RESUMEN
Processed foods have been part of the American diet for decades, with key roles in providing a safe, available, affordable, and nutritious food supply. The USDA Food Guides beginning in 1916 and the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) since 1980 have included various types of commonly consumed processed foods (e.g., heated, fermented, dried) as part of their recommendations. However, there are multiple classification systems based on "level" of food processing, and additional evidence is needed to establish the specific properties of foods classified as "highly" or "ultra"-processed (HPF/UPFs). Importantly, many foods are captured under HPF/UPF definitions, ranging from ready-to-eat fortified whole grain breakfast cereals to sugar-sweetened beverages and baked goods. The consequences of implementing dietary guidance to limit all intake of foods currently classified as HPF/UPF may require additional scrutiny to evaluate the impact on consumers' ability to meet daily nutrient recommendations and to access affordable food, and ultimately, on health outcomes. Based on a meeting held by the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences in May 2023, this paper provides perspectives on the broad array of foods classified as HPF/UPFs based on processing and formulation, including contributions to nutrient intake and dietary patterns, food acceptability, and cost. Characteristics of foods classified as UPF/HPFs are considered, including the roles and safety approval of food additives and the effect of food processing on the food matrix. Finally, this paper identifies information gaps and research needs to better understand how the processing of food affects nutrition and health outcomes.
RESUMEN
Background: Currently available behavioral and dietary weight-loss programs lack magnitude and sustainability compared with bariatric surgery. A novel dietary weight-loss program was developed to assist participants in achieving sustainable diet changes by building knowledge and skills in food self-selection. Although the approach worked, a large variation was observed in outcome among participants. Objective: Determine factors affecting weight-loss outcomes among participants to further improve the efficacy of the program. Methods: Participants attended 19 dietary educational sessions during a 1-year intervention which included prescribed homework. Changes in weight, diet, and body composition were assessed. Results: Participants (n = 22) achieved mean body weight loss of -6.49(8.37%, p < 0.001) from baseline at 12 months. Nine participants (41%) achieved weight loss >5% of initial bodyweight; two reached a Body Mass Index 25 kg/m2. A large divergence in weight loss among participants was observed; successful (n = 9) achieved -12.9(9.6)% while unsuccessful achieved -2.03(2.78)%. Dietary protein and fiber density by 24-h records showed a significant and inverse correlation with weight loss (%) throughout the program. Weight loss at 3 months and 12 months showed a strong correlation (r = 0.84). Participants with self-reported depression lost significantly less weight than those without depression at 12 months (p < 0.03). Conclusions: Divergence in weight-loss outcomes among the participants is likely due to a difference in successful dietary implementation. Intra-cohort analysis indicates early weight-loss success and early dietary implementation was predictive of long-term success.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: α-Tocopherol (αT) deficiency causes several neurologic disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Furthermore, decreased antibody production, impaired ex vivo T cell function, and elevated cytokine production are observed in humans and mice with αT deficiency. Although modeling αT deficiency in animals is challenging, αT depletion can be more readily achieved in α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Thus, the Ttpa-/- mouse model is a useful tool for studying metabolic consequences of low αT status. Optimizing this mouse model and selecting the reliable indicators/markers of deficiency are still needed. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess whether αT depletion alters lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the brain and/or grip strength used as a proxy for fatigue. METHODS: WT and Ttpa-/- weanling littermates (n = 37-40/genotype) were fed an αT deficient diet ad libitum for 9 wk. Mice were then injected with LPS (10 µg/mouse) or saline (control) intraperitoneally and killed 4 h later. Concentrations of αT in diet and tissues were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography. Grip strength was evaluated via a grip strength meter apparatus 2 d before and 3.5 h after LPS injection. Cerebellar and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: αT concentrations in the liver, heart, and adipose tissue of WT mice were higher than Ttpa-/- mice. Although αT was detected in the brain, muscle, and serum of WT mice, it was undetectable in these tissues of Ttpa-/- mice. Cerebellar and serum concentrations of IL-6 were increased in LPS-treated groups but were not significantly affected