Smoking, mortality, access to diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer (LC) is a relevant public health problem in Brazil and worldwide, given its high incidence and mortality. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the distribution of smoking and smoking status according to sociodemographic characteristics and disparities in access, treatment, and mortality due to LC in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. METHOD: Retrospective study of triangulation of national data sources: a) analysis of the distribution of smoking, based on the National Survey of Health (PNS); b) investigation of LC records via Hospital-based Cancer Registry (HCR); and c) distribution of mortality due to LC in the Mortality Information System (SIM). RESULTS: There was a decrease in the percentage of people who had never smoked from 2013 (68.5%) to 2019 (60.2%) and in smoking history (pack-years). This was observed to be greater in men, people of older age groups, and those with less education. Concerning patients registered in the HCR, entry into the healthcare service occurs at the age of 50, and only 19% have never smoked. While smokers in the population are mainly Mixed-race, patients in the HCR are primarily White. As for the initial stage (I and II), it is more common in White people and people who have never smoked. The mortality rate varied from 1.00 for people with higher education to 3.36 for people without education. Furthermore, White people have a mortality rate three times higher than that of Black and mixed-race people. CONCLUSION: This article highlighted relevant sociodemographic disparities in access to LC diagnosis, treatment, and mortality. Therefore, the recommendation is to strengthen the Population-Based Cancer Registry and develop and implement a nationwide LC screening strategy in Brazil since combined prevention and early diagnosis strategies work better in controlling mortality from the disease and continued investment in tobacco prevention and control policies.

Smoking, mortality, access to diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer in Brazil / Tabagismo, mortalidade, acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer de pulmão no Brasil

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Lung cancer (LC) is a relevant public health problem in Brazil and worldwide, given its high incidence and mortality. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the distribution of smoking and smoking status according to sociodemographic characteristics and disparities in access, treatment, and mortality due to LC in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. METHOD Retrospective study of triangulation of national data sources: a) analysis of the distribution of smoking, based on the National Survey of Health (PNS); b) investigation of LC records via Hospital-based Cancer Registry (HCR); and c) distribution of mortality due to LC in the Mortality Information System (SIM). RESULTS There was a decrease in the percentage of people who had never smoked from 2013 (68.5%) to 2019 (60.2%) and in smoking history (pack-years). This was observed to be greater in men, people of older age groups, and those with less education. Concerning patients registered in the HCR, entry into the healthcare service occurs at the age of 50, and only 19% have never smoked. While smokers in the population are mainly Mixed-race, patients in the HCR are primarily White. As for the initial stage (I and II), it is more common in White people and people who have never smoked. The mortality rate varied from 1.00 for people with higher education to 3.36 for people without education. Furthermore, White people have a mortality rate three times higher than that of Black and mixed-race people. CONCLUSION This article highlighted relevant sociodemographic disparities in access to LC diagnosis, treatment, and mortality. Therefore, the recommendation is to strengthen the Population-Based Cancer Registry and develop and implement a nationwide LC screening strategy in Brazil since combined prevention and early diagnosis strategies work better in controlling mortality from the disease and continued investment in tobacco prevention and control policies.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO O câncer de pulmão (CP) é um relevante problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo, dada sua alta incidência e mortalidade. Assim, objetiva-se analisar a distribuição do tabagismo e da carga tabágica segundo características sociodemográficas e disparidades no acesso, no tratamento e na mortalidade por CP no Brasil, em 2013 e 2019. MÉTODO Estudo retrospectivo de triangulação de fontes de dados de abrangência nacional: a) análise da distribuição do tabagismo, baseada na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS); b) investigação dos registros de CP, via Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC); e c) distribuição da mortalidade por CP, no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). RESULTADOS Verificou-se redução do percentual de pessoas que nunca fumaram de 2013 (68,5%) para 2019 (60,2%), assim como da carga tabágica (anos-maço). Esta foi observada maior em homens em pessoas de faixas etárias mais avançadas e de menor escolaridade. Em relação aos pacientes registrados no RHC, a entrada no serviço de saúde se dá a partir de 50 anos, e apenas 19% nunca fumaram. Ao passo que os fumantes na população são majoritariamente pardos, os pacientes no RHC são em maioria brancos. Quanto ao estadiamento inicial (I e II), é mais frequente em pessoas brancas e que nunca fumaram. A taxa de mortalidade apresentou variação de 1,00, para pessoas com ensino superior, a 3,36, entre pessoas sem instrução, assim como pessoas brancas têm uma taxa de mortalidade três vezes maior que a de pessoas negras e pardas. CONCLUSÃO Este artigo apontou relevantes disparidades sociodemográficas no acesso ao diagnóstico, tratamento e mortalidade do CP. Assim, recomenda-se: fortalecer o Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional; desenvolver e implementar estratégia de screening de CP no Brasil, uma vez que a realização de estratégias de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce combinadas funcionam melhor no controle da mortalidade pela doença; e investimento contínuo nas políticas de prevenção e controle do tabagismo.

Lung Cancer Screening in Brazil Comparing the 2013 and 2021 USPSTF Guidelines.

