Immobilization of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam and antagonism with atipamezole.

Thirty-two free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were immobilized with one of three combinations: medetomidine (0.076 +/- 0.017 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.1 +/- 0.5 mg/kg; MK, n = 16), medetomidine (0.057 +/- 0.008 mg/kg) and low-dose midazolam (0.6 +/- 0.1 mg/kg; MM-0.5, n = 10), or medetomidine (0.067 +/- 0.012 mg/kg) and high-dose midazolam (1.3 +/- 0.2 mg/kg; MM-1, n = 6) by i.m. injection. Induction and recovery times were recorded. Pulse, respiratory rate, body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were measured. Anesthesia depth indicators were observed. There was a significant difference between the MM-0.5 and the MM-1 groups regarding induction time, 8.1 +/- 2.1 min and 5.0 +/- 1.7 min, respectively. The MK induction time was 6.9 +/- 2.5 min, which was not significantly different from the other two groups. All combinations provided effective immobilization for at least 20-25 min. During immobilization, there were significant differences regarding rectal temperature, which was higher in the MK group; and blood pressure, which was higher in the MM-1 group. After administration of atipamezole at 5 mg per 1 mg medetomidine given, there was a significant difference between the groups in recovery time; MK foxes were standing within 3.9 +/- 1.7 min, MM-0.5 foxes within 10.6 +/- 4.5 min, and MM-1 foxes within 10.2 +/- 3.4 min. None of the combinations caused rough or prolonged recoveries. Subjectively, the MM groups had smoother and less ataxic recoveries than the MK group. In conclusion, the authors recommend the use of medetomidine at 0.07 mg/kg in combination with midazolam at 0.8 mg/kg or ketamine at 2 mg/kg for the immobilization of free-ranging red foxes. During immobilization, monitoring of body temperature and oxygenation is recommended.

[Psychogenic non epileptic events and frontal lobe seizures]. / Eventos no epilépticos psicogénicos y la clínica de la epilepsia del lóbulo frontal.

The distinction between epilepsy and psychogenic non epileptic events or seizures (PNES) has been made since the middle of the first millennium (B.C.) Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) resemble epileptic seizures presenting as paroxysmal, involuntary, time-limited alterations in behaviour, motor activity, autonomic function, consciousness, or sensation. However, unlike epilepsy, NES do not result from epileptogenic pathology and are not accompanied by an epileptiform pattern during an ictal electroencephalogram (EEG). This article reviews the concept of psychogenic non epileptic events, its contemporary assessment including diagnostic and therapeutic issues, as well as the complexity related to various nosological topics. The PNES are a hallmark of an ancient illness, hysteria, which wanders between the somatoform and the dissociative disorders in the contemporary classification systems. With the availability of video electroencephalography (video-EEG), it has been possible to define more strictly the limits between epileptic and non epileptic disorders, avoiding unnecessary and even iatrogenic and invasive treatments. We also describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of frontal lobe seizures, especially those that might be mistakenly diagnosed as psychogenic events. The frontal lobes are the largest cortical region from which seizures can arise; complex and/ or bizarre behavioural clinical presentations are frequent. In addition, some patients with epilepsy can also present non epileptic events.

Field anesthesia of golden jackals (Canis aureus) with the use of medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam with atipamezole reversal.

Twenty-two free-ranging golden jackals (Canis aureus) were immobilized with a combination of 113 +/- 24 microg/kg medetomidine and 2.1 +/- 0.3 mg/kg ketamine (M-K) or 88 +/- 16 microg/kg medetomidine and 0.47 +/- 0.08 mg/ kg midazolam (M-M) by i.m. injection. Induction and recovery times were recorded. Pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and oxygen saturation were measured. Anesthesia depth indicators were observed. There was no significant difference between the M-K and the M-M groups regarding induction time (6:14 +/- 1:45 and 7:16 +/- 2:09 min, respectively). Both combinations provided safe and effective immobilization for at least 20-30 min. Pulse rate was significantly higher in the M-K group. There was no significant difference in any other objective or subjective parameter. Following administration of atipamezole at five times the dose of medetomidine given, there was a significant difference between the two combinations in recovery time; M-K jackals were standing within 3:42 +/- 2:17 min and M-M jackals within 8:47 +/- 4:32 min. Neither of the combinations caused rough or prolonged recovery. Subjectively, the M-M group had smoother and less ataxic recovery.