by genotype. Grip strength was reduced in LPS-treated groups, an effect that was more pronounced in Ttpa-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic LPS administration caused an acute inflammatory response with a concomitant decline in grip strength, especially in Ttpa-/- mice. αT depletion appears to exacerbate reductions in grip strength brought on by systemic inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Lipopolisacáridos , alfa-Tocoferol , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Interleucina-6 , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno , Dieta , InflamaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: ß-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and ß-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) are responsible for the cleavage of carotenoids in mammals. OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to (1) establish the relative contribution of each enzyme on lycopene accumulation in mice and (2) examine the role of lycopene on gene expression in the gut of wild type (WT) mice. METHODS: We utilized male and female WT, Bco1-/-, Bco2-/-, and Bco1-/-Bco2-/- double knockout (DKO) mice. We gavaged the mice with either 1 mg of lycopene resuspended in cottonseed oil or vehicle as a control group daily for 2 wk. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of dietary vitamin A on lycopene absorption and intestinal gene expression by RT-PCR. We also quantified lycopene concentration isomer distribution by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Of the 11 tissues measured, the liver accounted for 94 to 98% of the lycopene content across genotypes. We did not observe sex differences between genotypes, although hepatic lycopene levels in Bco1-/- mice were approximately half in comparison to the other genotypes; Bco1-/- verses Bco2-/- (P < 0.0001), DKO mice (P < 0.001), WT (ns). Analyses of mitochondrial lycopene content revealed a 3- to 5-fold enrichment compared with total hepatic content (P < 0.05) in all genotypes and sexes. In our second study, WT mice fed a vitamin A-deficient diet (VAD) accumulated greater amounts of lycopene in the liver than those fed a vitamin A-sufficient diet (VAS) (P < 0.01). These changes were accompanied by an upregulation of the vitamin A-responsive transcription factor intestine specific homeobox (ISX) in mice fed VAD + lycopene and VAS + lycopene diets compared with VAD control-fed mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that BCO2 is the primary lycopene cleavage enzyme in mice. Lycopene concentration was enriched in the mitochondria of hepatocytes independently of genotype, and lycopene stimulated vitamin A signaling in WT mice.
Asunto(s)
Dioxigenasas , beta Caroteno , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Animales , Licopeno , beta Caroteno/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos , Vitamina A , Dioxigenasas/genética , Dioxigenasas/metabolismo , Ratones Noqueados , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is traditionally managed using disease-modifying pharmaceutical therapies as a first line approach for treatment, yet there is increasing interest in lifestyle factors, particularly diet, for managing disease outcomes. Lutein has neuroprotective properties in healthy adults, but no previous research has examined the effects of lutein supplementation in persons with MS. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of 4-mo lutein supplementation on carotenoid status and cognition in persons with relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS: A randomized controlled, single-blind research design was used among adults with RRMS (N = 21). Participants were randomized into placebo (n = 9) or treatment (20-mg/d lutein, n = 12) groups with outcomes measured before and after 4 mo. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was assessed using heterochromatic flicker photometry. Skin carotenoids were assessed using reflection spectroscopy. Serum lutein was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cognition was assessed via the Eriksen flanker with event-related potentials, spatial reconstruction, and the symbol digit modalities tests. RESULTS: There was a significant group by time interaction for MPOD (F = 6.74, P = 0.02), skin carotenoids (F = 17.30, P < 0.01), and serum lutein (F = 24.10, P < 0.01), whereby the treatment group improved in all carotenoid outcomes. There were no significant group by time interactions for cognitive and neuroelectric outcomes. However, increase in MPOD was positively associated with accuracy during the flanker incongruent trials (r = 0.55, P = 0.03) and the spatial memory task (r = 0.58, P = 0.02) among treatment participants. CONCLUSIONS: Lutein supplementation increases carotenoid status among persons with RRMS. There is no significant effect on cognitive function but change in macular carotenoids is selectively associated with improved attention and memory. This study provides preliminary support for a fully powered study targeting retinal and neural carotenoids for cognitive benefits in persons with MS. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04843813.
