Epidemiology, microbiology, and diagnosis of infection in diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome: A multicenter retrospective observational study.

AIMS: We investigated the characteristics of infection and the utility of inflammatory markers in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS). METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective observational study in 21 acute-care hospitals was conducted in Japan. This study included adult hospitalized patients with DKA and HHS. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) for bacteremia. Multiple regression models were created for estimating bacteremia risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 771 patients, including 545 patients with DKA and 226 patients with HHS, were analyzed. The mean age was 58.2 (SD, 19.3) years. Of these, 70 tested positive for blood culture. The mortality rates of those with and without bacteremia were 14 % and 3.3 % (P-value < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of CRP and PCT for diagnosis of bacteremia was 0.85 (95 %CI, 0.81-0.89) and 0.76 (95 %CI, 0.60-0.92), respectively. Logistic regression models identified older age, altered level of consciousness, hypotension, and higher CRP as risk factors for bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate was higher in patients with bacteremia than patients without it. CRP, rather than PCT, may be valid for diagnosing bacteremia in hyperglycemic emergencies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered in the UMIN clinical trial registration system (UMIN000025393, Registered December 23, 2016).

Effectiveness of intravenous methylprednisolone pulse in patients with severe microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two different intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse doses in patients with severe microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). METHODS: We emulated a target trial using observational data from the nationwide registry in Japan. Patients with severe glomerulonephritis or diffuse alveolar haemorrhage were selected and pseudo-randomised into three groups using propensity score-based overlap weighting as follows: non-IVMP, IVMP 0.5 g/day, and IVMP 1.0 g/day. The primary outcome was all-cause death, and the secondary outcomes were composite all-cause death and kidney failure, severe relapse, and serious infection from 2 to 48 weeks after treatment initiation. To estimate the treatment effects, the Cox proportional hazard model and Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model were used. RESULTS: In this emulated target trial, of 201 eligible patients (MPA, 175; GPA, 26), 6 (2.8%) died, 4 (2.0%) had kidney failure, 11 (5.3%) had severe relapse, and 40 (19.8%) had severe infections. Hazard ratios (HR) for IVMP 0.5 g/day and IVMP 1.0 g/day pulse groups compared with non-IVMP pulse were as follows: all-cause death = 0.46 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.07-2.81) and 0.07 (95%CI: 0.01-0.41); all-cause death/kidney failure = 1.18 (95%CI: 0.26-5.31) and 0.59 (95%CI: 0.08-4.52); subdistribution HRs for severe relapse = 1.26 (95%CI: 0.12-13.70) and 3.36 (95%CI: 0.49-23.29); and serious infection = 1.88 (95%CI: 0.76-4.65) and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.28-3.13). CONCLUSIONS: IVMP 1.0 g/day pulse may improve 48-week mortality in patients with severe MPA/GPA.

Association Between Arterial Pulse Waveform Analysis and Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination Data.

Purpose: Specialized pressure transducers for arterial pulse waveform analysis (S-APWA) devices are dedicated kits connected to an arterial pressure catheter that monitors hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac output, pulse pressure variation, and stroke volume variation, less invasively. While the association between the use of S-APWA devices and clinical outcomes in perioperative patients has been previously evaluated, its assessment in patients with septic shock remains inadequate. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized a nationwide Diagnosis Procedure Combination database in Japan. Adult patients with septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with arterial pressure catheter placement on the admission day from August 2012 to February 2021 were included. Hospitalizations meeting the eligibility criteria were categorized into groups based on S-APWA device usage. The primary outcome, evaluated using Cox regression analysis, was 30-day all-cause mortality in the propensity score overlap-weighted population. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, ICU duration, and overall hospital stay. Results: Among 5130 eligible hospitalizations, 643 were in the S-APWA group and 4487 were in the conventional pressure transducer group. Cox regression analysis within the propensity score overlap-weighted population showed no significant difference in 30-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.9-1.38; P = .58). Logistic regression analysis indicated no significant differences in the in-hospital mortality. While the S-APWA group had prolonged ICU stays, no significant difference in the overall hospital stay was observed according to linear regression analyses. Conclusions: Our study found no significant association between S-APWA use and 30-day mortality in patients with septic shock. These findings offer insights into optimizing monitoring systems in ICUs.