Importance: It is estimated that, from 2023 to 2025, lung cancer (LC) will be the second most frequent cancer in Brazil, but the country does not have an LC screening (LCS) policy. Objective: To compare the number of individuals eligible for screening, 5-year preventable LC deaths, and years of life gained (YLG) if LC death is averted by LCS, considering 3 eligibility strategies by sociodemographic characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants: This comparative effectiveness research study assessed 3 LCS criteria by applying a modified version of the LC-Death Risk Assessment Tool (LCDRAT) and the LC-Risk Assessment Tool (LCRAT). Data are from the 2019 Brazilian National Household Survey. Participants included ever-smokers aged 50 to 80 years. Data analysis was performed from February to May 2023. Exposures: Exposures included ever-smokers aged 50 to 80 years, US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2013 guidelines (ever-smokers aged 55 to 80 years with ≥30 pack-years and <15 years since cessation), and USPSTF 2021 guidelines (ever-smokers aged 50 to 80 years with 20 pack-years and <15 years since cessation). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were the numbers of individuals eligible for LCS, the 5-year preventable deaths attributable to LC, and the number of YLGs if death due to LC was averted by LCS. Results: In Brazil, the eligible population for LCS was 27 280 920 ever-smokers aged 50 to 80 years (13 387 552 female [49.1%]; 13 249 531 [48.6%] aged 50-60 years; 394 994 Asian or Indigenous [1.4%]; 3 111 676 Black [11.4%]; 10 942 640 Pardo [40.1%]; 12 830 904 White [47.0%]; 12 428 536 [45.6%] with an incomplete middle school education; and 12 860 132 [47.1%] living in the Southeast region); 5 144 322 individuals met the USPSTF 2013 criteria for LCS (2 090 636 female [40.6%]; 2 290 219 [44.5%] aged 61-70 years; 66 430 Asian or Indigenous [1.3%]; 491 527 Black [9.6%]; 2 073 836 Pardo [40.3%]; 2 512 529 [48.8%] White; 2 436 221 [47.4%] with an incomplete middle school education; and 2 577 300 [50.1%] living in the Southeast region), and 8 380 279 individuals met the USPSTF 2021 LCS criteria (3 507 760 female [41.9%]; 4 352 740 [51.9%] aged 50-60 years; 119 925 Asian or Indigenous [1.4%]; 839 171 Black [10.0%]; 3 330 497 Pardo [39.7%]; 4 090 687 [48.8%] White; 4 022 784 [48.0%] with an incomplete middle school education; and 4 162 070 [49.7%] living in the Southeast region). The number needed to screen to prevent 1 death was 177 individuals according to the USPSTF 2013 criteria and 242 individuals according to the USPSTF 2021 criteria. The YLG was 23 for all ever-smokers, 19 for the USPSTF 2013 criteria, and 21 for the USPSTF 2021 criteria. Being Black, having less than a high school education, and living in the North and Northeast regions were associated with increased 5-year risk of LC death. Conclusions and Relevance: In this comparative effectiveness study, USPSTF 2021 criteria were better than USPSTF 2013 in reducing disparities in LC death rates. Nonetheless, the risk of LC death remained unequal, and these results underscore the importance of identifying an appropriate approach for high-risk populations for LCS, considering the local epidemiological context.

Factors associated with late-stage diagnosis and overall survival for lung cancer: An analysis of patients treated in a Brazilian hospital and a US-hospital from 2009 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a major public health problem due to its high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Histology, socioeconomic conditions, access, quality of healthcare, and regional aspects are associated with lung cancer stages at diagnosis and survival outcomes. This paper aims to examine and contrast the factors associated with late-stage diagnosis of lung cancer and overall survival rates in two different settings: a Brazilian hospital and a US hospital, spanning from 2009 to 2019. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of the incidence of lung cancer cases at the institution's cancer registry from a Brazilian and a US-based cohort. Descriptive analyses are presented using either the mean and standard deviation or the median and interquartile interval. Frequency is used to present categorical variables. Factors associated with late-stage lung cancer diagnosis were identified through bivariate and multivariable forward stepwise logistic regression. One-year overall survival and its associated factors were identified by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Between January 2009 and December 2019, a total of 5286 individuals were diagnosed with LC in the Brazilian cohort, and out of these cases, 85.6% were diagnosed with late-stage disease. The US-cohort consisted of 3594 individuals, of whom 60.3% were diagnosed with late-stage disease in lung cancer. The one-year overall survival was 8.6 months for the US cohort and 6.4 months for the Brazilian cohort. In both cohorts, late-stage diagnosis emerged as the most significant factor influencing overall survival. However, the factors associated with late-stage diagnosis differed between the US and Brazilian cohorts. In the Brazilian cohort, being male and belonging to black or brown ethnic groups, along with having a lower education level, were linked to late-stage diagnosis. On the other hand, in the US-based cohort, the factors related to late-stage diagnosis were being male, having been diagnosed before 2015, and possessing private insurance coverage. CONCLUSION: Late-stage diagnosis was associated with the worst survival in both the US and Brazilian cohorts. This study provides valuable information on inequities and barriers to access for lung patients with cancer from upper-middle-income and high-income countries.

Registros Hospitalares de Câncer: Proposta Metodológica para Correção do Estadiamento de Câncer de Pulmão / Hospital-Based Cancer Registry: Methodological Proposal for Correction of Lung Cancer Staging / Registros Hospitalarios de Cáncer: Propuesta Metodológica para la Corrección de la Estadificación del Cáncer de Pulmón

Introdução: Um grande desafio para a utilização de registros e bases de dados secundárias é a qualidade do registro e o percentual de perdas em variáveis estratégicas e necessárias à plena utilização do banco. Objetivo: Propor um método de correção para a variável de estadiamento no âmbito dos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC), a fim de aprimorar sua completude e qualidade. Método: Estudo descritivo, abrangendo as Unidades da Federação, utilizando-se como fonte de informação o RHC, de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2019. O câncer de pulmão foi escolhido como caso para a correção do banco, em razão da sua alta taxa de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. As análises foram realizadas com o software de análises estatísticas SAS Studio e a base de dados organizada em Excel. Resultados: O total de casos registrados no RHC foi de 86.026, e a variável de interesse, o estadiamento, teve um total de 32,0% de perda. Ao final de todas as etapas de correção, a perda foi de 9,8%, correspondendo a 22,2% de recuperação. Conclusão: A metodologia proposta representa um avanço na correção do banco do RHC, possibilitando a utilização dos dados de base secundária, com melhor representatividade das diferentes Regiões do país, sobre o tratamento de câncer de pulmão, com possibilidade de expansão de seu uso para outras topografias

Introduction: A major challenge to utilize the registries and secondary databases is the quality of the data and the percentage of losses in strategic and necessary variables for better effectiveness of the database. Objective: To propose a correction method for the cancer staging variable of the HospitalBased Cancer Registry (HBCR), to improve its completeness and quality. Method: HBCR-based descriptive analysis covering Brazil's Federation Units from January 2013 to December 2019. Due to its high mortality in Brazil and worldwide, lung cancer was selected as case for database correction. The analyzes were performed with the software SAS Studio for statistical analyzes and the data were organized in Excel. Results: The total number of cases registered at the HBCR was 86,026, and 32% the variable of interest, staging, were missed. At the end of the correction process, the missed data reached 9.8%, corresponding to a recovery of 22.2%. Conclusion: The proposed methodology is an advance for the correction of the HBCR database on the treatment of lung cancer, allowing a more extensive use, with better representativeness of different country regions, and potential utilization in other topographies