Asunto(s)
Pigmento Macular , Esclerosis Múltiple , Adulto , Humanos , Luteína , Método Simple Ciego , Esclerosis Múltiple/complicaciones , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Zeaxantinas , Suplementos Dietéticos , CogniciónRESUMEN
Background: The α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mouse model is a valuable tool for studying the molecular and functional consequences of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT) deficiency. Because αT has been associated with reduced oxidative stress and improved immune function, we hypothesized that depleted αT concentration would exacerbate LPS-induced acute inflammatory response in the brain and heart of Ttpa-/- mice fed a vitamin E deficient (VED) diet. Objectives: The objective was to investigate how extremely low αT status, followed by exposure to LPS, altered the acute inflammatory response to LPS in Ttpa-/- and wild-type (Ttpa+/+) mice. Methods: Three-week-old male Ttpa+/+ and Ttpa-/- littermates (n = 36/genotype) ingested a VED diet ad libitum for 4 wk. At week 7, mice received an intraperitoneal LPS (1 or 10 µg/mouse) or saline (control) injection and were killed 4 h postinjection. Brain and heart IL-6 protein concentrations and tissue and serum αT concentrations were measured via ELISA and HPLC with photodiode array detection, respectively. Hippocampal Il-6, Tnf, and Gpx1 gene expression were measured via reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and blood immune cell profiles were measured via a hematology analyzer. Results: αT accumulation in analyzed tissues and serum of Ttpa-/- mice was substantially lower than Ttpa+/+ mice. Circulating white blood cell concentration, particularly lymphocytes, were lower in all LPS groups compared with controls (P < 0.01). The 10 µg LPS groups had elevated IL-6 in the cerebellum and heart compared with controls, confirming an acute inflammatory response (P < 0.01). Hippocampal and heart Il-6 gene expression in the LPS-treated Ttpa-/- mice was upregulated in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The 10 µg LPS dose enhanced inflammatory markers in the brain, heart, and serum in each genotype but the lower αT status in Ttpa-/- mice did not further impact the acute immune responses.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The integrative effects of prostate cancer risk factors, such as diet and endocrine status, on cancer-associated miRNA expression are poorly defined. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to define the influence of androgens and diet (tomato and lycopene) on prostatic miRNA expression during early carcinogenesis in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. METHODS: Wild type (WT) and TRAMP mice were fed control, tomato-containing, or lycopene-containing diets from 4 to 10 weeks of age. Mice underwent either sham (intact) or castration surgery at 8 wk, and half of the castrated mice received testosterone (2.5 mg/kg body weight/d) at 9 wk. Mice were killed at 10 wk, and dorsolateral prostate expression of 602 miRNAs was assessed. RESULTS: We detected expression of 88 miRNAs (15% of 602), all of which were present in the TRAMP, in comparison with 49 miRNAs being detectable (8%) in WT. Expression of 61 miRNAs differed by TRAMP genotype, with the majority upregulated in TRAMP. Of the 61 miRNAs, 42 were responsive to androgen status. Diet affected 41% of the miRNAs, which differed by genotype (25/61) and 48% of the androgen-sensitive miRNAs (20/42), indicating overlapping genetic and dietary influences on prostate miRNAs. Tomato and lycopene feeding influenced miRNAs previously associated with the regulation of androgen (miR-145 and let-7), MAPK (miR-106a, 204, 145/143, and 200b/c), and p53 signaling (miR-125 and miR-98) pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of miRNAs in early prostate carcinogenesis is sensitive to genetic, endocrine, and diet drivers, suggesting novel mechanisms by which tomato and lycopene feeding modulate early prostate carcinogenesis.
