of organic acids, is rich in mineral and polyphenolic compounds, in particular, in anthocyanins, which give it a bright color. Sour cherry is close to many berries by its composition. At the same time, the literature data on the content of various natural substances in sour cherry juice are not numerous and need to be clarified, especially with reference to the industrially produced juice products. Organic acids of sour cherry juice are represented mainly by L-malic acid (1.2-2.7 g/100 ml). The most significant substances of sour cherry juice are polyphenolic compounds - flavonoids, mainly represented by anthocyanins (about 70% of them is cyanidin-3-O-glucosylrutinoside); phenolic acids - hydroxycinnamic acids, mainly represented by chlorogenic acids and 3-coumaroylquinic acid, as well as mineral substances - potassium, magnesium, copper and manganese. Sour cherry juice has a high acidity and is usually consumed in the form of nectars. Flavonoids content in a portion of sour cherry nectar is about 15% of adequate daily intake, anthocyanins - 20%, and the content of hydroxycinnamic acids - exceeds it. One portion of nectar contains on the average 10% of the daily requirement of the human body in copper and manganese, 6% in potassium and 3% in magnesium.

[Grape juice nutritional profile].

The nutrient profile of grape juice is presented on the basis of reference books data analysis, scientific publications and research results. The profile contains more than 30 food and biologically active substances (BAS). Grape juice does not have high acidity, it contains on average 0.4 g of organic acids per 100 cm3. Tartaric acid and L-malic acid are major acids in grape juice. The presence of tartaric acid is a distinctive feature of grape juice, in other juices it presents extremely rare and only in traces. Potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, as well as flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are the most important for grape juice from the point of view of providing humans with micronutrients and minor BAS. Juices from red/purple grapes varieties contain anthocyanins (on average 3 mg/100 cm3), the color of grapes and grape juices are associated with them, about 50% of the anthocyanins are malvidin glycosides. Resveratrol (an average of 0.01 mg/ 100 cm3), a stilbenoid, is also found in grape juices, this substance is widely studied recently due to its high antioxidant activity. Caftaric acid prevails among hydroxycinnamic acids presented in grape juice (on average 5 mg/100 cm3). A portion of industrial grape juice contains, on average, 6-10% of human daily need for potassium, about 5-8% for magnesium, iron and manganese. The content of flavonoids per serving is about 25% of the adequate level of daily consumption, and the content of hydroxycinnamic acids exceeds it. Studies of fresh grapes purchased in commercial networks show that the content of magnesium, iron and manganese in grape juices of industrial production is comparable to the content of these micronutriens in fresh fruit.

[Isomeric specific analysis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in blood samples from obese patients with non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis].

The aim of the study was to perform isomeric analysis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) in blood samples from obese patients with non-alcoholic (NASH) and alcoholic (ASH) steatohepatitis. Sixty nine obese patients with liver steatosis according to abdominal US data and chronic ALT elevation were assign into two groups aecoriing to the evaluation of alcohol consumption by GAGE and AUDIT questionnaires: NASH - 39 patients and ASH - 30 patients. The identification and quantification of 5(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 15-HETE and also non-enzymatic oxidation product 11-HETE in blood plasma were carried out by HPLC-MS-TOF with using 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid as internal standard. The position of hydroxyl group in HETE was elucidated by HPLC-MS/MS. The MS/MS transitions were for 15-HETE m/z 319 ---> m/z 219; for 11-HETE m/z 319 --> m/z 167; for5-HETE m/z 319 --> m/z 115. Patients' body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance, resting energy expenditures (REE) were assessed by indirect calorimetry and nutrition pattern was examined by foodfrequency questionnaire. Mean age, BMI and ALT serum level were similar in patients from ASH and NASH groups. Blood plasma 8+12-HETE concentration was also similar in both groups of patients, but concentration of 15-HETE (21,6±20,2 vs 11,9±13,7µg/ml, p =0,02) and 11-HETE (20,8±21,3 vs 11,2+12,9 ug/ml, p =0,03) was significantly higher in NASH patients. ASHpatients demonstrated higher lean body mass (68,1±10,6 vs 57,9±9,8 kg, p<0,001) and muscle mass (39,3±6,1 vs 33,2±6,8 kg, p<0,04) and higher rate of protein oxidation (98,5±3 1 vs 76,2±21,1 g/day, p= 0,02) recalculated from REE. There were no differences found in blood lipids content as well as in consumption of total dietary fat, however, there was a trend to difference in saturated/unsaturated fatty acids ratio between groups (2,3±0,2.in NASH and 1,4±0,3 in ASH patients). In conclusion, the rate of production of eicosatetraenoic acid metabolites by lipoxygenase pathway is different in NASH and ASH overweight patients. It means that possibly different mechanisms are responsible for formation of potentially toxic fatty acids metabolites in these two types of patients. It seems likely that differences in fatty acids consumption pattern are related to this metabolic pathway.

[Biologically active substances of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.)].