Introducción: Un gran desafío para el uso de registros y bases de datos secundarias es la calidad del registro en sí, el porcentaje de pérdidas en variables estratégicas y necesarias para el pleno uso de la base de datos. Objetivo: Proponer un método de corrección de la variable estadificación en el ámbito de los Registros Hospitalarios de Cáncer (RHC), con el fin de mejorar su exhaustividad y calidad. Método: Análisis descriptivo, abarcando las Unidades de la Federación. Se utilizó el RHC como fuente de información, de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2019. El cáncer de pulmón fue elegido como caso para la corrección de la base de datos, debido a su alta tasa de mortalidad en el Brasil y en el mundo. Los análisis se realizaron con el software de análisis estadístico SAS Studio y los datos se organizaron en Excel. Resultados: El total de casos registrados en el RHC fue de 86.026, y la variable de interés, la estadificación, tuvo una pérdida total del 32,0% Al final de todas las etapas esta fue de 9,8%, es decir el 22,2% de recuperación. Conclusión: La metodología propuesta representa un avance en la corrección del RHC, permitiendo una mejor utilización de la base de datos, con una mejor representatividad de las diferentes regiones del país, sobre el tratamiento del cáncer de pulmón, con la posibilidad de expandir su uso a otras topografías

Desempenho das Unidades Básicas de Saúde e uso do Programa Farmácia Popular / Performance of Basic Health Unitsand use ofthe Popular PharmacyProgram

Resumo Introdução O Brasil conta com dois programas de financiamento governamental para a provisão de medicamentos, o Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB) e a provisão em Unidades do Sistema Único de Saúde, ambos possuindo itens em comum. Objetivo Explorar a relação entre o uso do PFPB por hipertensos e diabéticos com fatores relacionados ao atendimento nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, à estrutura da farmácia destas Unidades e à disponibilidade dos anti-hipertensivos e antidiabéticos comuns ao PFPB e ao SUS em municípios brasileiros de médio e grande porte populacional. Método Delineamento ecológico transversal utilizando dados secundários do PFPB e do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade na Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), com dados referentes ao ano de 2012. Resultados Municípios de médio porte apresentaram uma proporção de Unidades de Saúde com disponibilidade de anti-hipertensivos e antidiabéticos superior aos de grande porte. A maioria dos respondentes do PMAQ-AB relataram disponibilidade dos anti-hipertensivos e antidiabéticos nos serviços públicos. A análise multivariada mostrou que o uso da Farmácia Popular pela população está mais relacionado às situações emergenciais e ocasionais. Conclusão Na ausência do SUS, o PFPB supre a necessidade da população para obter medicamentos, evidenciando o seu importante papel para a continuidade do tratamento de muitos indivíduos com hipertensão e diabetes.

Abstract Background Brazil has two government-funded drug supply programs, the Popular Pharmacy Program of Brazil (PFPB), and the provision in Unified Health System (SUS) units, which have items in common. Objective To explore the relationship between the use of PFPB by hypertensive and diabetic patients and factors related to care in basic health units, the pharmacy structure of units, and the availability of antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents common to PFPB and SUS in Brazilian municipalities of medium and large population sizes. Method A cross-sectional ecological study was carried out using secondary data from PFPB and the National Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) for 2012. Results Municipalities of medium population showed a greater proportion of health units with antihypertensive and antidiabetic availability than those of large size. Most respondents at PMAQ-AB affirmed that hypertension and diabetes medications are available in public health services. The multivariate analysis showed that the use of Popular Pharmacy by the population is more related to emergency and occasional situations. Conclusion PFPB supplies the need for the population to obtain medications in the absence of SUS, evidencing an important role in the continuity of drug treatment for many individuals suffering from hypertension and diabetes.

Caracterização da atenção ao paciente com diabetes na atenção primária a partir do PMAQ-AB / Characterization of primary health care for patients with diabetes based on the PMAQ-AB

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de compatibilização dos instrumentos utilizados nos três ciclos do PMAQ-AB e analisar as informações de acesso, cobertura, estrutura, organização e oferta de serviços na APS relacionadas ao cuidado para DM no Brasil, segundo regiões, a partir da perspectiva das equipes de saúde da família e dos usuários. Foi realizada uma análise do grau de compatibilidade das questões do PMAQ-AB (2012, 2014 e 2017). Para análise da evolução temporal dos componentes realizou-se teste de diferença de proporção. Calculou-se a diferença percentual entre a perspectiva das Equipes e dos Usuários, por ano analisado, para Brasil. Em geral, houve melhora da qualidade do cuidado e realização de exames, com exceção do pé diabético. Foram encontrados resultados piores para o Norte em relação às demais regiões. Apesar da melhora estrutural e na qualidade da atenção reportada pelas equipes, foram evidenciadas lacunas significativas na qualidade do cuidado ao paciente com DM no SUS. No cenário de investimento escasso e crescente prevalência de DM, os obstáculos tornam-se cada vez mais desafiadores e, por isso, o monitoramento e avaliação da qualidade dos serviços prestados são tarefas precípuas do SUS.

Abstract This article aims to present a proposal for making the instruments used in the three cycles of the PMAQ-AB compatible and to analyze the information on access, coverage, structure, organization and provision of services in PHC related to care for DM in Brazil, according to regions, from the perspective of family health professionals and users. We performed an analysis of the degree of compatibility of the PMAQ-AB questions (2012, 2014 and 2017). To analyze the temporal evolution of the components, we performed a proportion difference test. We calculated the percentage difference between the perspective of professionals and users, per year analyzed, for Brazil. In general, there was an improvement in the quality of care and examinations, except for the diabetic foot. Worse results were found for the North region in relation to the other regions. Despite the structural improvement and the quality of care reported by professionals, there are significant gaps in the quality of care for patients with DM in the SUS. In the scenario of scarce investment added to the growing prevalence of DM, obstacles become progressively more challenging. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the quality of services provided are essential tasks of the Brazilian Health System.

Characterization of primary health care for patients with diabetes based on the PMAQ-AB. / Caracterização da atenção ao paciente com diabetes na atenção primária a partir do PMAQ-AB.