Asunto(s)
MicroARNs , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Solanum lycopersicum , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Animales , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Licopeno/metabolismo , Testosterona/metabolismo , Próstata , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Andrógenos/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Carcinogénesis , Dieta , Ratones TransgénicosAsunto(s)
Ingestión de Energía , Alimentos Procesados , Comida Rápida , Manipulación de Alimentos , DietaRESUMEN
Our food supply contains a range of essential and non-essential food components. There are substantial epidemiologic findings and additional clinical data to support the health benefits for some non-essential food components - these compounds are often referred to as bioactives. While there is a well-established process in place to make science-based dietary recommendations for essential nutrients, this is not the case for bioactive food components. This manuscript reviews the evolution of the RDAs and the transition to a DRI framework for establishing requirements for essential nutrients. Then, the potential of development of public health recommendations for bioactives will be explored and the benefits and challenges of making recommendations will be presented. The scientific support for case studies for lutein and flavan-3-ols, will be made. Finally, suggestions for frameworks that might be considered by authoritative policy-making bodies when evaluating the efficacy and safely of proposed bioactives will be discussed.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Luteína , Humanos , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , NutrientesRESUMEN
Nutrition during the first years of life has a significant impact on brain development. This study characterized differences in brain maturation from birth to 6 months of life in infant macaques fed formulas differing in content of lutein, ß-carotene, and other carotenoids using Magnetic Resonance Imaging to measure functional connectivity. We observed differences in functional connectivity based on the interaction of diet, age and brain networks. Post hoc analysis revealed significant diet-specific differences between insular-opercular and somatomotor networks at 2 months of age, dorsal attention and somatomotor at 4 months of age, and within somatomotor and between somatomotor-visual and auditory-dorsal attention networks at 6 months of age. Overall, we found a larger divergence in connectivity from the breastfeeding group in infant macaques fed formula containing no supplemental carotenoids in comparison to those fed formula supplemented with carotenoids. These findings suggest that carotenoid formula supplementation influences functional brain development.
Asunto(s)
Carotenoides , Macaca , Animales , Alimentos Formulados , Humanos , Luteína/farmacología , beta CarotenoRESUMEN
Soy is a hotly debated and widely discussed topic in the field of nutrition. However, health practitioners may be ill-equipped to counsel clients and patients about the use of soyfoods because of the enormous, and often contradictory, amount of research that has been published over the past 30 years. As interest in plant-based diets increases, there will be increased pressure for practitioners to gain a working knowledge of this area. The purpose of this review is to provide concise literature summaries (400-500 words) along with a short perspective on the current state of knowledge of a wide range of topics related to soy, from the cholesterol-lowering effects of soy protein to the impact of isoflavones on breast cancer risk. In addition to the literature summaries, general background information on soyfoods, soy protein, and isoflavones is provided. This analysis can serve as a tool for health professionals to be used when discussing soyfoods with their clients and patients.
RESUMEN
Although the food and beverage industry plays a critical role in advancing food and nutrition science, industry-funded research is subject to intense scrutiny as a result of various perceived and real biases related to funding sources. To address this, the Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences (IAFNS) Assembly on Scientific Integrity has updated its Guiding Principles for Funding Food Science and Nutrition Research to provide a modernized framework for minimizing bias and promoting integrity in industry-funded research. Existing best practices for managing conflicts and maintaining trust in science, as well as coverage related to conflicts in industry-funded research, were reviewed to inform the development of the updated Guiding Principles. The updated Guiding Principles continue to provide conflict-of-interest guidelines to protect the integrity and credibility of the scientific record. These updates provide clarification, strengthen the guardrails that separate the funding from the science, and reflect the shift within the scientific community toward increased transparency and open science. If the principles are followed as intended, there should be little reason to dispute the results of industry-funded studies, other than to debate the science itself. This article issues a challenge to the research community to strive for just that.
