Sustainable Urban Mobility in the Present, Past, and Future.

Making urban mobility more sustainable is a grand challenge, yet urban environments are beacons of hope in delivering this result: authorities are active partners in the mobility transition, and dense cities provide favorable boundary conditions for delivering more sustainable outcomes. A U-turn to the past may present the right recipe for such a mobility transition to take place by making the past "usable." First, this entails understanding how our currently unsustainable urban mobility has been advocated and how alternative urban mobilities have been decentered. Second, it necessitates unearthing forgotten past practices of sustainable urban mobilities, which can serve as sources of inspiration for today's challenges. Third, it warrants the analysis of "pockets of persistence," immaterial and material remnants of the past that provide welcome opportunities to ease the transition toward more sustainable urban mobility.

Regulating Innovation: Utility vs. Leisure in Swedish Moped History, 1952-1961.

This article investigates the attempts to regulate innovation in Sweden's road traffic system, specifically small, two-wheeled motorized vehicles or mopeds. Regulators wanted to establish a definition of the moped as a utility vehicle. Moped users and producers challenged their intentions, envisioning the moped as a vehicle for leisure. Our close reading of artefacts allows us to trace the evolution of moped technology and to conceptualize innovation in the moped niche. Situating moped innovation within the context of regulatory attempts and social change, we show how the imposition of technical requirements failed to regulate specific usage of a consumer technology. More broadly, the case study shows how users together with the producers find ways to innovate and shape technologies for their own purposes.

Quiste dentígero maxilar: etiología, manejo quirúrgico y consideraciones especiales. Presentación de caso clínico / Maxillary dentigerous cyst: etiology, surgical management and special considerations. Presentation of a clinical case

El quiste dentígero deriva del epitelio reducido del esmalte que rodea a la corona de un diente no erupcionado, es una entidad patológica la cual se presenta en maxilar o mandíbula, siempre relacionado a la corona de un diente incluido. Presentamos un caso clínico de quiste dentígero en maxilar relacionado a un segundo premolar derecho, el cual se presentó como un hallazgo radiográfi co. El manejo fue de manera oportuna con biopsia excisional y extracción del diente incluido. Describimos su etiología, características clínicas e imagenológicas, técnica quirúrgica, análisis histopatológico y consideraciones especiales (AU)

Dentigerous cyst derives from the reduced epithelium of enamel that surrounds the crown of an unerupted tooth, is a pathological entity that occurs in maxilla and jaw. Always related to the crown of the included tooth. We present a clinical case of dentigerous cyst in the maxilla related to a second right premolar, which presented as a radiographic fi nding. Was handled in a timely manner with excisional biopsy and extraction of the included tooth. We describe its etiology, clinical and imaging characteristics, surgical technique, histopathology and special considerations (AU)

Endocytic SNAREs are involved in optimal Coxiella burnetii vacuole development.

Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium. As previously described, both the endocytic and the autophagic pathways contribute to the maturation of Coxiella replicative vacuoles (CRVs). The large CRVs share the properties of both phagolysosomal and autophagolysosomal compartments. Vamp3, Vamp7 and Vamp8 are v-SNAREs involved in the endocytic pathway which participate mainly in the fusion between endosomes and lysosomes. In the present study we observed that Vamp7 interacts with C. burnetii at different infection times (1 h-48 h p.i.). We have determined that a truncated mutant of Vamp7 (Vamp7 NT) and a siRNA against this SNARE protein affects the optimal development of CRVs, suggesting that Vamp7 mediates fusion events that are required for the biogenesis of CRVs. Indeed, we have observed that overexpression of Vamp7 NT inhibited the heterotypic fusion with lysosomes and the homotypic fusion between individual Coxiella phagosomes and CRVs. Moreover, we have detected in the vacuole membrane, at different infection times, the Vamp7 partners (Vti1a and Vti1b). Interestingly, treatment with chloramphenicol reduced the colocalization between C. burnetii and Vamp7, Vti1a or Vti1b, indicating that the recruitment of these SNAREs proteins is a bacteria-driven process that favours the CRV biogenesis, likely by facilitating the interaction with the endolysosomal compartment.

The early secretory pathway contributes to the growth of the Coxiella-replicative niche.

Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium. After internalization, this bacterium replicates in a large parasitophorous vacuole that has features of both phagolysosomes and autophagosomal compartments. We have previously demonstrated that early after internalization Coxiella phagosomes interact with both the endocytic and the autophagic pathways. In this report, we present evidence that the Coxiella-replicative vacuoles (CRVs) also interact with the secretory pathway. Rab1b is a small GTPase responsible for the anterograde transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. We present evidence that Rab1b is recruited to the CRV at later infection times (i.e., after 6 h of infection). Interestingly, knockdown of Rab1b altered vacuole growth, indicating that this protein was required for the proper biogenesis of the CRV. In addition, overexpression of the active GTPase-defective mutant (GFP-Rab1b Q67L) affected the development of the Coxiella-replicative compartment inhibiting bacterial growth. On the other hand, disruption of the secretory pathway by brefeldin A treatment or by overexpression of Sar1 T39N, a defective dominant-negative mutant of Sar1, affected the typical spaciousness of the CRVs. Taken together, our results show for the first time that the Coxiella-replicative niche also intercepts the early secretory pathway.