This article aims to present a proposal for making the instruments used in the three cycles of the PMAQ-AB compatible and to analyze the information on access, coverage, structure, organization and provision of services in PHC related to care for DM in Brazil, according to regions, from the perspective of family health professionals and users. We performed an analysis of the degree of compatibility of the PMAQ-AB questions (2012, 2014 and 2017). To analyze the temporal evolution of the components, we performed a proportion difference test. We calculated the percentage difference between the perspective of professionals and users, per year analyzed, for Brazil. In general, there was an improvement in the quality of care and examinations, except for the diabetic foot. Worse results were found for the North region in relation to the other regions. Despite the structural improvement and the quality of care reported by professionals, there are significant gaps in the quality of care for patients with DM in the SUS. In the scenario of scarce investment added to the growing prevalence of DM, obstacles become progressively more challenging. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the quality of services provided are essential tasks of the Brazilian Health System.

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de compatibilização dos instrumentos utilizados nos três ciclos do PMAQ-AB e analisar as informações de acesso, cobertura, estrutura, organização e oferta de serviços na APS relacionadas ao cuidado para DM no Brasil, segundo regiões, a partir da perspectiva das equipes de saúde da família e dos usuários. Foi realizada uma análise do grau de compatibilidade das questões do PMAQ-AB (2012, 2014 e 2017). Para análise da evolução temporal dos componentes realizou-se teste de diferença de proporção. Calculou-se a diferença percentual entre a perspectiva das Equipes e dos Usuários, por ano analisado, para Brasil. Em geral, houve melhora da qualidade do cuidado e realização de exames, com exceção do pé diabético. Foram encontrados resultados piores para o Norte em relação às demais regiões. Apesar da melhora estrutural e na qualidade da atenção reportada pelas equipes, foram evidenciadas lacunas significativas na qualidade do cuidado ao paciente com DM no SUS. No cenário de investimento escasso e crescente prevalência de DM, os obstáculos tornam-se cada vez mais desafiadores e, por isso, o monitoramento e avaliação da qualidade dos serviços prestados são tarefas precípuas do SUS.

Effect of municipal and state regulation on access and outcomes for cervical cancer patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: An interrupted time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of Brazil's most prevalent neoplasms, and organizing health care flows that guarantee adequate and timely referral is a challenge. This paper analyzes the effect of municipal and state regulation on access and outcomes for CC patients treated in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: Retrospective, quasi-experimental study, applying interrupted time series, using data from Cancer Registry from January-2012 to December-2017. We analyzed the implementation of the municipal (August-2013) and state (June-2015) regulation systems for the treatment of CC. The primary outcomes were 1. Time from diagnosis to the first Specialist Visit (TSV); 2. Time from a specialist visit to Treatment Initiation (TSV-TTI); 3. Time from diagnosis to treatment initiation (DTTI); 4. Percentage of patients with adequate Time to Treatment Initiation (PATTI); 5. Percentage of patients with a positive outcome (PPO). RESULTS: were included 4119 women. 71.04 % were between 30 and 59 years old, 55.57 % were black or brown, and 50.52 % had completed elementary school. The monthly average TSV was 43 days in 2012. After the first intervention, TSV increased by seven days, with a decreasing trend of 1 day per month until December-2017. Similarly, after June-2015, DTTI increased to 63 days, decreasing by one day per month until December-2017. After both interventions, there was an increase of 11.98 % in PATTI, with an increasing monthly trend of 0.18 %. PPO remained stable throughout the analyzed period. CONCLUSION: the results suggest that regulation organized access flow for specialized care. However, other relevant issues must be addressed, such as an internal backlog at the institutions, which compromises a timely start of treatment. POLICY SUMMARY: To improve access to the diagnosis and treatment of CC in its early stages, it is necessary to invest in health policies to adjust the supply to the required demand and thus reduce mortality from this pathology.

Supply and demand of procedures related to diabetes mellitus and its complications in Brazil. / Oferta e demanda de procedimentos atribuíveis ao diabetes mellitus e suas complicações no Brasil.

This article aims to present a methodology for monitoring the procedures recommended in the care protocol for diabetic patients, based on the indicator of the ratio between supply and demand for exams, according to Brazil, macro-regions, federative units (FUs), and municipalities. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications were estimated using a multinomial model. The offer of DM procedures was obtained from the Ambulatory Information System (SIA/SUS) and the demand from the number of tests defined in the protocol as necessary per year, according to disease risk categories. Based on this, the supply-demand ratio indicator was created. The innovation here consists of analyzing the demand for diabetic care according to established parameters and the supply of health services together. The connection between the recommended treatment protocol and the existence of the service offered concerning the demand for care based on the prevalence of the disease provides a key monitoring tool. And, when analyzed together with the indicator of the ratio between supply and demand for procedures, these measures become a proxy for the quality of prevention and care for patients with the disease.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma metodologia de monitoramento dos procedimentos preconizados no protocolo de atenção ao paciente diabético a partir do indicador de razão entre a oferta e a demanda de exames, segundo nível nacional, macrorregiões, UF e municípios. A prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e suas complicações foi estimada a partir de modelo multinomial. A oferta de procedimentos para DM foi obtida a partir do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA/SUS) e a demanda a partir do número de exames definidos no protocolo como necessários por ano, segundo categorias de risco da doença. A partir disso foi criado o indicador de razão entre oferta e demanda. A inovação que ora apresentamos consiste em analisar conjuntamente a demanda por cuidado ao diabético segundo parâmetros estabelecidos e a oferta de serviços de saúde. A conexão entre o protocolo de tratamento preconizado e a existência do serviço ofertado em relação da demanda de cuidado baseada na prevalência da doença disponibiliza uma ferramenta chave de monitoramento. E, quando analisado conjuntamente ao indicador de razão entre oferta e demanda de procedimentos, essas medidas tornam-se proxy da qualidade da prevenção e atenção ao portador da doença.