Asunto(s)
Conflicto de Intereses , Investigación , Tecnología de Alimentos , IndustriasRESUMEN
Obesity is a significant contributor to the development of chronic diseases, some of which can be prevented or reversed by weight loss. However, dietary weight loss programs have shortcomings in the success rate, magnitude, or sustainability of weight loss. The Individualized Diet Improvement Program's (iDip) objective was to test the feasibility of a novel approach that helps individuals self-select a sustainable diet for weight loss and maintenance instead of providing weight loss products or rigid diet instructions to follow. The iDip study consisted of 22 dietary improvement sessions over 12 months with six months of follow-up. Daily weights were collected, and a chart summarizing progress was provided weekly. Six 24-hour dietary records were collected, and dietary feedback was provided in the form of a protein-fiber plot, in which protein/energy and fiber/energy of foods were plotted two-dimensionally together with a target box specific to weight loss or maintenance. An exit survey was conducted at 12 months. Twelve (nine female, 46.3±3.1 years (mean±SE)) of the initial 14 participants (BMI>28 kg/m2) completed all sessions. Mean percent weight loss (n = 12) at six and 12 months was -4.9%±1.1 (p = 0.001) and -5.4%±1.7 (p = 0.007), respectively. Weight loss varied among individuals at 12 months; top and bottom halves (n = 6 each) achieved -9.7%±1.7 (p = 0.0008) and -1.0%±1.4 weight loss, respectively. The 24-hour records showed a significant increase in protein density from baseline to final (4.1g/100kcal±0.3 vs. 5.7g/100kcal±0.5; p = 0.008). Although mean fiber density showed no significant change from the first month (1.3g/100kcal±0.1), the top half had significantly higher fiber/energy intake than the bottom half group. The survey suggested that all participants valued the program and its self-guided diet approach. In conclusion, half of the participants successfully lost >5% and maintained the lost weight for 12 months without strict diet instructions, showing the feasibility of the informed decision-making approach.
Asunto(s)
Preferencias Alimentarias , Pérdida de Peso , Índice de Masa Corporal , Toma de Decisiones , Dieta , Dieta Reductora , Fibras de la Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
Human epidemiology suggests a protective effect of tomatoes or tomato phytochemicals, such as lycopene, on prostate cancer risk. However, human epidemiology alone cannot reveal causal relations. Laboratory animal models of prostate cancer provide opportunities to investigate hypotheses regarding dietary components in precisely controlled, experimental systems, contributing to our understanding of diet and cancer risk relations. We review the published studies evaluating the impact of tomatoes and/or lycopene in preclinical models of prostate carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. The feeding of tomatoes or tomato components demonstrates anti-prostate cancer activity in both transplantable xenograft models of tumorigenesis and models of chemically- and genetically-driven carcinogenesis. Feeding pure lycopene shows anticancer activity in most studies, although outcomes vary by model system, suggesting that the impact of pure lycopene can depend on dose, duration, and specific carcinogenic processes represented in different models. Nonetheless, studies with the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model of carcinogenesis typically demonstrate similar bioactivity to that of tomato feeding. In general, interventions that commence earlier in carcinogenesis and are sustained tend to be more efficacious. Accumulated data suggest that lycopene is one, but perhaps not the only, anticancer bioactive compound in tomatoes. Although it is clear that tomatoes and lycopene have anti-prostate cancer activity in rodent models, major knowledge gaps remain in understanding dose-response relations and molecular mechanisms of action. Published and future findings from rodent studies can provide guidance for translational scientists to design and execute informative human clinical trials of prostate cancer prevention or in support of therapy.
Asunto(s)
Anticarcinógenos , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Solanum lycopersicum , Animales , Anticarcinógenos/farmacología , Anticarcinógenos/uso terapéutico , Carcinogénesis , Carotenoides/farmacología , Carotenoides/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Licopeno/farmacología , Licopeno/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Ratones , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Background MRI-derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) is an accurate, reliable, and safe biologic marker for use in the noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Because of the cost and limited availability of MRI, it is necessary to develop an accurate method to diagnose NAFLD with potential point-of-care access. Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the quantitative US (QUS) fat fraction (FF) estimator with that of the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) in the diagnosis of NAFLD using contemporaneous MRI-derived PDFF as the reference standard. Materials and Methods Participants with or suspected of having NAFLD were prospectively recruited at the NAFLD Research Center between July 2015 and July 2019. All participants underwent MRI-derived PDFF measurement, transient elastography with CAP measurement, and QUS. QUS FF was derived using computed QUS parameters from the acquired radiofrequency US data using a calibrated reference phantom. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the accuracy of QUS FF and CAP in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis (defined as MRI-derived PDFF ≥ 5%). AUCs were compared using the DeLong test. Results A total of 123 participants were included (mean age, 52 years ± 13 [SD]; 67 [54%] women). Of these participants, 100 (81%) had MRI-derived PDFF of 5% or more. QUS FF had a significantly higher AUC for diagnosis of NAFLD than did CAP (0.92 [95% CI: 0.87, 0.98] vs 0.79 [95% CI: 0.67, 0.90], P = .03). QUS FF had a sensitivity of 98% (98 of 100) and a specificity of 48% (11 of 23). CAP had a sensitivity of 87% (87 of 100) and a specificity of 57% (13 of 23). Conclusion The quantitative US fat fraction estimator is more accurate than the controlled attenuation parameter in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with or suspected of having nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Ito in this issue.