High versus low chloride load in adult hyperglycemic emergencies with acute kidney injury: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Hyperglycemic emergencies frequently lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) and require treatment with large amount of intravenous fluids. However, the effects of chloride loading on this population have not yet been investigated. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study in 21 acute-care hospitals in Japan. The study included hospitalized adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) who had AKI upon arrival. The patients were classified into high and low chloride groups based on the amount of chloride administered within the first 48 h of their arrival. The primary outcome was recovery from AKI; secondary outcome was major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30), including mortality and prolonged renal failure. A total of 390 patients with AKI, including 268 (69%) with DKA and 122 (31%) with HHS, were included in the study. Using the criteria of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, the severity of AKI in the patients was Stage 1 (n = 159, 41%), Stage 2 (n = 121, 31%), and Stage 3 (n = 110, 28%). The analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups in recovery from AKI (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI 0.72-1.28; P = 0.78) and in MAKE30 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI 0.45-1.76; P = 0.80). Chloride loading with fluid administration had no significant impact on recovery from AKI in patients with hyperglycemic emergencies.Trial Registration This study was registered in the UMIN clinical trial registration system (UMIN000025393, registered December 23, 2016).

Interaction between Sophorolipids and ß-glucan in Aqueous Solutions.

Skin disorders, including acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea, are characterized by the presence of biofilms, which are communities of microorganisms. The mechanical stability of biofilms is attributed to one of their constituents-polysaccharides-which are secreted by microorganisms. Sophorolipids are biosurfactants with biofilm disruption and removal abilities and are expected to become alternatives for classical petrochemical-based surfactants in cosmetics. In this study, we investigated the influence of sophorolipids on ß-glucan such as dispersion status, interaction mechanism, and configuration change as a model polysaccharide of biofilm in aqueous solution. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that sophorolipids interfere with the aggregation of ß- glucan in aqueous solutions. In contrast, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is used as a typical surfactant reference, promotes the aggregation of ß-glucan. The interaction between sophorolipids and ß-glucan were investigated using surface tension measurements and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Surface tension increased only near critical micelle concentration (CMC) region of sophorolipids in the presence of ß-glucan. This suggests that the interaction occurred in the solution rather than at the air-liquid interface. Moreover, the results of ITC indicate that hydrophobic interactions were involved in this interaction. In addition, the results of optical rotation measurements indicate that sophorolipids did not unfold the triple helical structure of ß-glucan. ß-glucan dispersion was expected to be caused steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion when sophorolipids interacted with ß-glucan via hydrophobic interactions owing to the unique molecular structure of sophorolipids attributed by a bulky sugar moiety and a carboxyl functional group. These results demonstrated unique performances of sophorolipids on ß-glucan and provided more insights on the efficacy of sophorolipids as good anti-biofilms.

Clinical profile of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in Japan: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) are life-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus. Their clinical profiles have not been fully investigated. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in 21 acute care hospitals in Japan. Patients included were adults aged 18 or older who had been hospitalized from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016 due to DKA or HHS. The data were extracted from patient medical records. A four-group comparison (mild DKA, moderate DKA, severe DKA, and HHS) was performed to evaluate outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 771 patients including 545 patients with DKA and 226 patients with HHS were identified during the study period. The major precipitating factors of disease episodes were poor medication compliance, infectious diseases, and excessive drinking of sugar-sweetened beverages. The median hospital stay was 16 days [IQR 10-26 days]. The intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate was 44.4% (mean) and the rate at each hospital ranged from 0 to 100%. The in-hospital mortality rate was 2.8% in patients with DKA and 7.1% in the HHS group. No significant difference in mortality was seen among the three DKA groups. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate of patients with DKA in Japan is similar to other studies, while that of HHS was lower. The ICU admission rate varied among institutions. There was no significant association between the severity of DKA and mortality in the study population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered in the UMIN clinical Trial Registration System (UMIN000025393, Registered 23th December 2016).