Oferta e demanda de procedimentos atribuíveis ao diabetes mellitus e suas complicações no Brasil / Supply and demand of procedures related to diabetes mellitus and its complications in Brazil

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma metodologia de monitoramento dos procedimentos preconizados no protocolo de atenção ao paciente diabético a partir do indicador de razão entre a oferta e a demanda de exames, segundo nível nacional, macrorregiões, UF e municípios. A prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e suas complicações foi estimada a partir de modelo multinomial. A oferta de procedimentos para DM foi obtida a partir do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais (SIA/SUS) e a demanda a partir do número de exames definidos no protocolo como necessários por ano, segundo categorias de risco da doença. A partir disso foi criado o indicador de razão entre oferta e demanda. A inovação que ora apresentamos consiste em analisar conjuntamente a demanda por cuidado ao diabético segundo parâmetros estabelecidos e a oferta de serviços de saúde. A conexão entre o protocolo de tratamento preconizado e a existência do serviço ofertado em relação da demanda de cuidado baseada na prevalência da doença disponibiliza uma ferramenta chave de monitoramento. E, quando analisado conjuntamente ao indicador de razão entre oferta e demanda de procedimentos, essas medidas tornam-se proxy da qualidade da prevenção e atenção ao portador da doença.

Abstract This article aims to present a methodology for monitoring the procedures recommended in the care protocol for diabetic patients, based on the indicator of the ratio between supply and demand for exams, according to Brazil, macro-regions, federative units (FUs), and municipalities. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications were estimated using a multinomial model. The offer of DM procedures was obtained from the Ambulatory Information System (SIA/SUS) and the demand from the number of tests defined in the protocol as necessary per year, according to disease risk categories. Based on this, the supply-demand ratio indicator was created. The innovation here consists of analyzing the demand for diabetic care according to established parameters and the supply of health services together. The connection between the recommended treatment protocol and the existence of the service offered concerning the demand for care based on the prevalence of the disease provides a key monitoring tool. And, when analyzed together with the indicator of the ratio between supply and demand for procedures, these measures become a proxy for the quality of prevention and care for patients with the disease.

Factors associated with diagnosis of stages I and II lung cancer: a multivariate analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To present the overall survival rate for lung cancer and identify the factors associated with early diagnosis of stage I and II lung cancer. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study including individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, from January 2009 to December 2017, according to the cancer registry at UMass Memorial Medical Center. Five-year overall survival and its associated factors were identified by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox's proportional hazards model. Factors associated with diagnosing clinical stage I and II lung cancer were identified by bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise logistic regression (Log-likelihood ratio (LR)) at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The study was conducted with data on 2730 individuals aged 67.9 years on average, 51.5% of whom female, 92.3% white, and 6.6% never smoked. Five-year overall survival was 21%. Individuals diagnosed with early-stage disease had a 43% five-year survival rate compared to 8% for those diagnosed at late stages. Stage at diagnosis was the main factor associated with overall survival [HR = 4.08 (95%CI: 3.62-4.59)]. Factors associated with early diagnosis included patients older than 68 years [OR = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.04-1.45)], of the female gender [OR = 1.47 (95%CI: 1.24-1.73)], white [OR = 1.63 (95%CI: 1.16-2.30)], and never-smokers [OR = 1.37 (95%CI: 1.01-1.86)]; as well as tumors affecting the upper lobe [OR = 1.46 (95%CI: 1.24-1.73)]; adenocarcinoma [OR = 1.43 (95%CI: 1.21-1.69)]; and diagnosis after 2014 [OR = 1.61 (95%CI: 1.37-1.90)]. CONCLUSIONS: Stage at diagnosis was the most decisive predictor for survival. Non-white and male individuals were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage. Thus, promoting lung cancer early diagnosis by improving access to health care is vital to enhance overall survival for individuals with lung cancer.

Increased Use of Antibiotics in the Intensive Care Unit During Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic in a Brazilian Hospital.

Background: Microbial drug resistance is one of the biggest public health problems. Antibiotic consumption is an essential factor for the emergence and spread of multiresistant bacteria. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the antibiotics consumption in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), identifying trends in the antibiotics use profile and microbiological isolates throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We performed this retrospective observational study in intensive care units of a Brazilian tertiary hospital from January 2019 to December 2020. The primary outcome was antimicrobial consumption in the ICU, measured by defined daily doses (DDDs) per 100 bed-days. As a secondary outcome, bacterial infections (microbiological isolates) were calculated in the same fashion. Outcomes trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models, considering constant variance (homoscedasticity) and first-order autocorrelation assumptions. A monthly percent change (MPC) was estimated for each analyzed segment. Results: Seven thousand and nine hundred fifty-three patients had data available on prescribed and received medications and were included in the analyses. Overall, the use of antibiotics increased over time in the ICU. The reserve group (World Health Organization Classification) had an increasing trend (MPC = 7.24) from February to April 2020. The azithromycin consumption (J01FA) increased rapidly, with a MPC of 5.21 from January to April 2020. Polymyxin B showed a relevant increase from March to June 2020 (MPC = 6.93). The peak of the antibiotic consumption of Reserve group did not overlap with the peak of the pathogenic agents they are intended to treat. Conclusion: Overall antimicrobial consumption in ICU has increased in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The peaks in the antimicrobial's use were not associated with the rise of the pathogenic agents they intended to treat, indicating an empirical use, which is especially concerning in the context of treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. This fact may contribute to the depletion of the therapeutic arsenal for MDR treatment.

[Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications and characterization of healthcare gaps based on triangulation of studies]. / Prevalência de diabetes mellitus e suas complicações e caracterização das lacunas na atenção à saúde a partir da triangulação de pesquisas.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the leading causes of loss of healthy years of life, which is aggravated in Brazil by accelerated population aging. This study aims to measure the problem of diabetes mellitus and its complications and characterize healthcare for diabetics in Brazil, according to regions. Prevalence rates were estimated using a multinomial regression model, and characterization of healthcare was based on triangulation between the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), the National Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB), and data from the Popular Pharmacy program. Diabetes prevalence in Brazil was 9.2%, according to the multinomial model, and prevalence in the corrected PNS (self-report + altered glycated hemoglobin - HbA1c ≥ 6.5) was 9.4%. The proportion of diabetes mellitus underreporting in the country was 42.5%, reaching 72.8% in the North. Among individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, half presented HbA1c ≥ 6.5. Insufficient fundus eye examination (only 40% on average), with major regional variation (North 25% - Southeast 52%), is reflected in the high prevalence of retinopathy. Insufficient examination of feet (only 30%), can lead to more amputations. About 80% of diabetics used medications, indicating a persistently high proportion still without treatment. Healthcare deficiencies for diabetics lead to greater morbidity, hospitalizations (15%), and visits to emergency departments (27%, PMAQ). The scenario in 2012, although not ideal, occurred in a context of strengthening of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cutbacks in public health budgeting call for serious reflection on control of the disease in the coming years.