Evaluation of lidocaine treatment and risk factors for death associated with gastric dilatation and volvulus in dogs: 112 cases (1997-2005).

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical features, outcome, risk factors for death, and efficacy of IV administration of lidocaine as a prophylactic treatment for ischemic reperfusion injury in gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 112 dogs with GDV. PROCEDURES: Data pertaining to breed; time lag to admission; clinical, clinicopathologic, and surgical findings; lidocaine treatment; and postoperative complications were assessed for association with outcome. RESULTS: German Shepherd Dogs (28.6%) and Great Danes (17%) were significantly over-represented. Risk factors for death included time lag (> or = 5 hours vs < 5 hours) from onset of clinical signs to admission (46.0% vs 11.3%), rectal temperature (< or = 38 degrees C vs > 38 degrees C [< 100.4 degrees F vs > 100.4 degrees F]) at admission (40.0% vs 14.9%), presence or absence of ARF (67.0% vs 23.3%), presence or absence of suspected gastric wall necrosis (59.3% vs 16.0%), and untreated gastric wall necrosis, compared with treated gastric wall necrosis (100% vs 47.6%). Overall mortality rate was 26.8%; no significant differences were detected in mortality rate or postoperative complications between dogs that received lidocaine IV prior to surgical intervention (52.0%) and dogs that did not (48.0%). Mean +/- SD hospitalization time was longer in the lidocaine treatment group (3.5 +/- 1.9 days vs 2.5 +/- 1.4 days). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Presence of the identified risk factors should warrant aggressive treatment. Lidocaine treatment was not associated with mortality rate or postoperative complications, but was associated with prolonged hospitalization time.

Non-invasive forced expiratory flow-volume curves to measure lung function in cats.

Forced expiratory flow-volume curves were performed in 15 cats using the non-invasive thoracic compression techniques developed for use in human infants. Cats breathed through a face mask and pneumotachygraph from which flow and volume were obtained. Thoracic compression was applied from an inflatable bag in a non-expandable jacket surrounding the animal. Bag inflation at end inspiration was initiated by a computer pulse to a pressurized chamber. Processed signals from the pneumotachygraph determined maximum-forced expiratory flow at lung volume equivalent to functional residual capacity (FRC), termed V'maxFRC. Different compression pressures were used, and the highest value from a technically satisfactory flow-volume loop was taken as the result. Mean (+/- 95% CI) V'maxFRC was 422 (369-475) ml/s. Compared with infants of similar weight (V'maxFRC approximately 180 ml/s), cats had a much higher V'maxFRC. Tests repeated another day showed a mean (+/-95% CI) percentage difference between paired tests to be 2.8 (-12.6, +18.3)%. Non-invasive forced expiratory flow-volume measurements can be reliably obtained in sedated cats.

Non-invasive measurement of total respiratory compliance and resistance in cats.

We adapted non-invasive techniques developed for human infants to measure total respiratory system compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs) in 21 healthy cats. The animals breathed through a face mask attached to a respiratory circuit and measurements were taken of changes in lung volume and airway pressure during brief occlusions of the airway at different lung volumes. The slope of the plot of change in volume against airway pressure yielded the multiple occlusion Crs with a mean (+/-95%CI) value of 6.8 (6.3-7.3) ml/cm H2O. In 12 animals measurements were made by the single breath technique in which occlusion was made early in expiration and on release, a plot of the subsequent relaxed expiratory flow and volume yielded the time constant (taurs), Crs and Rrs with mean (+/-95%CI) values of 0.27 (0.22-0.31) s, 7.0 (6.1-7.8) ml/cm H2O, and 38.7 (33.7-43.6) cm H2O/l/s, respectively. Rrs was significantly correlated inversely with forced expiratory flow at resting lung volume (V'maxFRC).

[The validity of Freud's concepts of neurosis in present diagnosis systems]. / El problema de la validación de las neurosis freudianas en los sistemas diagnósticos actuales.

Anxiety as a symptom, syndrome and diagnosis is discussed, as well as its overlapping with the concept of neuroses. The original concepts of neuroses, neurasthenia and psychasthenia that have been coined since the eighteenth century are revised, as well as its evolution from Freud to DSM IV and ICD 10.

El problema de la validación de las neurosis freudianas en los sistemas diagnósticos actuales. / [The validity of Freuds concepts of neurosis in present diagnosis systems]

Anxiety as a symptom, syndrome and diagnosis is discussed, as well as its overlapping with the concept of neuroses. The original concepts of neuroses, neurasthenia and psychasthenia that have been coined since the eighteenth century are revised, as well as its evolution from Freud to DSM IV and ICD 10.

