Temperature dependency of whole blood viscosity and red cell properties in desert ungulates: Studies on scimitar-horned oryx and dromedary camel.

Background: The dromedary camel and the oryx antelope are exposed to excessive heat and solar radiation in their desert habitat. Desertification of areas with by now little rainfall may occur eventually. Well-adapted large animal species show us what is needed to survive in scorching regions. Methods: Four scimitar-horned oryx antelopes (Oryx dammah), 10 camels (Camelus dromedarius), nine South African Merino sheep, and 17 Nguni cows were tested for RBC aggregation, RBC elongation, and plasma viscosity. The temperature dependency of blood viscosity was tested in 10 camels and compared to human reference values. Results: Unlike sheep, Nguni cow, and dromedary camel, oryx RBCs aggregate in native plasma (M0:5.2 (3.3/6.7); M1:18.1 (16.7/27.9); Myrenne MA1). Elongation indices of oryx RBCs were intermediate to low (EImax: 22.6 (19.2/25.3); SS1/2 3.67 (2.52/4.95); Rheodyn SSD). Camel RBCs did not display the typical SS/EI curve by rotational ektacytometry. In-vitro blood viscosity (Physica MCR302) was lower in camels than in human blood at equal hematocrit. A decrease of temperature had only little effect on camel blood. At 10 s−1, blood viscosity in camel increased from 2.18mPa*s (2.01/2.37) at 42◦C to 4.39mPa*s (4.22/4.51) at 12◦C. In human blood, viscosity ranged from 8.21mPa*s (6.95/8.25) at 37◦C to 15.52mPa*s (14.25/16.03) at 12◦C. At 1000 s−1, blood viscosity in camel ranged from 2.00mPa*s (1.95/2.04) at 42◦C to 3.98mPa*s (3.88/4.08) at 12◦C. In human blood, viscosity ranged from 5.35mPa*s (4.96/5.87) at 37◦C to 11.24mPa*s (10.06/11.17) at 12◦C. Conclusions: Desert ungulates may need RBC membranes, which are fortified to withstand changes in osmolality during dehydration-rehydration cycles. This reduces RBC deformability. Dromedary camel blood does not undergo stark changes in viscosity with changes in temperature. Therefore, blood fluidity could be rather maintained during the day and night cycle. This should reduce the need of the vascularity to rhythmically adapt to changing shear forces when camels experience heterothermy.

Comparing effects of freezing at -196 °C and -20 °C on the viability of mastitis pathogens.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cryopreservation at approximately -196 °C in liquid nitrogen (N) and freezing at approximately -20 °C in a freezer, on the viability and survival of eight different mastitogenic bacteria inoculated in milk. Bacteria were frozen at approximately -20 °C in a freezer and cryopreserved at approximately -196 °C in liquid nitrogen. An effective preservation method was needed for follow-up samples from cows identified in the South African National Milk Recording Scheme (NMRS) with somatic cell counts above 250 000 cells/mL milk. The organisation responsible for sample collection of the NMRS milk samples also provides producers with liquid nitrogen for their semen flasks at the collection sites. This existing mode of storage and transport could therefore be utilised.Ten samples of each organism were thawed and cultured bi-weekly until week 18 for both temperature treatments. An additional sampling was performed at week 30 for samples frozen at approximately -20 °C. Freezing and cryopreservation did not impair subsequent isolation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus (STH) (phage type lytic group III) or Sta. aureus (STA) (phage typed, other than lytic group III). Survival was indicated by the isolation of bacteria from samples, and viability by the strength of growth of the bacteria isolated. The survival of Streptococcus agalactiae decreased after week 12 and Escherichia coli after week 16 of freezing, but both organisms survived under cryogenic preservation until week 18. Coagulase-negative staphylococci survived until week 18 for both freezing and cryogenic preservation.Both storage methods could thus contribute to the improvement of a pro-active approach towards udder health management in South African dairy herds.