O diabetes mellitus é uma das doenças mundialmente mais prevalentes em adultos e está entre as principais causas de perda de anos de vida saudável, o que se agrava com o acelerado envelhecimento populacional no Brasil. Este estudo visa dimensionar o problema do diabetes mellitus e suas complicações e caracterizar a atenção à saúde do diabético no Brasil, segundo regiões. As prevalências foram estimadas utilizando modelo de regressão multinomial, e a caracterização da atenção à saúde se deu a partir da triangulação entre a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), o Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) e dados da Farmácia Popular. A prevalência de diabetes mellitus no Brasil foi de 9,2%, pelo modelo multinomial, e a prevalência da PNS corrigida (autorreferida + alterada na hemoglobina glicosilada - HbA1c ≥ 6,5) foi de 9,4%. A proporção de subnotificação do diabetes mellitus no país foi de 42,5%, chegando a 72,8% na Região Norte. Dentre os diagnosticados, mais da metade apresentou HbA1c ≥ 6,5. A insuficiente realização de exame de fundo de olho (40%), com ampla variação regional (Norte 25% - Sudeste 52%), reflete-se na alta prevalência de retinopatia. O exame dos pés apresentou baixa realização (30%), podendo levar a mais amputações. Cerca de 80% dos diabéticos usavam medicamentos, o que indica uma alta parcela ainda sem tratamento. Deficiências na atenção à saúde do diabético levam a maior morbidade, internações (15%) e idas a emergências (27% - PMAQ). O cenário apresentado em 2012, apesar de não ser ideal, deu-se num contexto de fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Com a crescente prevalência de diabetes mellitus e cortes no investimento em saúde pública, cabe a reflexão sobre o controle da doença nos próximos anos.

La diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades mundialmente más prevalentes en adultos y está entre las principales causas de pérdida de años de vida saludable, lo que se agrava con el acelerado envejecimiento poblacional en Brasil. Este estudio tiene como objetivo dimensionar el problema de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones, así como caracterizar la atención a la salud del diabético en Brasil, según regiones. Las prevalencias fueron estimadas utilizando un modelo de regresión multinomial, además, la caracterización de la atención a la salud se produjo a partir de la triangulación entre Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS), el Programa Nacional para la Mejora del Acceso y la Calidad en Atención Primaria (PMAQ-AB) y datos de la Farmacia Popular. La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en Brasil fue de 9,2%, por el modelo multinomial y la prevalencia de la PNS corregida (autoinformada + alterada en la hemoglobina glicosilada - HbA1c ≥ 6,5) fue de 9,4%. La proporción de subnotificación de la diabetes mellitus en el país fue de 42,5%, llegando a 72,8% en la región Norte. Entre los diagnosticados, más de la mitad presentó HbA1c ≥ 6,5. La insuficiente realización de exámenes de fondo de ojo (40%), con amplia variación regional (Norte 25% - Sureste 52%), se refleja en la alta prevalencia de retinopatía. El examen de los pies presentó baja realización (30%), pudiendo conducir a más amputaciones. Cerca de un 80% de los diabéticos usaban medicamentos, lo que indica un alto porcentaje todavía sin tratamiento. Deficiencias en la atención a la salud del diabético conducen a una mayor morbilidad, internamientos (15%) e idas a emergencias (27% - PMAQ). El escenario presentado en 2012, a pesar de no ser el ideal, se produjo en un contexto de fortalecimiento del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Con la creciente prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y cortes en la inversión en salud pública, cabe la reflexión sobre el control de la enfermedad durante los próximos años.

Oral cancer patient's profile and time to treatment initiation in the public health system in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This paper aims to describe the profile of oral cancer (OC) patients, their risk classification and identify the time between screening and treatment initiation in Rio de Janeiro Municipality. METHOD: Data were obtained from the healthcare Regulation System (SISREG) regarding the period January 2013 to September 2015. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed identifying the factors associates with a diagnosis of OC as well as the time to treatment initiation (TTI) differences between groups. RESULTS: From 3,862 individuals with a potential OC lesion, 6.9 % had OC diagnosis. OC patients were 62.3 y.o. (mean), 64.7 % male, 36.1 % were white and 62.5 % of the records received a red/yellow estimated risk classification. Being older, male, white and receiving a high-risk classification was associated with having an OC diagnosis. OC TTI was in average 59.1 days and median of 50 days significantly higher than non-OC individuals (p = 0.007). TTI was higher for individuals older than 60 years old, male, and white individuals and for risk classification red and yellow, nevertheless while in average none of these differences were statistically significant, the median of individuals classified as low risk was significantly (p = 0.044) lower than those with high risk. CONCLUSIONS: Time to treatment initiation (TTI) was higher for OC patients related to non OC. Despite OC confirmed was associated with risk at screening classified as urgent or emergent, a high percentage of OC patients had their risk classified for elective care when specialized care was requested.

Complications of Covid-19: developments for the Unified Health System / Complicações da Covid-19: desdobramentos para o Sistema Único de Saúde

Resumo Covid-19 is an infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by Coronavirus, which quickly reached pandemic levels. In July/2020, Brazil was the second country most affected by the disease, exceeding two million cases. Despite the increasing scientific literature on Covid-19, its containment is still compromised by the lack of understanding about its determinants and complications. This article presents a discussion on aspects related to Covid-19 complications and its effects on Unified Health System (SUS), aiming at planning new coping strategies. Additionally, it is pointed out that the overload of the health system does not result only from aspects associated with the assistance to Covid-19, but adds to the pre-existing health needs, whose care strategies were postponed and/or changed due to the actions transmission control. It is evident, then, the need to reinforce the action of Primary Health Care as the ordering of care in SUS, acting in the management of the reorganization of flows and in the improvement of the physical structures of the units. To this end, the end of measures to limit health resources is essential, since not only does the success of coping with Covid-19 depend on this, but also the future of SUS and Brazilian's health.

