Recommendations From the International Consensus Conference on Anemia Management in Surgical Patients (ICCAMS).

BACKGROUND: Perioperative anemia has been associated with increased risk of red blood cell transfusion and increased morbidity and mortality after surgery. The optimal approach to the diagnosis and management of perioperative anemia is not fully established. OBJECTIVE: To develop consensus recommendations for anemia management in surgical patients. METHODS: An international expert panel reviewed the current evidence and developed recommendations using modified RAND Delphi methodology. RESULTS: The panel recommends that all patients except those undergoing minor procedures be screened for anemia before surgery. Appropriate therapy for anemia should be guided by an accurate diagnosis of the etiology. The need to proceed with surgery in some patients with anemia is expected to persist. However, early identification and effective treatment of anemia has the potential to reduce the risks associated with surgery and improve clinical outcomes. As with preoperative anemia, postoperative anemia should be treated in the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification and effective treatment of anemia has the potential to improve clinical outcomes in surgical patients.

Essential Role of Patient Blood Management in a Pandemic: A Call for Action.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. Global health care now faces unprecedented challenges with widespread and rapid human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and high morbidity and mortality with COVID-19 worldwide. Across the world, medical care is hampered by a critical shortage of not only hand sanitizers, personal protective equipment, ventilators, and hospital beds, but also impediments to the blood supply. Blood donation centers in many areas around the globe have mostly closed. Donors, practicing social distancing, some either with illness or undergoing self-quarantine, are quickly diminishing. Drastic public health initiatives have focused on containment and "flattening the curve" while invaluable resources are being depleted. In some countries, the point has been reached at which the demand for such resources, including donor blood, outstrips the supply. Questions as to the safety of blood persist. Although it does not appear very likely that the virus can be transmitted through allogeneic blood transfusion, this still remains to be fully determined. As options dwindle, we must enact regional and national shortage plans worldwide and more vitally disseminate the knowledge of and immediately implement patient blood management (PBM). PBM is an evidence-based bundle of care to optimize medical and surgical patient outcomes by clinically managing and preserving a patient's own blood. This multinational and diverse group of authors issue this "Call to Action" underscoring "The Essential Role of Patient Blood Management in the Management of Pandemics" and urging all stakeholders and providers to implement the practical and commonsense principles of PBM and its multiprofessional and multimodality approaches.

History of patient blood management.

This article traces the development of modern patient blood management (PBM) from its origins in 17th-century transfusion to the present day.

Evaluation of Biomarkers of NAFLD in a Cohort of Morbidly Obese Patients.

Hepatocyte apoptosis is a key event in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and serum apoptotic markers are emerging as surrogate markers for NAFLD. We studied the role of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin18 in the diagnosis of fibrosis in a cohort of 127 morbidly obese patients and also performed a review of the literature biomarkers of NAFLD and fibrosis. Here, we found that cleaved caspase 18 correlated with liver steatosis and liver injury as assessed by serum transaminase levels. Furthermore, hepatocyte apoptosis as assessed by cleaved CK18 and TUNEL staining correlated with the extent of fibrosis as assessed by Sirius Red staining and serum hyaluronic acid. These results underscore the important role of hepatocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in NAFLD, which led to the utilization of surrogate markers for apoptosis in the noninvasive diagnosis of NAFLD. We furthermore reviewed current literature of biomarkers of NAFLD and fibrosis.

Appropriateness of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion: the international consensus conference on transfusion outcomes.

An international multidisciplinary panel of 15 experts reviewed 494 published articles and used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to determine the appropriateness of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion based on its expected impact on outcomes of stable nonbleeding patients in 450 typical inpatient medical, surgical, or trauma scenarios. Panelists rated allogeneic RBC transfusion as appropriate in 53 of the scenarios (11.8%), inappropriate in 267 (59.3%), and uncertain in 130 (28.9%). Red blood cell transfusion was most often rated appropriate (81%) in scenarios featuring patients with hemoglobin (Hb) level 7.9 g/dL or less, associated comorbidities, and age older than 65 years. Red blood cell transfusion was rated inappropriate in all scenarios featuring patients with Hb level 10 g/dL or more and in 71.3% of scenarios featuring patients with Hb level 8 to 9.9 g/dL. Conversely, no scenario with patient's Hb level of 8 g/dL or more was rated as appropriate. Nearly one third of all scenarios were rated uncertain, indicating the need for more research. The observation that allogeneic RBC transfusions were rated as either inappropriate or uncertain in most scenarios in this study supports a more judicious transfusion strategy. In addition, the large number of scenarios in which RBC transfusions were rated as uncertain can serve as a road map to identify areas in need of further investigation.

Adverse blood transfusion outcomes: establishing causation.