Asunto(s)
Diagnóstico por Imagen de Elasticidad , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Diagnóstico por Imagen de Elasticidad/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Prospectivos , Protones , Estándares de ReferenciaRESUMEN
In many non-Asian countries, soy is consumed via soy-based meat and dairy alternatives, in addition to the traditional Asian soyfoods, such as tofu and miso. Meat alternatives are typically made using concentrated sources of soy protein, such as soy protein isolate (SPI) and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Therefore, these products are classified as ultra-processed foods (UPFs; group 4) according to NOVA, an increasingly widely used food-classification system that classifies all foods into 1 of 4 groups according to the processing they undergo. Furthermore, most soymilks, even those made from whole soybeans, are also classified as UPFs because of the addition of sugars and emulsifiers. Increasingly, recommendations are being made to restrict the consumption of UPFs because their intake is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. Critics of UPFs argue these foods are unhealthful for a wide assortment of reasons. Explanations for the proposed adverse effects of UPFs include their high energy density, high glycemic index (GI), hyper-palatability, and low satiety potential. Claims have also been made that UPFs are not sustainably produced. However, this perspective argues that none of the criticisms of UPFs apply to soy-based meat and dairy alternatives when compared with their animal-based counterparts, beef and cow milk, which are classified as unprocessed or minimally processed foods (group 1). Classifying soy-based meat and dairy alternatives as UPFs may hinder their public acceptance, which could detrimentally affect personal and planetary health. In conclusion, the NOVA classification system is simplistic and does not adequately evaluate the nutritional attributes of meat and dairy alternatives based on soy.
Asunto(s)
Glycine max , Proteínas de Soja , Animales , Bovinos , Dieta/efectos adversos , Comida Rápida/efectos adversos , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , CarneRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest lycopene and tomato intake are inversely associated with human prostate cancer incidence. In the genetically driven murine prostate carcinogenesis model transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP), prostate cancer is inhibited by feeding of lycopene or tomatoes, and these effects are modulated by the ß-carotene oxygenase 2 (Bco2) genotype. OBJECTIVE: We sought insight into this interaction through evaluation of prostate gene expression patterns during early TRAMP carcinogenesis. METHODS: Three-week-old TRAMP/+ or TRAMP/- × Bco2+/+ or Bco2-/- mice were fed a control, lycopene beadlet, or 10% tomato powder-containing semipurified diet (providing 0, 384 and 462 mg lycopene/kg diet, respectively) for 5 wk. Gene expression patterns were evaluated by prostate cancer- and cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism-focused arrays at age 8 wk. RESULTS: The TRAMP genotype profoundly alters gene expression patterns, specifically inducing pathways associated with cell survival [z-score = 2.09, -log(P value) = 29.2, p53 signaling (z-score 1.13, -log(P value) = 13.5], and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling [z-score = 0.302, -log(P value) = 12.1], while repressing phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling [(z-score = -0.905, -log(P value) = 12.3], cholesterol synthesis [z-score = -1.941, -log(P-value) = 26.2], and LXR/RXR pathway activation [z-score = -1.941, -log(P value) = 23.1]. In comparison, lycopene- and tomato-feeding modestly modulate strong procarcinogenic TRAMP signaling. Lycopene decreased gene expression related to carcinogenesis [ Nkx3-1(NK3 homeobox 1)], tomato feeding increased expression of a gene involved in circadian regulation [Arntl (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like)], and tomato and/or lycopene increased expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism [Fasn (fatty acid synthase), Acaca(acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha), Srebf1 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1), Hmgcr (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA reductase), and Ptgs1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1)] (all P < 0.05). The impact of Bco2 genotype was limited to a subset of lycopene-impacted genes [Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli), Mto1 (mitochondrial TRNA translation optimization 1), Nfkb1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1), andRbm39 (RNA binding motif protein 39)]. CONCLUSIONS: The TRAMP genotype strongly impacts procarcinogenic gene expression prior to emergence of histopathologic disease. Dietary tomato and lycopene modestly temper these processes, while Bco2 genotype has a limited impact at this early stage. These observed patterns provide insight into the complex interactions between a dietary variable, here tomatoes and lycopene, genes impacting nutrient metabolism, and their modulating influences on oncogene-driven prostate carcinogenesis. These findings provide further mechanistic support, consistent with cancer outcomes in rodents experiments and human epidemiologic studies.