Resumo A Covid-19 é uma síndrome respiratória aguda grave, infecciosa, causada por coronavírus, que rapidamente alcançou níveis pandêmicos. Em julho 2020, o Brasil era o segundo país mais afetado pela doença, superando dois milhões de casos. Apesar da eclosão de literatura científica sobre Covid-19, o planejamento de ações para sua contenção ainda é comprometido pelo alto grau de desconhecimento sobre seus determinantes e complicações. Este artigo considera aspectos relativos às complicações associadas a Covid-19 e seus efeitos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), visando ao planejamento de novas estratégias de enfrentamento. Adicionalmente, aponta-se que a sobrecarga do sistema de saúde não resulta apenas dos aspectos associados a assistência à Covid-19, mas se somam às necessidades de saúde preexistentes, cujas estratégias de cuidado foram postergadas e/ou alteradas devido às ações de controle da transmissão. Evidencia-se a necessidade de reforçar a ação da Atenção Primária à Saúde, enquanto ordenadora do cuidado no SUS, atuando na gerência da reorganização dos fluxos e na melhoria das estruturas físicas das unidades. Para tal, o fim de medidas de contingenciamento de recursos da saúde é imprescindível, visto que não só o sucesso do enfrentamento à Covid-19 depende disso, mas também o futuro do SUS e a saúde dos brasileiros.

Factors associated with diagnosis of stages I and II lung cancer: a multivariate analysis

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present the overall survival rate for lung cancer and identify the factors associated with early diagnosis of stage I and II lung cancer. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study including individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, from January 2009 to December 2017, according to the cancer registry at UMass Memorial Medical Center. Five-year overall survival and its associated factors were identified by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox's proportional hazards model. Factors associated with diagnosing clinical stage I and II lung cancer were identified by bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise logistic regression (Log-likelihood ratio (LR)) at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The study was conducted with data on 2730 individuals aged 67.9 years on average, 51.5% of whom female, 92.3% white, and 6.6% never smoked. Five-year overall survival was 21%. Individuals diagnosed with early-stage disease had a 43% five-year survival rate compared to 8% for those diagnosed at late stages. Stage at diagnosis was the main factor associated with overall survival [HR = 4.08 (95%CI: 3.62-4.59)]. Factors associated with early diagnosis included patients older than 68 years [OR = 1.23 (95%CI: 1.04-1.45)], of the female gender [OR = 1.47 (95%CI: 1.24-1.73)], white [OR = 1.63 (95%CI: 1.16-2.30)], and never-smokers [OR = 1.37 (95%CI: 1.01-1.86)]; as well as tumors affecting the upper lobe [OR = 1.46 (95%CI: 1.24-1.73)]; adenocarcinoma [OR = 1.43 (95%CI: 1.21-1.69)]; and diagnosis after 2014 [OR = 1.61 (95%CI: 1.37-1.90)]. CONCLUSIONS Stage at diagnosis was the most decisive predictor for survival. Non-white and male individuals were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage. Thus, promoting lung cancer early diagnosis by improving access to health care is vital to enhance overall survival for individuals with lung cancer.

Prevalência de diabetes mellitus e suas complicações e caracterização das lacunas na atenção à saúde a partir da triangulação de pesquisas / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications and characterization of healthcare gaps based on triangulation of studies / Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus, sus complicaciones y caracterización de las lagunas en la atención a la salud a partir de la triangulación de investigaciones

O diabetes mellitus é uma das doenças mundialmente mais prevalentes em adultos e está entre as principais causas de perda de anos de vida saudável, o que se agrava com o acelerado envelhecimento populacional no Brasil. Este estudo visa dimensionar o problema do diabetes mellitus e suas complicações e caracterizar a atenção à saúde do diabético no Brasil, segundo regiões. As prevalências foram estimadas utilizando modelo de regressão multinomial, e a caracterização da atenção à saúde se deu a partir da triangulação entre a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), o Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) e dados da Farmácia Popular. A prevalência de diabetes mellitus no Brasil foi de 9,2%, pelo modelo multinomial, e a prevalência da PNS corrigida (autorreferida + alterada na hemoglobina glicosilada - HbA1c ≥ 6,5) foi de 9,4%. A proporção de subnotificação do diabetes mellitus no país foi de 42,5%, chegando a 72,8% na Região Norte. Dentre os diagnosticados, mais da metade apresentou HbA1c ≥ 6,5. A insuficiente realização de exame de fundo de olho (40%), com ampla variação regional (Norte 25% - Sudeste 52%), reflete-se na alta prevalência de retinopatia. O exame dos pés apresentou baixa realização (30%), podendo levar a mais amputações. Cerca de 80% dos diabéticos usavam medicamentos, o que indica uma alta parcela ainda sem tratamento. Deficiências na atenção à saúde do diabético levam a maior morbidade, internações (15%) e idas a emergências (27% - PMAQ). O cenário apresentado em 2012, apesar de não ser ideal, deu-se num contexto de fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Com a crescente prevalência de diabetes mellitus e cortes no investimento em saúde pública, cabe a reflexão sobre o controle da doença nos próximos anos.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the leading causes of loss of healthy years of life, which is aggravated in Brazil by accelerated population aging. This study aims to measure the problem of diabetes mellitus and its complications and characterize healthcare for diabetics in Brazil, according to regions. Prevalence rates were estimated using a multinomial regression model, and characterization of healthcare was based on triangulation between the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), the National Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB), and data from the Popular Pharmacy program. Diabetes prevalence in Brazil was 9.2%, according to the multinomial model, and prevalence in the corrected PNS (self-report + altered glycated hemoglobin - HbA1c ≥ 6.5) was 9.4%. The proportion of diabetes mellitus underreporting in the country was 42.5%, reaching 72.8% in the North. Among individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, half presented HbA1c ≥ 6.5. Insufficient fundus eye examination (only 40% on average), with major regional variation (North 25% - Southeast 52%), is reflected in the high prevalence of retinopathy. Insufficient examination of feet (only 30%), can lead to more amputations. About 80% of diabetics used medications, indicating a persistently high proportion still without treatment. Healthcare deficiencies for diabetics lead to greater morbidity, hospitalizations (15%), and visits to emergency departments (27%, PMAQ). The scenario in 2012, although not ideal, occurred in a context of strengthening of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cutbacks in public health budgeting call for serious reflection on control of the disease in the coming years.