Optimal Dose of Intravenous Cyclophosphamide during remission induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a retrospective cohort study of J-CANVAS.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the optimal dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) for induction therapy for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patients with AAV who received IVCY every 2-3 weeks during the remission induction phase. The associations of the IVCY dose with infection-free survival and relapse-free survival were analysed using a Cox regression model. We compared patients in three categories: very low-dose (VLD), low-dose (LD), and conventional dose (CD) (<7.5 mg/kg, 7.5-12.5 mg/kg, and >12.5 mg/kg, respectively). The non-linear association between IVCY dose and the outcomes were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients (median age 72 years), 12, 42, and 26 underwent the VLD, LD, and CD regimens, respectively, of whom 4, 3, and 7 developed infection or died. The adjusted hazard ratios for infection or death were 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-19.8) for VLD and 5.1 (95% CI 1.21-21.3) for CD, compared with LD. We found the hazard ratio for infection or death increased when the initial IVCY dose exceeded 9 mg/kg. Relapse-free survival did not differ clearly. CONCLUSION: Low-dose IVCY (7.5-12.5 mg/kg) may result in fewer infections and similar relapse rates compared with the conventional regimen (>12.5 mg/kg).

Seasonal Influence on Development of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Conducted at Multiple Institutions in Japan (J-CANVAS).

OBJECTIVE: To clarify seasonal and other environmental effects on the onset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We enrolled patients with new-onset eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) registered in the database of a Japanese multicenter cohort study. We investigated the relationship between environmental factors and clinical characteristics. Seasons were divided into 4 (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), and the seasonal differences in AAV onset were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test, with an expected probability of 25% for each season. RESULTS: A total of 454 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 70.9 years and a female proportion of 55.5%. Overall, 74, 291, and 89 patients were classified as having EGPA, MPA, and GPA, respectively. Positivity for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA was observed in 355 and 46 patients, respectively. Overall, the seasonality of AAV onset significantly deviated from the expected 25% for each season (P = 0.001), and its onset was less frequently observed in autumn. In ANCA serotypes, seasonality was significant in patients with MPO-ANCA (P < 0.001), but not in those with PR3-ANCA (P = 0.97). Additionally, rural residency of patients with AAV was associated with PR3-ANCA positivity and biopsy-proven pulmonary vasculitis. CONCLUSION: The onset of AAV was influenced by seasonal variations and was less frequently observed in autumn. In contrast, the occurrence of PR3-ANCA was triggered, not by season, but by rural residency.

Essential components of a definition for early antibiotic treatment failure: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Despite the broad global use of antibiotics, there is no established definition of early antibiotic treatment failure (EATF) to aid clinical evaluation of treatment, which leads to inconsistent assessments of drug effectiveness. AIM: This scoping review aims to identify common components of EATF definitions by synthesizing studies mentioning EATF and its relevant thesaurus matches. DESIGN: Scoping review. METHODS: This scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA Scoping review guidelines. A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), CENTRAL, CINAHL, and Web of Science, as well as a manual Google search. Search terms were EATF and its thesaurus matches. After removing duplications, candidate studies were screened by title and abstract prior to full text searches, and quality analysis was performed on eligible studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. From each eligible study, the timing of evaluation, basic components, and detailed information for each definition of EATF were collected. The components of each definition for EATF were then summarized and counted, and finally the most common essential components were identified. RESULTS: Our systematic literature search found 2,472 candidate studies. After title and abstract screening, full text search and quality assessment, 61 studies, including 56 original studies and five reviews, were eligible for our analysis. Of these 56 original studies, 43 mentioned the timing of EATF evaluation 72 hours after the start of treatment with antibiotics. From these 43 studies, the most common indicators of EATF were extracted, among which a set of essential components for a definition of EATF were identified: mortality, vital signs, fever, symptoms, and additional treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our scoping review uncovered five essential factors for EATF. Further study is needed to evaluate the validity of our findings.