10 samples of fresh-frozen cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.), collected in the Tambov and the Caucasus regions, were investigated for the total amount and composition of the main biologically active substances (BAS): anthocyanins (AC), proanthocyanidins (OPC), dihydroxycinnamic acids (DHCA), iridoids, organic acids, mono- and disaccharides and antiradical activity in the DPPH-test in vitro. Total phenolics content determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, was 150-400 mg/100 g fresh fruit weight. The OPC content, estimated by Bate-Smith method, varied from 20-25 mg/100 g of unripe cornelian cherries to 80-430 mg/100 g of mature cornelian cherries. Total AC amount evaluated by pH-differential spectrophotometry was minimal in unripe fruits (11,2 mg/100 g), and maximal in mature fruits (92,2 mg/100 g). Profile of individual AC was determined by HPLC with UV/Vis and ESI-TOF-MS detections. 3-galactosides of cyanidin (19,0-80,3%) and pelargonidin (15,1-75,6%) were found as main anthocyanins. An original methodology for iridoid determination based on HPLC with UV and ESI-TOF-MS detection was developed. The main iridoids were identified as loganic acid, loganin, sweroside and cornuside. Total iridoids content was 130-400 mg/100 g, and loganic acid was predominant in all samples (87,6-94,8%). Only minor amount of the DHCA derivatives (<10 mg/100 g) were found. The malic acid was predominant among organic acids, the total content of which varied from 0,4 to 2,8%. Relatively high amount of ascorbic acid (35-60 mg/100 g) was found. The carbohydrates profile of cornielian cherries was represented by fructose (2,2-3,8%) and glucose (2,5-7,0%). 70% water-ethanol extracts of Cornus mas fruits have showed pronounced antiradical activity in DPPH-test (470,5-932,0 mg TE/100 g). The data on specific minor BAS can be used in the standardization and evaluation of potential biological activity of extracts and dietary supplements based on the cornelian cherry fruits.

Fusariotoxins in Russian Federation 2005-2010 grain harvests.

Monitoring results of food grain contamination with fusariotoxins-deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FB1&FB2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins-are presented. Harvests of 2005-2010 in different regions of Russia were investigated. The occurrence of DON in wheat was 8%, barley 9%, oats 4%, rye 2% and maize 2%. The highest frequency of ZEN contamination was found in oats, the lowest in wheat. Calculated average daily intake of DON varied from 0.066 to 0.096 µg/kg body weight, the highest being found in the Southern region, but substantially lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of T-2 toxin in 14% and HT-2 toxin in 17% of all samples. The maximum level of T-2 toxin was exceeded only in one sample of barley. Relatively high frequency and levels of FB1&FB2 contamination were found in maize.

[Application of immunochemical and chromatographic techniques for monitoring of trichothecene mycotoxins type A in grains].

A sensitive HPLC-MS technique after immunoaffinity clean-up has been developed for the simultaneous determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins of in the food grains. The limit of detection of method was 0,002 mg/kg for T-2 toxin and 0,005 mg/kg for HT-2 toxin. Comparison of existing immunochemical and chromatographic techniques of trichothecenes type A determination in grains was made. New combined scheme of monitoring of grain contamination by trichothecenes type A was proposed. It was based on screening by ELISAs followed by confirmation of positive samples by developed HPLC-MS technique with preliminary immune affinity purification of extracts. Proposed modification of immunochemical and chromatographic techniques allowed to lower the influence of grain matrix on the analytical results and to reduce of the probability obtaining of false-positive determination. Developed approach was used for determination of trichothecenes type A in natural contaminated grain samples.

[Fusariotoxins in the food production in the Russian Federation: situation 2006-2008 years].

The results of monitoring of the fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenole (DON), zearalenone (ZL), T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fumonisins B1 and B2) contents in the food wheat, barley, rye, oats and corn (2006-2008 crops) in different regions of Russia were presented. DON occurrence in the food wheat, rye and barley were 9, 4 and 0,8% accordingly. DON wasn't detected in the food oats and maize in these years. ZL occurrence was relatively high and varied between 4 and 40%. The estimated daily intake of DON per 1 kg of body weight in Russia on average varied from 0,066 to 0,096 mg. The daily intake of DON in the North-Caucasian region was twice higher than in Russia on average and it didn't exceed tolerable daily intake (TDI) of DON - 1 mg/kg of body. HPLC-MC analyses results indicated that 14 and 16% of all investigated grain samples were contaminated by T-2 and HT-2 toxins accordingly. T-2 toxin content in grains was lower then MTL (0,1 mg/kg). High frequency and levels of fumonisins contamination were detected in the food corn.

[Quantitative determination of arbutin and hydroquinone in leaves of Arctostaphylos, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and the plant preparations].

The optimal conditions of arbutin and hydroquinone extraction from plant raze, materials and biologically active supplements based on Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves were developed. 25% ethanol was used for extraction in quantitation. Based on isocratic fluorometric HPLC chromatographic method of arbutin and hydroquinone detection in Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Arctostaphylos uvaursi leaves was developed. Fluorometric detector increases selectivity and sensitivity of the method. Detection limit averaged 0,1 mg/kg.