Resumen: La diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades mundialmente más prevalentes en adultos y está entre las principales causas de pérdida de años de vida saludable, lo que se agrava con el acelerado envejecimiento poblacional en Brasil. Este estudio tiene como objetivo dimensionar el problema de la diabetes mellitus y sus complicaciones, así como caracterizar la atención a la salud del diabético en Brasil, según regiones. Las prevalencias fueron estimadas utilizando un modelo de regresión multinomial, además, la caracterización de la atención a la salud se produjo a partir de la triangulación entre Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS), el Programa Nacional para la Mejora del Acceso y la Calidad en Atención Primaria (PMAQ-AB) y datos de la Farmacia Popular. La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en Brasil fue de 9,2%, por el modelo multinomial y la prevalencia de la PNS corregida (autoinformada + alterada en la hemoglobina glicosilada - HbA1c ≥ 6,5) fue de 9,4%. La proporción de subnotificación de la diabetes mellitus en el país fue de 42,5%, llegando a 72,8% en la región Norte. Entre los diagnosticados, más de la mitad presentó HbA1c ≥ 6,5. La insuficiente realización de exámenes de fondo de ojo (40%), con amplia variación regional (Norte 25% - Sureste 52%), se refleja en la alta prevalencia de retinopatía. El examen de los pies presentó baja realización (30%), pudiendo conducir a más amputaciones. Cerca de un 80% de los diabéticos usaban medicamentos, lo que indica un alto porcentaje todavía sin tratamiento. Deficiencias en la atención a la salud del diabético conducen a una mayor morbilidad, internamientos (15%) e idas a emergencias (27% - PMAQ). El escenario presentado en 2012, a pesar de no ser el ideal, se produjo en un contexto de fortalecimiento del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Con la creciente prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y cortes en la inversión en salud pública, cabe la reflexión sobre el control de la enfermedad durante los próximos años.

Burden of disease from COVID-19 and its acute and chronic complications: reflections on measurement (DALYs) and prospects for the Brazilian Unified National Health System. / Carga de doença da COVID-19 e de suas complicações agudas e crônicas: reflexões sobre a mensuração (DALY) e perspectivas no Sistema Único de Saúde.

COVID-19 is an acute infectious respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The disease is highly communicable and produces mild to severe symptoms, generating a high demand for intensive care and thousands of deaths. In March 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic and has already surpassed five million cases and 300,000 deaths in the world. The natural history of the disease has still not been fully established, hindering the elaboration of effective clinical protocols and preventive measures. Nevertheless, the disease requires a systemic approach, since there is evidence of acute and chronic complications, in addition to the catastrophic effects on the population's mental health. This highlights the need for a methodology that more effectively captures the effect of COVID-19, considering such aspects as severity, duration, and the potential to generate chronic complications that will increase the demands on Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). DALYs, or disability-adjusted life years, are thus an extremely useful indictor that adds mortality, an estimate of years of life lost (YLLs), and morbidity, an estimate of years of life lived with disability (YLDs). This article discusses the relevance and difficulties of studying the burden of COVID-19 and its complications in the Brazilian context, highlighting the natural history of the disease and estimating indicators such as YLDs, considering the high burden of disease in planning strategies to deal with the consequences of COVID-19 after the pandemic. The article also discusses the future challenges to deal with the disease in the SUS and the effects on the calculation of DALYs.

A COVID-19 é uma síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) infecciosa, causada por coronavírus. A doença tem alta transmissibilidade e ocasiona sintomas leves a graves, gerando elevada demanda por cuidados intensivos e milhares de óbitos. Em março de 2020, a COVID-19 foi caracterizada como pandemia e já soma mais de 5 milhões de casos e 300 mil óbitos pelo mundo. A história natural da doença ainda não é bem estabelecida, dificultando a elaboração de protocolos clínicos eficazes e medidas de prevenção. Apesar disso, pode-se afirmar que é uma doença de abordagem sistêmica, já que há evidências de complicações agudas e crônicas, além de efeitos catastróficos na saúde mental da população. Destaca-se então a necessidade de uma metodologia que capte de forma mais efetiva os efeitos da COVID-19, considerando aspectos como sua gravidade, duração e potencial de gerar complicações crônicas que aumentarão as demandas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Nesse sentido, é de extrema utilidade o indicador DALY, ou anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura ajustados por incapacidade (DALY), que agrega a (1) mortalidade - estimativa dos anos de vida perdidos (YLL) e (2) morbidade - estimativa dos anos vividos com incapacidade (YLD). Este artigo discute a relevância e as dificuldades de estudar a carga da COVID-19 e de suas complicações, no contexto brasileiro, ressaltando a importância de caracterizar a história natural da doença e estimar indicadores como o YLD, que considerem a alta carga de morbidade no planejamento de estratégias para lidar com as consequências da COVID-19 pós-pandemia. Discute-se também os desafios futuros para o enfrentamento da doença no SUS e reflexões sobre o cálculo do DALY.

La COVID-19 es un síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SRAG) infeccioso, causado por coronavirus. La enfermedad posee una alta transmisibilidad y ocasiona de síntomas leves a graves, generando una elevada demanda de cuidados intensivos y millares de fallecimientos. En marzo de 2020, la COVID-19 se caracterizó como pandemia y ya suma más de 5 millones de casos y 300 mil fallecimientos por el mundo. La historia natural de la enfermedad todavía no ha sido bien establecida, dificultando la elaboración de protocolos clínicos eficaces y medidas de prevención. A pesar de eso, se puede afirmar que es una enfermedad de abordaje sistémico, ya que existen evidencias sobre complicaciones agudas y crónicas, además de efectos catastróficos en la salud mental de la población. Se destaca entonces la necesidad de una metodología que capte de forma más efectiva los efectos de la COVID-19, considerando aspectos como su gravedad, duración, potencial de generar complicaciones crónicas que aumentarán las demandas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En este sentido, es de extrema utilidad el indicador DALY o años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura ajustados por incapacidad, que agrega la (1) mortalidad - estimación de los años de vida perdidos (YLL) y (2) morbilidad - estimación de los años vividos con incapacidad (YLD). Este artículo discute la relevancia y las dificultades de estudiar la carga de la COVID-19 y sus complicaciones, en el contexto brasileño, resaltando la importancia de caracterizar la historia natural de la enfermedad y estimar indicadores como el YLD, que consideren la alta carga de morbilidad en la planificación de estrategias para lidiar con las consecuencias de la COVID-19 pospandemia. Se discuten también los desafíos futuros para el combate de la enfermedad en el SUS y reflexiones sobre el cálculo del DALY.