El problema de la validación de las neurosis freudianas en los sistemas diagnósticos actuales / [The validity of Freud’s concepts of neurosis in present diagnosis systems]

Anxiety as a symptom, syndrome and diagnosis is discussed, as well as its overlapping with the concept of neuroses. The original concepts of neuroses, neurasthenia and psychasthenia that have been coined since the eighteenth century are revised, as well as its evolution from Freud to DSM IV and ICD 10.

[A likely course of bipolar disorder: restituto ad integrum or defect. Second part]. / La evolución cierta del trastorno bipolar: restitutio ad integrum o defecto. Segunda parte.

Although the more favorable prognosis was essential to bipolar disorder, persisting alterations concerning psychosocial functioning and psychopathology are not rare. A number of patients develops persistent impairment, a fact that refers to the initial 25% of patients shown in the literature (through naturalistic and long-term studies) as having poor recovery. Present studies intend to correlate with a neuroanatomy and a neuropsychology of bipolar disorder. It has been suggested that neuropsychological impairment persists during the euthymic state but has been confounded partly by mild affective symptoms in remitted patients (we emphasize the importance of treating bipolar depression).

La evolución cierta del trastorno bipolar: restitutio ad integrum o defecto. Segunda parte. / [A likely course of bipolar disorder: restituto ad integrum or defect. Second part]

Although the more favorable prognosis was essential to bipolar disorder, persisting alterations concerning psychosocial functioning and psychopathology are not rare. A number of patients develops persistent impairment, a fact that refers to the initial 25

of patients shown in the literature (through naturalistic and long-term studies) as having poor recovery. Present studies intend to correlate with a neuroanatomy and a neuropsychology of bipolar disorder. It has been suggested that neuropsychological impairment persists during the euthymic state but has been confounded partly by mild affective symptoms in remitted patients (we emphasize the importance of treating bipolar depression).

La evolución cierta del trastorno bipolar: restitutio ad integrum o defecto. Segunda parte / [A likely course of bipolar disorder: restituto ad integrum or defect. Second part]

Although the more favorable prognosis was essential to bipolar disorder, persisting alterations concerning psychosocial functioning and psychopathology are not rare. A number of patients develops persistent impairment, a fact that refers to the initial 25

of patients shown in the literature (through naturalistic and long-term studies) as having poor recovery. Present studies intend to correlate with a neuroanatomy and a neuropsychology of bipolar disorder. It has been suggested that neuropsychological impairment persists during the euthymic state but has been confounded partly by mild affective symptoms in remitted patients (we emphasize the importance of treating bipolar depression).

[Psychiatric aspects of Epilepsy]. / Aspectos psiquiátricos de las epilepsias.

The classification of epileptic seizures is reviewed, emphasizing the clinical features of partial seizures with psychic symptoms. Psychiatric issues in epilepsy are also assessed, particularly affective disorders and psychosis. Although there currently is no internationally accepted syndromic classification for them, we expose recently proposed definitions. The concept of "epileptic personality" is reviewed, and the matter of aggression as well. Finally we include a case report that illustrates what we understand as the complexity for the clinical diagnosis.

Aspectos psiquiátricos de las epilepsias. / [Psychiatric aspects of Epilepsy]

The classification of epileptic seizures is reviewed, emphasizing the clinical features of partial seizures with psychic symptoms. Psychiatric issues in epilepsy are also assessed, particularly affective disorders and psychosis. Although there currently is no internationally accepted syndromic classification for them, we expose recently proposed definitions. The concept of [quot ]epileptic personality[quot ] is reviewed, and the matter of aggression as well. Finally we include a case report that illustrates what we understand as the complexity for the clinical diagnosis.

Aspectos psiquiátricos de las epilepsias / [Psychiatric aspects of Epilepsy]

The classification of epileptic seizures is reviewed, emphasizing the clinical features of partial seizures with psychic symptoms. Psychiatric issues in epilepsy are also assessed, particularly affective disorders and psychosis. Although there currently is no internationally accepted syndromic classification for them, we expose recently proposed definitions. The concept of [quot ]epileptic personality[quot ] is reviewed, and the matter of aggression as well. Finally we include a case report that illustrates what we understand as the complexity for the clinical diagnosis.