Association between hypogammaglobulinaemia and severe infections during induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: from J-CANVAS study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between decreased serum IgG levels caused by remission-induction immunosuppressive therapy of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and the development of severe infections. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with new-onset or severe relapsing AAV enrolled in the J-CANVAS registry, which was established at 24 referral sites in Japan. The minimum serum IgG levels up to 24 weeks and the incidence of severe infection up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation were evaluated. After multiple imputations for all explanatory variables, we performed the multivariate analysis using a Fine-Gray model to assess the association between low IgG (the minimum IgG levels <500 mg/dl) and severe infections. In addition, the association was expressed as a restricted cubic spline (RCS) and analysed by treatment subgroups. RESULTS: Of 657 included patients (microscopic polyangiitis, 392; granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 139; eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 126), 111 (16.9%) developed severe infections. The minimum serum IgG levels were measured in 510 patients, of whom 77 (15.1%) had low IgG. After multiple imputations, the confounder-adjusted hazard ratio of low IgG for the incidence of severe infections was 1.75 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.00). The RCS revealed a U-shaped association between serum IgG levels and the incidence of severe infection with serum IgG 946 mg/dl as the lowest point. Subgroup analysis showed no obvious heterogeneity between treatment regimens. CONCLUSION: Regardless of treatment regimens, low IgG after remission-induction treatment was associated with the development of severe infections up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of healthcare facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in hospitalized patients with sepsis: Interrupted time series analysis using Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination data.

OBJECTIVES: Healthcare facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) is a major nosocomial infection associated with high mortality and healthcare costs. We aimed to determine if HO-CDI incidence decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that the pandemic decreased HO-CDI as healthcare workers became more diligent in handwashing and sanitization. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients with sepsis hospitalized in general wards from January 2018 to February 2021 were identified using a nationwide Japanese administrative database. Patients were divided into two groups according to the hospitalization date (before and after the first declaration of a state of emergency). The primary outcome was a change in the level of the HO-CDI monthly incidence ratio (per 10000 patient-days). RESULTS: Of the 49,156 eligible hospitalizations for sepsis, 41,870 were before and 7,283 were after the first state of emergency declaration. Interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis showed no significant difference in the HO-CDI incidence ratio after Japan's first state of emergency declaration (level change -1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) -8.6 to 6.6, p = 0.8, slope change 0.06, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.3, p = 0.6). The overall HO-CDI incidence ratio was 3.86/10000 patient-days (interquartile range 2.97-4.53); higher incidence existed in subgroups with older adults or a lower Barthel index at admission. CONCLUSIONS: No significant change in HO-CDI incidence was observed in patients with sepsis hospitalized in general wards before and after Japan's first state of emergency declaration. Our study revealed that HO-CDI in general wards in Japan had been consistently decreasing since before the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Denoising Method Using Deep Image Prior to Human-Target Detection Using MIMO FMCW Radar.

A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar can provide a range-angle map that expresses the signal power against each range and angle. It is possible to estimate object locations by detecting the signal power that exceeds a threshold using an algorithm, such as Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR). However, noise and multipath components often exist over the range-angle map, which could produce false alarms for an undesired location depending on the threshold setting. In other words, the threshold setting is sensitive in noisy range-angle maps. Therefore, if the noise is reduced, the threshold can be easily set to reduce the number of false alarms. In this paper, we propose a method that improves the CFAR threshold tolerance by denoising a range-angle map using Deep Image Prior (DIP). DIP is an unsupervised deep-learning technique that enables image denoising. In the proposed method, DIP is applied to the range-angle map calculated by the Curve-Length (CL) method, and then the object location is detected over the denoised range-angle map based on Cell-Averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR), which is a typical threshold setting algorithm. Through the experiments to estimate human locations in indoor environments, we confirmed that the proposed method with DIP reduced the number of false alarms and estimated the human location accurately while improving the tolerance of the threshold setting, compared to the method without DIP.

Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a cross-sectional and multi-institutional study in Japan (J-CANVAS).

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the characteristics of hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), using information from a multicenter study in Japan. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical information of 663 Asian patients with AAV (total AAV), including 558 patients with newly diagnosed AAV and 105 with relapsed AAV. Clinical findings were compared between patients with and without HP. To elucidate the relevant manifestations for HP development, multivariable logistic regression analyses were additionally performed. RESULTS: Of the patients with AAV (mean age, 70.2 ± 13.5 years), HP was noted in 30 (4.52%), including 20 (3.58%) with newly diagnosed AAV and 10 (9.52%) with relapsed AAV. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) was classified in 50% of patients with HP. A higher prevalence of GPA was significantly observed in patients with HP than in those without HP in total AAV and newly diagnosed AAV (p < 0.001). In newly diagnosed AAV, serum proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA positivity was significantly higher in patients with HP than in those without HP (p = 0.030). Patients with HP significantly had ear, nose, and throat (ENT) (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-2.14, p = 0.033) and mucous membrane/eye manifestations (OR 5.99, 95% CI 2.59-13.86, p < 0.0001) in total AAV. Moreover, they significantly had conductive hearing loss (OR 11.6, 95% CI 4.51-29.57, p < 0.0001) and sudden visual loss (OR 20.9, 95% CI 5.24-85.03, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: GPA was predominantly observed in patients with HP. Furthermore, in newly diagnosed AAV, patients with HP showed significantly higher PR3-ANCA positivity than those without HP. The ear and eye manifestations may be implicated in HP development.

Intensive care unit versus high-dependency care unit admission on mortality in patients with septic shock: a retrospective cohort study using Japanese claims data.

BACKGROUND: Septic shock is a common and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care. Intensive care units (ICUs) in Japan are classified into ICUs and high-dependency care units (HDUs), depending on presence of full-time certified intensivists and the number of assigned nurses. Compared with other developed countries, there are fewer intensive care beds and certified intensivists in Japan; therefore, non-intensivists often treat patients with septic shock in HDUs. It is unknown where we should treat patients with septic shock because no studies have compared the clinical outcomes between ICU and HDU treatment. This study aimed to elucidate which units should admit patients with septic shock by comparing mortality data and resource use between ICU and HDU admissions. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used a nationwide Japanese administrative database to identify adult patients with septic shock who were admitted to ICUs or HDUs between January 2010 and February 2021. The patients were divided into two groups, based on admittance to ICU or HDU on the day of hospitalization. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality adjusted for covariates using Cox regression analyses; the secondary outcomes were the length of ICU or HDU stay and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of the 10,818 eligible hospitalizations for septic shock, 6584 were in the ICU group, and 4234 were in the HDU group. Cox regression analyses revealed that patients admitted to the ICUs had lower 30-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.89; 95% confidence interval: 0.83-0.96; P = 0.005). Linear regression analyses showed no significant difference in hospital length of stay or ICU or HDU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: An association was observed between ICU admission and lower 30-day mortality in patients with septic shock. These findings could provide essential insights for building a more appropriate treatment system.

Removal of a Model Biofilm by Sophorolipid Solutions: A QCM-D Study.

Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that have been widely studied because they can cause hospital-acquired infections and skin disorders. Polysaccharides secreted by microorganisms are constituents of biofilms, contributing to their adhesion and mechanical stability. Sophorolipids are biosurfactants with the ability to disrupt and remove biofilms. Biosurfactants have been targeted as potential substitutes for classical petrochemical-based surfactants in cosmetics. In this study, we fabricate a ß-glucan film as a model biofilm, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) measurements are used to assess the biofilm removal. The viscoelasticity of the ß-glucan films is monitored while sophorolipid solutions are introduced into the system, and we found that the film removal performance increases with the sophorolipid concentration. In addition, Δf (change in frequency)-ΔD (change in energy dissipation) plot analyses reveal that two processes are involved in the removal mechanism. The first process involves the adsorption of water (hydration) on the ß-glucan film. The second process involves the removal of the ß-glucan film from the sensor surface. Furthermore, it is suggested that sophorolipids interfere with the hydration of the ß-glucan film and suppress increases in its viscosity. This is expected to be an essential factor for the removal of the ß-glucan film. Sophorolipids, therefore, show potential for use in cosmetics as an eco-friendly agent for biofilm removal.