The transfusion of allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs) and other blood components is ingrained in modern medical practice. The rationale for administering transfusions is based on key assumptions that efficacy is established and risks are acceptable and minimized. Despite the cliché that, "the blood supply is safer than ever," data about risks and lack of efficacy of RBC transfusions in several clinical settings have steadily accumulated. Frequentist statisticians and clinicians demand evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs); however, causation for the recognized serious hazards of allogeneic transfusion has never been established in this manner. On the other hand, the preponderance of evidence implicating RBC transfusions in adverse clinical outcomes related to immunomodulation and the storage lesion comes from observational studies, and a broad and critical analysis to evaluate causation is overdue. It is suggested in several circumstances that this cannot wait for the design, execution, and conduct of rigorous RCTs. We begin by examining the nature and definition of causation with relevant examples from transfusion medicine. Deductive deterministic methods may be applied to most of the well-accepted and understood serious hazards of transfusion, with modified Koch's postulates being fulfilled in most circumstances. On the other hand, when several possible interacting risk factors exist and RBC transfusions are associated with adverse clinical outcomes, establishing causation requires inferential probabilistic methodology. In the latter circumstances, the case for RBC transfusions being causal for adverse clinical outcomes can be strengthened by applying modified Bradford Hill criteria to the plethora of existing observational studies. This being the case, a greater precautionary approach to RBC transfusion is necessary and equipoise that justifying RCTs may become problematic.

Apoptosis is associated with CD36/fatty acid translocase upregulation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatocyte apoptosis is a key event in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We studied the effect of obesity on free fatty acid (FFA) levels, fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) and on extrinsic and intrinsic activation of apoptosis in the liver. METHODS: Liver biopsies were harvested from 52 morbidly obese patients [body mass index (BMI): 53.82+/-1.41; age: 45+/-10.50; 15 males/37 females] undergoing bariatric surgery, and were scored for NASH, evaluated for fibrosis, and investigated for intrahepatic expression of FATPs, death receptors and cytosolic apoptosis-related molecules. Findings were correlated with serum FFA levels and the degrees of intrahepatic (terminal dUTP nick end labelling) and systemic (M30) apoptosis. RESULTS: In patients' liver sections, FATPs as well as select parameters of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis were found to be upregulated (CD36/FAT: x 11.56; FATP-5: x 1.33; CD95/Fas: x 3.18; NOXA: x 2.79). These findings correlated with significantly elevated serum FFAs (control: 14.72+/-2.32 mg/dl vs. patients: 23.03+/-1.24 mg/dl) and M30 levels (control: 83.12+/-7.46 U/L vs. patients: 212.61+/-22.16 U/L). We found correlations between FATPs and apoptosis mediators as well as with histological criteria of NASH and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased FFA and FATPs are associated with extrinsically and intrinsically induced apoptosis, liver damage and fibrosis in obese patients. Thus, FATPs may offer an interesting new approach to understand and potentially intervene NASH pathogenesis.

No evidence for protective erythropoietin alpha signalling in rat hepatocytes.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human erythropoietin alpha (rHu-EPO) has been reported to protect the liver of rats and mice from ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, direct protective effects of rHu-EPO on hepatocytes and the responsible signalling pathways have not yet been described. The aim of the present work was to study the protective effect of rHu-EPO on warm hypoxia-reoxygenation and cold-induced injury to hepatocytes and the rHu-EPO-dependent signalling involved. METHODS: Loss of viability of isolated rat hepatocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation or incubated at 4 degrees C followed by rewarming was determined from released lactate dehydrogenase activity in the absence and presence of rHu-EPO (0.2-100 U/ml). Apoptotic nuclear morphology was assessed by fluorescence microscopy using the nuclear fluorophores H33342 and propidium iodide. Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), EPO and Bcl-2 mRNAs were quantified by real time PCR. Activation of JAK-2, STAT-3 and STAT-5 in hepatocytes and rat livers perfused in situ was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS: In contrast to previous in vivo studies on ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver, rHu-EPO was without any protective effect on hypoxic injury, hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and cold-induced apoptosis to isolated cultured rat hepatocytes. EPOR mRNA was identified in these cells but specific detection of the EPO receptor protein was not possible due to the lack of antibody specificity. Both, in the cultured rat hepatocytes (10 U/ml for 15 minutes) and in the rat liver perfused in situ with rHu-EPO (8.9 U/ml for 15 minutes) no evidence for EPO-dependent signalling was found as indicated by missing effects of rHu-EPO on phosphorylation of JAK-2, STAT-3 and STAT-5 and on the induction of Bcl-2 mRNA. CONCLUSION: Together, these results indicate the absence of any protective EPO signalling in rat hepatocytes. This implies that the protection provided by rHu-EPO in vivo against ischemia-reperfusion and other causes of liver injury is most likely indirect and does not result from a direct effect on hepatocytes.

Resection of residual disease in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors responding to treatment with imatinib.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Long-term survival of patients with metastatic disease has only been observed in patients with completely resected disease. Recently, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib has been found to yield responses in the majority of patients with metastatic GIST suggesting improved resectability in responding patients. Combined treatment approaches including resective surgery after imatinib treatment in patients with advanced metastatic disease have rarely been explored. We report a series of 90 patients with metastatic GIST in whom treatment with imatinib enabled 12 patients with mostly recurrent and extensive disease to be considered for resection of residual disease. In 11 of these patients, complete resection could be achieved. Viable tumor cells were found in all but one resected specimens suggesting that despite favorable radiological or clinical responses, imatinib is unlikely to induce pathological complete responses. Until more mature data from prospective trials are available, these data suggest that an early aggressive surgical approach should be considered for all patients with metastatic GIST. Further trials investigating a combined surgical and pre/postoperative treatment with imatinib in patients with advanced metastatic GIST are warranted.