Asunto(s)
Dioxigenasas , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Solanum lycopersicum , Animales , Carcinogénesis , Carotenoides , Dieta , Dioxigenasas/genética , Expresión Génica , Genotipo , Licopeno , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Oxigenasas/genética , Próstata , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , beta CarotenoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To develop and evaluate deep learning models devised for liver fat assessment based on ultrasound (US) images acquired from four different liver views: transverse plane (hepatic veins at the confluence with the inferior vena cava, right portal vein, right posterior portal vein) and sagittal plane (liver/kidney). METHODS: US images (four separate views) were acquired from 135 participants with known or suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) values derived from chemical shift-encoded magnetic resonance imaging served as ground truth. Transfer learning with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was applied to develop models for diagnosis of fatty liver (PDFF ≥ 5%), diagnosis of advanced steatosis (PDFF ≥ 10%), and PDFF quantification for each liver view separately. In addition, an ensemble model based on all four liver view models was investigated. Diagnostic performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), and quantification was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC). RESULTS: The most accurate single view was the right posterior portal vein, with an SCC of 0.78 for quantifying PDFF and AUC values of 0.90 (PDFF ≥ 5%) and 0.79 (PDFF ≥ 10%). The ensemble of models achieved an SCC of 0.81 and AUCs of 0.91 (PDFF ≥ 5%) and 0.86 (PDFF ≥ 10%). CONCLUSION: Deep learning-based analysis of US images from different liver views can help assess liver fat.
Asunto(s)
Hígado , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Humanos , Hígado/diagnóstico por imagen , Aprendizaje AutomáticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The xanthophyll carotenoids lutein+zeaxanthin and the dietary component choline have been linked to benefits in cognition. However, knowledge on the interactive influence of these dietary components on cognitive function is sparse. DESIGN: 80 middle-aged adults with overweight and obesity (Body Mass Index: (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m²), completed 7-day diet records, venous blood draws, heterochromatic flicker photometry, assessment of intelligence quotient (IQ), and a cognitive flexibility task while undergoing electroencephalographic recording for event-related potential (ERP) extraction. Multiplicative interaction terms and hierarchical linear regressions, controlling for age, BMI, sex, annual household income, and IQ were utilized to assess independent and interactive contributions of dietary and biomarker data on Switch task outcomes. RESULTS: Higher intake of lutein+zeaxanthin and choline was associated interactively, but not independently, with faster reaction time (RT), after controlling for pertinent covariates. Dietary intake of lutein+zeaxanthin and choline was associated with serum lutein concentrations, but not with plasma choline metabolites nor macular pigmentation. Plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) concentrations were associated with higher accuracy in Switch trials, while no other biomarkers were associated with cognitive outcomes. Dietary intake and biomarker data were not related to the N2 nor P3 ERP component. CONCLUSIONS: Among a sample of adults with overweight and obesity, greater intake of choline and lutein+zeaxanthin was associated with faster performance on a cognitive flexibility task. Future work examining methods of increasing consumption of both of these dietary components as a possible means of improving or maintaining cognitive flexibility among adults with overweight and obesity is therefore warranted.