Compression-induced Phase Transition in Adsorbed Monolayers of Alkylgalactosides at the Air/Water Interface.

Compression-induced formation of condensed-phase domains in adsorbed monolayers of alkylgalactosides (AGs) at the air/water interface was observed. When an aqueous solution of AGs was poured into a Langmuir trough, the AG molecules were spontaneously adsorbed from the solution at the air/water interface to form the adsorbed or Gibbs monolayer in an expanded, liquid-like phase at equilibrium. The monolayer was subsequently laterally compressed by the barriers of the trough, while simultaneously observing the system using a Brewster angle microscope (BAM). The surface pressure-film area isotherm upon compression showed a kink at a surface pressure (πkink) comparable to or several mN・m-1 higher than the surface pressure at the critical micelle concentration (πCMC), followed by a plateau region. BAM observations revealed that condensed-phase domains were formed in the homogeneous expanded phase at the plateau. Hence, the plateau corresponds to a first-order phase transition from the expanded phase to the condensed phase. As expected, the compressed adsorbed monolayer was in a metastable state because the surface pressure decreased with time, and the condensed-phase domains disappeared when compression was discontinued. The transient formation of a quasi-stable condensed phase may originate from the combined effect of the lower solubility of AG molecules in water, moderately strong attractive intermolecular interactions between AG molecules at the air/water interface, and high-rate compression.

Goshajinkigan for prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) limits the dose of chemotherapy and reduces patients' quality of life. Goshajinkigan is a Japanese herbal medicine used to alleviate neuropathy and general pain. A clinical guideline for prevention and management of CIPN stated that the prophylactic efficacy of goshajinkigan against CIPN was inconclusive. We conducted a systematic review to examine whether goshajinkigan prevents CIPN in patients receiving neurotoxic chemotherapy. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Ichushi, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for eligible trials. Randomized controlled trials that examined the efficacy and safety of goshajinkigan for prevention of CIPN were included. Our primary outcomes were incidence of CIPN, response to chemotherapy, and adverse effects. We pooled data using a random effects model. RESULTS: We analyzed five trials involving a total of 397 patients. When evaluated with Neurotoxicity Criteria of Debiopharm, goshajinkigan was associated with reduced incidence of CIPN of grade ≥ 1 (risk ratio [RR] 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.66) and grade 3 (RR 0.42; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.71), but this beneficial association was not found for grade ≥ 2 of CIPN. Goshajinkigan was not associated with reduced incidence of CIPN when assessed with the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, or improved response to chemotherapy. Goshajinkigan was well tolerated based on one trial. CONCLUSIONS: Goshajinkigan is unlikely to prevent CIPN in patients undergoing neurotoxic chemotherapy. Given the low quality and insufficient amount of the evidence, use of goshajinkigan as standard of care is not currently recommended.

Cationic ruthenium alkylidene catalysts bearing phosphine ligands.

The discovery of highly active catalysts and the success of ionic liquid immobilized systems have accelerated attention to a new class of cationic metathesis catalysts. We herein report the facile syntheses of cationic ruthenium catalysts bearing bulky phosphine ligands. Simple ligand exchange using silver(i) salts of non-coordinating or weakly coordinating anions provided either PPh3 or chelating Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2 (n = 2 or 3) ligated cationic catalysts. The structures of these newly reported catalysts feature unique geometries caused by ligation of the bulky phosphine ligands. Their activities and selectivities in standard metathesis reactions were also investigated. These cationic ruthenium alkylidene catalysts reported here showed moderate activity and very similar stereoselectivity when compared to the second generation ruthenium dichloride catalyst in ring-closing metathesis, cross metathesis, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization assays.